Linear Counterparts Research Articles

Reversible nonlinear energy harvester tuned by titling angle or clamping distance

This paper proposes a reversible nonlinear energy harvester to realize broadband vibration energy harvesting. Especially, the softening and hardening nonlinear responses of an M-shaped piezoelectric beam could occur by tuning the clamping distance or titling angle, which is unlike previous efforts to institute nonlinearity. The proposed M-shaped beam consists of a pre-bent steel beam, a piezoelectric patch, and a proof mass without magnetic components. According to the numerical and experimental results, the proposed harvester could achieve a broader operation bandwidth than its linear counterpart. Under the low forward sweep excitation level (3 m/s2), the proposed reversible nonlinear energy harvester can cover the wide low-frequency range of 13.4–27.6 Hz (or 18.1–28.8 Hz) by changing the clamping distance (or the tilting angle). Exploiting this tunable nonlinear phenomenon makes it more suitable to harvest energy from broadband vibration efficiently.

The effect of comb length on the in vitro and in vivo properties of self-assembled poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate)-based block copolymer nanoparticles.

Comb copolymer analogues of poly(lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol block copolymers (PLA-b-PEG) offer potential to overcome the inherent chemistry and stability limitations of their linear block copolymer counterparts. Herein, we examine the differences between P(L)LA10K-b-PEG10K and linear-comb copolymer analogues thereof in which the linear PEG block is replaced by poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA) blocks with different side chain (comb) lengths but the same overall molecular weight. P(L)LA10K-b-POEGMA47510K and P(L)LA10K-b-POEGMA200010K block copolymers were synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) and fabricated into self-assembled nanoparticles using flash nanoprecipitation via confined impinging jet mixing. Linear-comb copolymer analogues based on PLA-b-POEGMA yielded smaller but still well-controlled nanoparticle sizes (88 ± 2 nm and 114 ± 1 nm respectively compared to 159 ± 2 nm for P(L)LA10K-b-PEG10K nanoparticles) that exhibited improved colloidal stability relative to linear copolymer-based nanoparticles over a 15 day incubation period while maintaining comparably high cytocompatibility, although the comb copolymer analogues had somewhat lower loading capacity for doxorubicin hydrochloride. Cell spheroid studies showed that the linear-comb copolymers promoted enhanced tumor transport and thus cell killing compared to conventional linear block copolymers. In vivo studies showed all NP types could passively accumulate within implanted CT26 tumors but with different accumulation profiles, with P(L)LA10K-b-POEGMA200010K NPs showing continuous accumulation throughout the full 24 h monitoring period whereas tumor accumulation of P(L)LA10K-b-POEGMA47510K NPs was significant only between 8 h and 24 h. Overall, the linear-comb copolymer analogues exhibited superior stability, biodistribution, spheroid penetration, and inherent tunability over linear NP counterparts.

Edge Selections in Bilinear Dynamic Networks

We develop some basic principles for the design and robustness analysis of a continuous-time bilinear dynamical network, where an attacker can manipulate the strength of the interconnections/edges between some of the agents/nodes. We formulate the edge protection optimization problem of picking a limited number of attack-free edges and minimizing the impact of the attack over the bilinear dynamical network. In particular, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -norm of bilinear systems is known to capture robustness and performance properties analogous to its linear counterpart and provides valuable insights for identifying which edges are most sensitive to attacks. The exact optimization problem is combinatorial in the number of edges, and brute-force approaches show poor scalability. However, we show that the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -norm as a cost function is supermodular and, therefore, allows for efficient greedy approximations of the optimal solution. We illustrate and compare the effectiveness of our theoretical findings via numerical simulations.

Алгоритм широковещательной рассылки на основе биномиального дерева в модели удаленного доступа к памяти

This article introduces a broadcast (one-to-all scheme) algorithm, designed to enhance the efficiency of utilizing Remote Memory Access (RMA), a one-sided communication model within the MPI standard, for parallel programming in distributed computing systems. The algorithm leverages a binomial tree structure to organize interprocess interactions, a scheme widely employed for classic collective operations within the MPI standard. With logarithmic complexity, this algorithm proves to be more efficient than linear counterparts. The article also provides analytical complexity estimates within the LogP and LogGP models. Experimental results confirm the algorithm's advantages, although the ultimate efficiency depends on several factors, including the number of processes in the communicator, data transmission size, and the performance of the interconnect.

In Vivo Tissue-Specific Knockdown of circRNAs Using shRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Studying circular RNAs' function in vivo has been challenging due to the lack of generic tools to manipulate their levels without affecting their linear counterparts. This is particularly challenging as the back-splice junction is the only sequence not shared between the linear and circular version. In this chapter, we describe a method to study circRNA function in vivo targeting shRNAs against the desired back-splice junction to achieve knockdown with tissue-specific resolution in flies.

Engineering Synthetic circRNAs for Efficient CNS Expression.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently emerged as a promising modality for gene and RNA-based therapies. They are more stable than their linear counterpart and can be designed for efficient expression in different cell and tissue types. In this chapter, we developed different backsplicing circRNA cassettes that can enable efficient gene expression in various cell and tissue types. Furthermore, we packaged cassettes encoding circRNAs into adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors that can be delivered via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections to achieve expression in murine brain tissue. We provide detailed methods for the design of backsplicing circRNAs, circRNA detection, and generation of AAV-circRNA vectors for CNS dosing and expression in mice.

Droplet Digital PCR for the Detection and Quantification of Bona Fide CircRNAs.

CircRNAs are covalently closed RNA molecules gaining increasing attention over the years. Initially considered mere splicing errors, circRNAs are now recognized as a novel class of endogenous, conserved RNAs, expressed in many different species. The unique structure, the low levels of expression, and the almost complete sequence overlap with the cognate linear RNA make their detection and quantification challenging. Moreover, it has become crucial to prove the circular nature of the targeted transcript and unequivocally distinguish the circRNA from its linear counterpart. Nowadays, the most widely used technique to quantify circRNA expression is real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, in the particular case of quantification of circles, it shows several technical shortcomings which affect the accuracy of the quantification. To precisely assess circRNA expression level, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is rapidly taking over for the more popular qPCR. In this chapter, we describe the detailed procedure based on droplets partitioning to quantify both linear and circRNA abundancy and demonstrate the circularity of the transcript under study with high precision, in a single experiment.

In Situ Hybridization of circRNAs in Cells and Tissues through BaseScope™ Strategy.

Imaging-based approaches are powerful strategies that nowadays have been largely used to gain insight into the function of different types of macromolecules. As for RNA, it is becoming clear how important is its intracellular localization for the control of proper cell differentiation and development and how its perturbation can be linked to several pathological states. This aspect is even more important if one thinks of highly polarized cells such as neurons.In this chapter, we describe in detail an innovative RNA-FISH approach for the detection of circular RNAs (circRNAs), a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs, which display different subcellular localizations and whose functions still largely remain to be elucidated. The detection of these molecules represents a great challenge, above all because they share most of their sequence with the corresponding linear counterparts, from which they differ only for the back-splicing junction (BSJ) originating from the circularization reaction. This implies the use of RNA-FISH probes capable of specifically binding the BSJ and avoiding the detection of the linear counterpart. This requirement imposes the design of probes on a very small region, which implies the risk of obtaining a low and undetectable signal. The BaseScope™ Assay RNA-FISH technology overpasses this problem since it is based on branched-DNA probes. With this approach it is possible to target a specific region of the RNA, even small such as a splicing junction, and at the same time to obtain a strong and well detectable signal. All this is possible thanks to subsequent series of probes that, starting from the first hybridization to the BSJ, build a branched tree of probes that greatly amplifies the signal. Here we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol of BaseScope™ RNA-FISH on circRNAs coupled with immunofluorescence, both in cells and tissues, and we address difficulties which may arise when using this methodology that depend on cell type, specific permeabilization, image acquisition, and post-acquisition analyses.

A nonsolvolytic fluorine/LiNO3-containing electrolyte for stabilizing dynamic interfaces in Li||LiMn2O4 batteries.

Mn-based high voltage cathodes, e.g., spinel LiMn2O4, are considered among the most promising materials for cost-effective, next generation energy storage. When paired with a Li metal anode, secondary batteries based on Li||LiMn2O4 in principle offer a straightforward, scalable approach for achieving cost-effective and high energy density storage demanded in applications. In practice, however, such batteries fail to live up to their promise. Rapid capacity fading caused by irreversible Mn dissolution at the cathode coupled with mossy/dendritic Li deposition at the anode limit their useful life. In this study, we report on the design of electrolytes based on a binary blend of two widely available salts, LiNO3 and LiTFSI, in ethylene carbonate (EC), which simultaneously overcome failure modes at both the cathode and anode of Li||LiMn2O4 batteries. The electrolyte design is motivated by a recent finding that compared with their linear counterparts (e.g., dimethyl carbonate), cyclic carbonates like EC dissolve considerably larger amount of LiNO3, which markedly improves anode reversibility. On the other hand, it is known that nonsolvolytic fluorine-containing Li salts like LiTFSI, lowers the electrolyte's susceptibility to solvolysis, which generates HF species responsible for Mn leaching at the cathode. In particular, we report instead that fluorine groups in the TFSI salt, promote formation of a favorable, fluorine-rich interphase on the Li metal anode. Electrochemical measurements show that the electrolytes enable remarkably improved charge-discharge cycling stability (>1000 charge-discharge cycles) of Li||LiMn2O4 batteries. In-depth atomic-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray/synchrotron diffraction experiments reveal the fundamental source of the improvements. The measurements show that crystallographic degradation of Mn-based cathodes (e.g., surface Mn leaching and bulk defect generation) upon cycling in conventional electrolytes is dramatically lowered in the LiNO3 + LiTFSI/EC electrolyte system. It is shown further that the reduction of Mn dissolution not only improves the cathode stability but improves the reversibility of the Li metal anode via a unique re-deposition mechanism in which Li and Mn co-deposit on the anode. Taken together, our findings show that the LiNO3 + LiTFSI/EC electrolyte system holds promise for accelerating progress towards practical Li||LiMn2O4 batteries because it stabilizes the dynamic interfaces required for long-term stability at both the Li anode and the LiMn2O4 cathode.

A Nonlinear Integrator Based on the First-Order Reset Element

This work proposes a novel nonlinear Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, which utilizes a generalized first-order reset element. The proposed element can achieve similar magnitude-characteristics as its linear counterpart but with less phase lag at the open-loop crossover frequency (i.e. the control bandwidth), according to a sinusoidal-input describing function (SIDF) analysis. The same can be achieved with an existing reset-based integrator, the Clegg integrator (CI). However, it is known that a Proportional-CI (PCI) element can excessively generate higher-order harmonics of its input, which are neglected in the SIDF-analysis. Furthermore, a PCI can cause a limit cycle when placed in closed-loop with certain types of plants. The novel PI controller proposed in this work can prevent the limit cycle and can reduce the generation of higher-order harmonics, while retaining the beneficial phase advantage that is associated with existing reset-based PI controllers.

A general synthesis of cyclic bottlebrush polymers with enhanced mechanical properties via graft-through ring expansion metathesis polymerization.

Bottlebrush polymers represent an important class of macromolecular architectures, with applications ranging from drug delivery to organic electronics. While there is an abundance of literature describing the synthesis, structure, and applications of linear bottlebrush polymers using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), there are comparatively less reports on their cyclic counterparts. This lack of research is primarily due to the difficulty in synthesizing cyclic bottlebrush polymers, as extensions of typical routes towards linear bottlebrush polymers (i.e., "grafting-through" polymerizations of macromonomers with ROMP) produce only ultrahigh molar mass cyclic bottlebrush polymers with poor molar mass control. Herein, we report a ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) approach to cyclic bottlebrush polymers via a "grafting-through" approach utilizing the active pyr-CB6 initiator developed in our lab. The resulting polymers, characterized via GPC-MALS-IV, are shown to have superior molar mass control across a range of target backbone lengths. The cyclic materials are also found to have superior mechanical properties when compared to their linear counterparts, as assessed by ball-mill grinding and compression testing experiments.

Fuzzy Synchronization Likelihood Graph in Deep Neural Networks for Human Motion Time Series Analysis.

Variable interactivity is crucial in biological multivariate time series analysis. This research suggests using graph structures to represent such interactions for more explainable decision-making processes. However, measuring the variable interaction in a graph is an open problem with no unique solution. Existing graph construction methods are either computationally costly, require extensive training, or disregard the inherent data nonlinearities and nonstationarity. We propose using the Fuzzy Synchronization Likelihood (FSL) criterion to address these challenges in constructing a graph and examining the qualitative similarity and dependency among variables. We propose applying this strategy to automated rehabilitation exercise evaluations based on human joint motion data. This multivariate time series application benefits from FSL-constructed graphs by offering further insight into the kinematics of joint interactions. Finally, we extend the convolutional layer in the Deep Mixture Density Neural Network (DMDN) to process the FSL-constructed graph, extracting practical information regarding task-based variable dependencies. An ablation study shows that the proposed FSL Graph-based Deep Neural Network (FSLGDN) outperforms its competitive approaches that use linear correlations and human anatomy for graph construction. Results also indicate that task-based consideration of joint motion data interactions is more beneficial than anatomy. Furthermore, the inherent nonstationarity of motion data leads to the extraction of more information than its linear correlation counterpart. Finally, while the proposed approach ranks competitively with a DMDN, the proposed approach's graph construction and representation of feature dependencies are more intuitive, leading to more explainable decision-making processes.

Mechanistic differences between linear vs. spirocyclic dialkyldiazirine probes for photoaffinity labeling.

Dialkyldiazirines have emerged as a photo-reactive group of choice for interactome mapping in live cell experiments. Upon irradiation, 'linear' dialkyldiazirines produce dialkylcarbenes which are susceptible to both intramolecular reactions and unimolecular elimination processes, as well as diazoalkanes, which also participate in intermolecular labeling. Cyclobutylidene has a nonclassical bonding structure and is stable enough to be captured in bimolecular reactions. Cyclobutanediazirines have more recently been studied as photoaffinity probes based on cyclobutylidene, but the mechanism, especially with respect to the role of putative diazo intermediates, was not fully understood. Here, we show that photolysis (365 nm) of cyclobutanediazirines can produce cyclobutylidene intermediates as evidenced by formation of their expected bimolecular and unimolecular products, including methylenecyclopropane derivatives. Unlike linear diazirines, cyclobutanediazirine photolysis in the presence of tetramethylethylene produces a [2 + 1] cycloaddition adduct. By contrast, linear diazirines produce diazo compounds upon low temperature photolysis in THF, whereas diazo compounds are not detected in similar photolyses of cyclobutanediazirines. Diazocyclobutane, prepared by independent synthesis, is labile, reactive toward water and capable of protein alkylation. The rate of diazocyclobutane decomposition is not affected by 365 nm light, suggesting that the photochemical conversion of diazocyclobutane to cyclobutylidene is not an important pathway. Finally, chemical proteomic studies revealed that a likely consequence of this primary conversion to a highly reactive carbene is a marked decrease in labeling by cyclobutanediazirine-based probes relative to linear diazirine counterparts both at the individual protein and proteome-wide levels. Collectively, these observations are consistent with a mechanistic picture for cyclobutanediazirine photolysis that involves carbene chemistry with minimal formation of diazo intermediates, and contrasts with the photolyses of linear diazirines where alkylation by diazo intermediates plays a more significant role.

A nonlinear damped metamaterial: Wideband attenuation with nonlinear bandgap and modal dissipation

In this paper, we incorporate the effect of nonlinear damping with the concept of locally resonant metamaterials to enable vibration attenuation beyond the conventional bandgap range. The proposed design combines a linear host cantilever beam and periodically distributed inertia amplifiers as nonlinear local resonators. The geometric nonlinearity induced by the inertia amplifiers causes an amplitude-dependent nonlinear damping effect. Through the implementation of both modal superposition and numerical harmonic methods with Alternating Frequency Time and numerical continuation techniques, the finite nonlinear metamaterial is accurately modeled. The resulting nonlinear frequency response reveals the bandgap is both amplitude-dependent and broadened. Furthermore, the nonlinear interaction between the local resonators and the mode shapes of the host beam is discussed, which leads to efficient modal frequency dissipation ability. The theoretical results are validated experimentally. By embedding the nonlinear damping effect into locally resonant metamaterials, wideband and shock wave attenuation of the proposed metamaterial is achieved, which opens new possibilities for versatile metamaterials beyond the conventional bandgap ranges of their linear counterparts.

Nonlinear dynamic assessment of sloshing in a seismically isolated rectangular liquid tank using laminated rubber bearing

The primary purpose of the research is to study the effect of free surface nonlinearity in the overall slosh dynamics of base-isolated liquid tank by developing a nonlinear finite element model under different frequency content of earthquakes. Six natural earthquakes are considered, which are categorized under low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency contents. The mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian technique is adopted based on the potential flow theory for developing the fluid domain. The efficacy of the developed computational model is verified with the existing results. The potential constraints of linear responses are demonstrated alongside the dominance of nonlinear counterparts. The slosh amplitudes are underestimated in the linear model, which emphasizes the importance of the present nonlinear approach in adequately determining the freeboard to prevent loss of liquid due to spillage and unexpected roof failure. The laminated rubber bearing isolator played a crucial role in reducing the total and impulsive components of hydrodynamic pressure as well as base shear for both linear and nonlinear approaches. However, the effect of nonlinearity is significant in the contribution of the convective component of pressure and base shear, irrespective of the frequency content of earthquakes. Also, the nonlinear convective base shear is greater than the linear counterpart for non-isolated and base-isolated tanks, and such phenomenon is marginal for higher frequency content motions. Furthermore, resonant studies of both the tank systems are performed using a harmonic ground acceleration. The seismic parameters of the base-isolated tank are amplified when the excitation frequency is very close to its fundamental sloshing frequency rather than the natural frequency of the isolator.

Circular RNAs in Cervical Cancer: What are the Prospects?

C ervical cancer remains a pressing global health problem, creating a significant health burden for women worldwide. High incidence and mortality rates necessitate further research to unravel its underlying molecular mechanisms and identify new diagnostic and treatment strategies. Recent advances in non-coding RNAs have opened up new avenues for research, including circular RNAs (circRNAs) as molecules that play a multifaceted role in cellular processes. Research into circRNAs revealed their unique structure, characterized by the covalent formation of a closed loop, thereby distinguishing them from their linear counterparts. These circRNAs are involved in regulating various aspects of cell physiology with a particular focus on cell growth and development. Interestingly, circRNAs have context-dependent functions, acting both as promoters and inhibitors of oncogenic processes, depending on the complex cellular environment in which they operate. Recent studies have identified aberrant expression patterns of circRNAs in the context of cervical cancer, implying their key role in the disease development. The different expression profiles of circRNAs associated with cervical cancer offer promising opportunities for early detection, accurate prognosis assessment, and personalized treatment strategies. The presented comprehensive review offers an in-depth study of cervical cancer-associated circRNAs, their specific functions and complex molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of cervical cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can serve as invaluable biomarkers for early detection of cervical cancer and promising therapeutic targets for intervention. Delving into the complex interaction between circRNAs and cervical cancer paves the way for innovative and personalized approaches to combat this serious disease, aiming at reducing its impact on women’s health worldwide and improve patient outcomes. Unraveling the mysteries of circRNAs in the context of cervical cancer makes the prospects for a breakthrough in its diagnosis and treatment more promising.

Effect of Star Topology Versus Linear Polymers on Antifungal Activity and Mammalian Cell Toxicity.

The global increase in invasive fungal infections and the emergence of drug-resistant strains demand the urgent development of novel antifungal drugs. In this context, synthetic polymers with diverse compositions, mimicking natural antimicrobial peptides, have shown promising potential for combating fungal infections. This study investigates how altering polymer end-groups and topology from linear to branched star-like structures affects their efficacy against Candida spp., including clinical isolates. Additionally, the polymers' biocompatibility is accessed with murine embryonic fibroblasts and red blood cells invitro. Notably, a low-molecular weight star polymer outperforms both its linear polymeric counterparts and amphotericin B (AmpB)in terms of an improved therapeutic index and reduced haemolytic activity, despite a higher minimum inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans (C. albicans) SC5314 (16-32µgmL-1 vs 1µgmL-1 for AmpB). These findings demonstrate the potential of synthetic polymers with diverse topologies as promising candidates for antifungal applications.

Numerical and experimental investigation of a high-static-low-dynamic stiffness vibration isolator with tunable stiffness and damping

Nonlinear vibration isolators that take advantage of negative stiffness elements can simultaneously meet the requirements of acceptable static deflection and frequency band of isolation and are thus superior to their linear counterparts. Incorporating electromagnetic elements into the vibration isolator is a common approach to provide the required negative stiffness. Electromagnetic mechanisms are low-cost, tuneable, and operate without friction. Also, they can extract or dampen the energy of the host system through electromechanical coupling. Therefore, electromechanical elements are ideal choices for designing multi-purpose vibration control mechanisms. In this study, three coils surrounded by arrays of permanent magnets are considered. When the system vibrates, their magnetic fields interact with that of a moving magnet attached to a rod supporting an isolated mass. The electromagnetic properties of the proposed system are simulated using the finite element method (FEM) and experimental measurements are used to validate the numerical simulations. Different scenarios for a system consisting of three coaxial coils are considered and compared, including powering the coils, open circuit coils, short circuit coils and coils shunted with an external circuit. Features of each case are discussed and general guidelines for designing a multipurpose vibration controller are given.

Physics-agnostic and physics-infused machine learning for thin films flows: modelling, and predictions from small data

Numerical simulations of multiphase flows are crucial in numerous engineering applications, but are often limited by the computationally demanding solution of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. The development of surrogate models relies on involved algebra and several assumptions. Here, we present a data-driven workflow where a handful of detailed NS simulation data are leveraged into a reduced-order model for a prototypical vertically falling liquid film. We develop a physics-agnostic model for the film thickness, achieving a far better agreement with the NS solutions than the asymptotic Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KS) equation. We also develop two variants of physics-infused models providing a form of calibration of a low-fidelity model (i.e. the KS) against a few high-fidelity NS data. Finally, predictive models for missing data are developed, for either the amplitude, or the full-field velocity and even the flow parameter from partial information. This is achieved with the so-called ‘gappy diffusion maps’, which we compare favourably to its linear counterpart, gappy POD.

Regulatory networks of circRNA- centred ceRNAs in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury

ABSTRACT Sepsis is the primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with high mortality rates. Growing evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs are vitally involved in kidney illnesses, whereas the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in sepsis-induced AKI (SAKI) remains largely unknown. In this present study, caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice was performed to establish an SAKI model. The expression of circRNAs and mRNAs was analysed using circRNA microarray or next-generation sequencing. The results revealed that the expressions of 197 circRNAs and 2509 mRNAs were dysregulated. Validation of the selected circRNAs was performed by qRT-PCR. Bioinformatics analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that NF-κB/p65 signalling induced the upregulation of circC3, circZbtb16, and circFkbp5 and their linear counterparts by p65 transcription in mouse tubular epithelial cells (mTECs). Furthermore, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks demonstrated that some components of NF-κB signalling were potential targets of these dysregulated circRNAs. Among them, Tnf-α was increased by circFkbp5 through the downregulation of miR-760-3p in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mTECs. Knocking down circFkbp5 inhibited the p65 phosphorylation and apoptosis in injured mTECs. These findings suggest that the selected circRNAs and the related ceRNA networks provide new knowledge into the fundamental mechanism of SAKI and circFkbp5/miR-760-3p/Tnf-α axis might be therapeutic targets.