Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate Research Articles

KEEFEKTIFAN EKSTRAK TEPUNG DAUN MIMBA (Azadirachta indica A. JUSS) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BEBERAPA JENIS SURFAKTAN TERHADAP ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura FAB.) PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. MERRILL)

Neem leaves powder extract is a bioinsecticide which can be used to control the pest. The active compound of neem leaves powder extract is easy to be disentangled by the ultraviolet, so that the effectiveness of application itis low in the field. The alternative to solve this problem can be used the addition surfactant to the neem leaves powder extract. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence and the kind of surfactant which is best to increase the effectiveness of neem leaves powder extract to Spodoptera litura pest on a soybean plant. The research was using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications so there were 20 unit experiments. The treatment has used some kind of surfactant with the different active compound; linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), alkyl poly glycol ether (APE), alkylphenol ethoxylate (AE) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (PSM). The results showed the addition of synthetic surfactant with the active compound APE, AE and PSM can increase the effectiveness of neem leave powder extract80 g/lof water to the early death, lethal time 50 and total mortality of S. litura. The intensity attack of S. litura showed APE tends to be better to increase the effectivity of neem leaves powder extract than AE and PSM.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN TANAH DI DAERAH PEMUKIMAN KOTA BENGKULU DALAM MENJERAP ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE (ABS) DAN LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE (LAS)

This research aims to know the ability of land in a residential area of the city of Bengkulu in adsorbed Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (ABS) and Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (LAS). Soil samples were taken at five-point i.e. the backyard of Balai Buntar, Fatmawati Airport, Beringin Raya , Pematang Gubernur and Simpang Nakau with a drill ground at a depth of 20 cm and cleaned from garbage impurity. Then the soil characterized include moisture content, pH, texture and the organic content and ABS and ALS adsorbsition measured using UV-vis spectrophotometers att 222-223 nm wavelengths. In this research tested the influence of pH, pulp and optimum contact time contacts from soil sample at in ABS and ALS adsorbsition The adsorbtion pattern is known as the Freundlich and Langmuir parameters. Based on research, generally, it can be concluded that the land in the residential area of Bengkulu city has characteristic average water content – average 23%, pH average – average 5.35 and it's Turn dusty clay. The optimum condition from soil in adsorbs from Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (ABS) occurs at pH 3, a mass of 1 g and 2 hours of contact time with the adsorption capacity of 0.874 mg/g, while for Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (LAS) adsorption the optimum soil conditions occur at pH 2, mass 0.5 g and 1-hour contact time with the adsorption capacity of 1.607 mg/g. The pattern of soil adsorption against ABS tends to follow the Langmuir equation whereas against LAS tend to follow the Freundlich equation. Adsorpstion of soil samples in Bengkulu City against ABS belongs to low and adsorpstion against LAS belongs to very low

Corona discharge plasma-based degradation of simulated residual linear alkylbenzene sulphonate and dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactants

Synthetic surfactants are used in a wide range of products ranging from household cleaning detergents to pesticide formulations. Due to their widespread use, residual surfactants are often released in large quantities into the environment, especially via wastewater and can act as potential toxicants. The present study explored the applicability of a non-thermal plasma, namely corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ), for the degradation of residual surfactants so as to minimize their harmful effects to aquatic life. The plasma was generated using 20 kV DC power supply, with different input currents (1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 A) and at various electrode-to-sample distances (20, 25 and 30 mm). For degradation treatments, simulated residual surfactants (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [DBS] and sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS]) and DBS-containing dishwashing detergents dispersed on slide glasses were exposed to CDPJ for predetermined periods of time (0–120 min). Results indicated that under optimal treatment conditions of 1.5 A current and 20 mm electrode-to-sample distance, the tested surfactants and surfactants in detergents were maximally degraded to about 57% following the plasma treatment for 120 min. Modeling of degradation kinetics indicated that Weibull distribution was the best-fit model, and decimal degradation times (δ) were calculated for different treatment conditions. The pure surfactants were degraded to a greater extent than surfactants in detergents.

Foamability in high viscous non-Newtonian aqueous two-phase systems composed of surfactant and polymer

Foaming in high viscous and non-Newtonian aqueous phase is generally difficult to be realised. In this work, a surfactant (Sodium Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate with alkyl chain lengths varying from C10 to C16) named LAS paste mixed with a co-polymer solution of acrylic acid and maleic acid denoted by Polymer solution was used to generate foam under conditions of sparging without or with agitation, which aims to be used as a coating material of detergent powders. The foam structure/morphology, bubble size, gas holdup and liquid drainage in such surfactant-copolymer system were investigated. It was found that two different types of foam were generated: 1) dispersed spherical air bubbles in highly viscous mixtures of LAS paste and Polymer solution with median size d50 in a range of 20–50 μm and gas holdup of 0.20 - 0.44 depending on LAS concentration, 2) bubbles with polyhedral structure in a mixture of LAS paste and Polymer solution diluted with water and size d50 = 7.0 ± 0.4 mm and gas holdup of 0.93 ± 0.05. The generated foam structures depended on the energy input, air superficial velocity, surfactant concentration and the liquid viscosity. Besides, they even depended on liquid mixing procedures before the foam was generated, resulting from different transfer rates from LAS paste phase to Polymer solution. The comparison of foam behaviours in such complex system and in single-phase liquid was made. For dispersed spherical bubbles, the median size has been correlated to energy input whilst for bubbles with polyhedral structure the characteristic size has been predicted by considering the balance between their buoyancy and viscous forces generated in the system. Based on the results, the mechanism of foam stabilisation is proposed.

The structure of spray-dried detergent powders

The complex multiscale structure of spray dried detergent granules has been characterized using a complementary range of techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), image analysis, wide angle and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS) and X-ray microtomography. A complex composite structure is revealed due to the multiphase nature of the starting slurry and its evolution during the drying process. Four simple model formulations based on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (NaLAS) and sodium sulphate were used to probe the influence of initial slurry water content and binder, sodium silicate (SiO_2:nNa_2 O), on the structure. The structure revealed can be viewed as a continuous matrix consisting of NaLAS, sodium sulphate and binder in which large, dense, crystals of sodium sulphate are embedded. These large crystals were initially undissolved in the slurry and are consequently reduced in number in the product made from higher water content slurry. Air is also dispersed in this matrix at two length scales, large vacuoles, typically larger than 0.1x the particle diameter driven by ‘puffing’ i.e. water boiling, and micro-scale porosity which evolved during the crystallisation of the drying matrix. The matrix is formed from the dried slurry liquid phases and is a composite structure of binder, dried surfactant liquid crystalline phase and sub-micron scale crystallites of sodium sulphate. The liquid phase compositions change with the slurry water content, as well as the addition of binder; this changes both the sulphate polymorphs present and the spacing of the liquid crystalline lamellae, i.e. d-spacing, of the NaLAS phase. The composition and crystalline structure of the surface is also affected. The particle morphology can also be significantly affected with the high initial moisture content particle having a distinct agglomerated and blistered structure. The multiscale influence of formulation on particle structure, and consequently product properties and performance, highlights the challenge in predictive design of these important detergent products.

Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) as a Sensitive Test Species: Can We Rely on Its Use After Repeated Generations, Under Laboratory Conditions?

In ecotoxicological assays, previously selected and standardized organism tests are exposed to an environmental sample. Some species of the Chironomus genus have been extensively used in ecotoxicological assays. Among these, Chironomus tentans is usually utilized in the USA and Chironomus sancticaroli in Brazil. We conducted ecotoxicological bioassays to compare a population of C. sancticaroli, kept for 6years under laboratory conditions, with a sylvatic population of the same species, collected in the field. The aim was to test the hypothesis that populations of C. sancticaroli, maintained in the laboratory for long periods, could have a different response to stressors/substances. We analyzed the responses of C. sancticaroli for potassium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium dichromate, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and caffeine. The results showed no significant differences between the two populations in the analyses and seems to indicate the possible use of C. sancticaroli from populations kept in the laboratory for long periods.

Evolution of surface micro-structure and moisture sorption characteristics of spray-dried detergent powders

The role of water is critical to the solid state behaviour of complex formulated products such as spray-dried detergent powders. Understanding changes in water sorption behaviour due to interactions within the solid allows the influence of water sorption on the surface micro-structure to be better elucidated. This work investigates the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the micro-structural evolution and moisture sorption behaviour of model detergent powders containing the sodium salt of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (NaLAS) and sodium sulphate. Scanning electron microscopy showed significant changes to surface morphology when the powders were exposed to 75% RH. However, the addition of sodium silicate to the formulation made the powders more susceptible to humidity-induced morphological changes. Surface crystal growth was seen at 54% RH and dramatic changes in structure were seen at 75% RH due to the emergence of the hydrated phase of sodium sulphate, i.e. mirabilite, which was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction. These differences are thought to be due to the increased hygroscopicity and water mobility conferred by the silicate and observed via sorption isotherm measurements and FTIR analysis, which suggest a change in structure due to a moisture-induced glass transition. Considerable differences in moisture absorption were observed between samples produced from the slurries differing in water content, highlighting the importance of micro-structure on moisture sorption behaviour. The experimental sorption isotherms were fitted to three mathematical models: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) and Oswin. In nil-silicate powders, all three models presented a good fit to the experimental data with R2 ∼ 99%. However, in silicate containing powders, the GAB and Oswin fits were unsuccessful; the influence of the phase transition on the isotherm not being captured by the models.

Phototransformation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) Surfactant Using ZnO-CuO Composite Photocatalyst

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Promoting the anaerobic production of short-chain fatty acids from food wastes driven by the reuse of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates-enriched laundry wastewater

An efficient attempt to improve the anaerobic fermentation of food wastes (FW) via the reuse of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS)-enriched laundry wastewater was reported. The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from FW was enhanced by approximate 6-folds with high proportions of butyric and valeric acids at appropriate LAS level. Mechanism investigations demonstrated that the solubilization of macromolecule organics in FW was effectively improved by surface tension reduction. The hydrolysis and acidification processes during FW fermentation were accelerated and enhanced with the stimulation of microbial activities (higher activities of hydrolases and ATP concentrations). Also, the abundances of anaerobic microorganisms responsible for SCFAs production were enriched. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that the encoding genes involved in the metabolism of fermentation substrates for SCFAs production were highly expressed in LAS-added reactors. It was the simultaneous increase of bioavailable substrates and metabolic activities that contribute to the efficient SCFAs production in LAS-added reactors.

Effectiveness of proteolytic enzymes to remove gluten residues and feasibility of incorporating them into cleaning products for industrial purposes

The development of protocols for efficient gluten elimination is one of the most critical aspects of any allergen management strategy in the industry. The suitability of different proteolytic enzymes to be included in a cleaning formulation that allows the effective elimination of gluten residues was studied. Alcalase (ALC), neutrase (NEUT) and flavourzyme (FLAV) were selected from in silico analysis. The presence of 1% (v/v) of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), a common anionic detergent, improved the gluten solubility, which may favour its elimination. Chromatographic analysis showed that the three enzymes studied were able to hydrolyse gluten in the presence of LAS. The highest percentage of short peptides (< 5 kDa) was achieved with ALC, what increases the probability of reducing the gluten antigenicity. Besides, in the presence of ALC and detergent LAS have detected the lowest levels of gluten with ELISA kits. So, effective amounts of ALC and LAS were added to a cleaning formulation, where its proteolytic activity was maintained above 90% after 37 days at 4 °C and 25 °C (under dark). Preliminary validation of the effectiveness enzymatic cleaning formulation to hydrolyse gluten was performed in a ready-to-eat/frozen food company, in which previous episodes of cross-contamination with gluten have been detected. The gluten content decreased to values below 0.125 μg/100 cm2 when the cleaning formulation was tested on different surfaces with different cleaning protocols, demonstrating the high suitability of the enzymatic cleaning formulation developed.

Surfactant biodegradation in batch reactors with aspergillus niger AN400

The wide production and use of the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) has severe effects on the environment and, consequently on human health. This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of the species aspergillus niger AN400 on LAS removal, in reactors operated in batch mode. Three reactors were operated for 30 days with the following configuration: a control reactor without A. niger AN400 (CR) and two reactors with A. niger AN400, one of each supplemented with 1 mg L−1 of glucose (ANGR) and one without the co-substrate (ANR). LAS was tested in the concentrations of 15 and 30 mg L−1. LAS removal efficiencies 51% in ANR and 76% ANGR, for the initial concentration of LAS of 15 mg L−1, and 55% in ANR and 65% in ANGR, for 30 mg L−1 of LAS.

Surfactant biodegradation in batch reactors with aspergillus niger AN400

The wide production and use of the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) has severe effects on the environment and, consequently on human health. This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of the species aspergillus niger AN400 on LAS removal, in reactors operated in batch mode. Three reactors were operated for 30 days with the following configuration: a control reactor without A. niger AN400 (CR) and two reactors with A. niger AN400, one of each supplemented with 1 mg L−1 of glucose (ANGR) and one without the co-substrate (ANR). LAS was tested in the concentrations of 15 and 30 mg L−1. LAS removal efficiencies 51% in ANR and 76% ANGR, for the initial concentration of LAS of 15 mg L−1, and 55% in ANR and 65% in ANGR, for 30 mg L−1 of LAS.

Chemo-Remediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soils Obtained from Recent Polluted Site in Oil Producing Environs in Rivers State Nigeria

The chemo- remediation of crude oil polluted soils from recent pollution sites in oil producing environs in River state was carried out by both in vivo and in vitro methods using macro-soil nutrients ( Nitrate, Phosphate and Potassium) as index for remediation. The soil samples were labeled A, B, C, D1 to D6, sample A was obtained from pollution free site used as a control. Sample C was crude oil polluted soil not treated with surfactant, sample B was crude oil polluted soil leached with surfactant and not mineralized. Samples D1-D6 were polluted soil samples, leached with surfactant and mineralized with fertilizer. The samples were leached with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS) and later mineralized with Nitrate, Phosphate and Potassium (N.P.K) fertilizer and returned to the site of excavation to fallow for four months. The samples were later re-excavated and taken to the laboratory for analysis. Nitrate and phosphate contents were obtained with the aid of spectrum lab 725 UV visible spectrophotometer and potassium content was determined by use of a flame photometer. Results showed that sample A had nitrate concentration of 330ppm, sample B had concentration of 21ppm, sample C had a concentration of 54ppm while samples D-D6 had concentrations ranging from300ppm to 420ppm.Similarly, The phosphate concentrations were 68.50ppm, 17.00ppn, 28.00ppm and 48.80-136.40ppm for sample A, B, C.D1-D6 respectively. The potassium concentrations were not different as concentrations of 46ppm, 12ppm, 28ppm and 38ppm-64ppm was recorded for samples A, B, C, and D1-D6 respectively. These results revealed that crude oils not only renders soils unusable but also destroys the nutrient availability in soils. The soils can therefore quickly be reclaimed by leaching them with surfactants and mineralizing them with adequate inorganic fertilizer.

Modeling on Many Scales - Multiscale Modeling of Exposure to Chemicals in Products

Informing decision about chemical alternatives and related exposure to chemicals in consumer products necessitate to cover both far and near-field exposure over a range of scales and receptor populations. Building on USEtox, we present a suite of models covering a) near-field direct exposure of consumers to chemicals in products and in indoor air, and b) the far-field environmental and human exposure associated with localized chemical releases. In addition to the continent specific calculations of USEtox, a spatialized adaptation of USEtox is implemented on the multi-scale multimedia Pangea modeling platform, with 120000&amp;#43; cells from 10km to global scale and using the high resolution global hydrological dataset HydroBASINS. We first apply the model to four chemicals used across Asia, selected to cover a variety of applications, volumes of production and emission, and physico-chemical and environmental fate properties: the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS), the personal care preservative methyl paraben (MeP), and the emollient decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). LAS emission levels and Predicted Environmental Concentrations are two to three orders of magnitude greater than for other substances. We observe a good agreement for TCS in freshwater (r&amp;#61;0.82, for 253 monitored values covering 12 streams), the substance with most data, whereas the model underestimate MeP sediments concentrations. Intake fraction and spatialized intakes are also determined both for the near field and spatially for environmentally mediated exposure in Australia. The direct indoor exposures are dominant, whereas we observe high spatial variation in intake fractions from 0.68 to 33 ppm for benzene emitted in ambient air, which travels over longer distances, and from 0.006 to 9.5 ppm for formaldehyde that has a more local impact. We finally discuss strengths and weaknesses of each of these complementary tools.

Production Of 100 Kg/Day of Zeolite a as a Builder for Powdered Detergent from Nigerian Ahoko Kaolin Using Locally Fabricated Mini Zeolite Plant

This project was aimed at assembling a plant already designed and fabricated, mainly furnace and crystallizer to produce a 100 kg/day of zeolite A. The produced Zeolite A was used to formulates a powdered detergent. The detergent grade Zeolite A was produced via hydrothermal process and used as substitutes for phosphates in the formulation of a powdered detergent. The formulation of the powder detergent was done by mixing and homogenising Sodium sulphate, linear alkyl benzene sulphonate acid (LABSA), Zeolite A, sodium tripolyphosphate (STTP), sodium silicate, and soda ash in a mixing unit. A 100 g of the detergent contains 55 % sodium sulphate (Na2SO3), 15 % LABSA, 8 % sodium silicate, 7 % soda ash (Na2CO3) and the remaining 15 % is formed by either (100 %) Zeolite A or a Zeolite A:STPP in a 50:50 ratio. In this formulation, aesthetics value additives such as optical brightener, perfumes, preservatives, active enzymes and stabilizer were not used. The Zeolite A produced was characterized using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The characterisation shows that the peaks conform with standard Zeolite A, with peaks at 5, 10, 13, 16, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30 and 34 °(2theta) respectively, while the SEM image reveals a particle size of 2.47 µm and a cubical surface morphology. The powdered detergent formulated was characterised and it shows a pH of between 9.8 - 10.2, while 9.5 for commercial detergent, a foam height of 85 - 90 cm, where as commercial detergent has 99 cm, percentage moisture content of 5.1 to 7.2 %, while 8.0 % was for commercial detergent. Therefore, this comparison with a commercial phosphate based detergents and standard organization of Nigeria (SON) standards shows that Zeolite A is a good substitute for phosphates in detergent formulations.

Electrochemical Proof of Fluorophilic Interaction among Fluoro‐Carbon Chains

AbstractWe form self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of fluoro‐carbon chain (C−F_SAM) or hydro‐carbon chain (C−H_SAM) to compare their interaction with surfactants containing C−F chains (PFOA, PFOS) or C−H chains (linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, LAS). We observe that the interaction between the C−F_SAM and the C−F chain is much stronger than that between the C−H_SAM and the C−H/C−F chain, and also stronger than that between the C−F_SAM and the C−H chain. The reason is due to the unique fluorophilic interaction among the C−F chains, which is similar with and thus confirm the mechanism for F‐extraction. This unique interaction among the C−F chains might shine new light on the development of fluorosurfactant's sensor and remediation.

Colloidal fibers as structurant for worm-like micellar solutions

We investigate the rheological properties of a simplified version of a liquid detergent composed of an aqueous solution of the linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) surfactant, in which a small amount of fibers made of hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) is dispersed. At the concentration typically used in detergents, LAS is in a worm-like micellar phase exhibiting a Maxwellian behavior. The presence of HCO fibers provides elastic properties, such that the system behaves as a simple Zener body, mechanically characterized by a parallel connection of a spring and a Maxwell element. Despite this apparent independence of the contributions of the fibers and the surfactant medium to the mechanical characteristics of the system, we find that the low frequency modulus increases with increasing LAS concentration. This indicates that LAS induces attractive interactions among the HCO fibers, resulting in the formation of a stress-bearing structure that withstands shear at HCO concentrations, where the HCO fibers in the absence of attractive interactions would not sufficiently overlap to provide stress-bearing properties to the system.

An in vitro analysis of the rat C6 glioma cells to elucidate the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate induced oxidative stress and consequent G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis

Linear alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) is the anionic surfactant component of globally consumed detergents. Exposure of sub-inhibitory fractions viz., 1/10th (T1), 1/5th (T2), and 1/2.5th (T3) of IC50 for 48 h, of LAS (5 μM, 10 μM, and 20 μM, respectively) to viable C6 glioma cells of rat, besides imparting morphological alterations leads to gross cytotoxicity. Expression of the damaged DNA coupled with cleaved PARP (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) were recorded for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Subsequently, the cell cycle at G2/M check point was significantly arrested (p < 0.05 for T1 and T2; p < 0.01 for T3). The flow cytometric analysis reveals the initiation of apoptosis in C6 cells as is evident by a significant increase (p < 0.01 for T1, p < 0.001 for T2, and T3) in the intake of annexin-V, the calcium dependent apoptotic phospholipid binding protein. Moreover, significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) after 6 h of exposure for all the three sets, registered a declining trend (P < 0.001) when T3 cells were co-treated with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, the significant attenuation (p < 0.01) of expression of the cleaved PARP and a consequent decrease (p < 0.05) in the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase after scavenging ROS induced oxidative stress by treating C6 cells with NAC clearly evinces that LAS induced apoptosis is mediated by intracellular ROS. Thus, these findings provide a tangible basis for further investigations including in vivo studies, to unravel the molecular mechanism involved in ROS mediated and LAS induced cytotoxic manifestations.

Effect of detergent surfactant on some selected electrolytes and metabolites of juvenile Heterobranchus bidorsalis

The study examined the effect of sub-lethal level of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) on some selected electrolyte and metabolic indices of juvenile Heterobranchus bidorsalis. The fish were exposed to varying concentrations of LAS (0.00 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively) in a semi-static tank for 14 days. The chemical test analysis of LAS showed that only total suspended solid (196.8 mg/L), total alkalinity (56.1 mg/L) and nitrate (7.9 mg/L) exceeded Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) permissible limits. Conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water parameter differ significantly (p &lt; 0.05) from the control and among dose concentration. Electrolyte values (K+ and Ca2+) were not significantly (p &gt; 0.05) different at all level of LAS concentration. However, there were significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in Na+ concentration. The highest value for Na+ (16.00 + 1.16 Mmol/L) was obtained at 0.02 mg/L, while the least (5.35 + 0.45 Mmol/L) was recorded in the control at 0.00 mg/L. There was significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in values of urea in the experimental group, except between 0.01mg/L (1.53 + 0.05 mg/dm) and 0.02 mg/L (1.60 + 0.06 mg/dm). On the contrary, there were significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in all the values of creatinine recorded in this study. The values increased down the experimental group in a dose dependent pattern. The highest value of creatinine (54.45 + 4.96 mg/dm) was recorded at 0.03 mg/L dose concentration while the least (30.47 + 7.65 mg/dm) was obtained in the control (0.00 mg/L). The present study concluded that LAS has impact on the metabolites and electrolytes especially creatinine and the Na+. Therefore, LAS could be very toxic at high concentrations and as such, indiscriminate discharge of LAS effluent into aquatic environment should be averted.

A global framework to model spatial ecosystems exposure to home and personal care chemicals in Asia

This paper analyzes spatially ecosystem exposure to home and personal care (HPC) chemicals, accounting for market data and environmental processes in hydrological water networks, including multi-media fate and transport. We present a global modeling framework built on ScenAT (spatial scenarios of emission), SimpleTreat (sludge treatment plants), and Pangea (spatial multi-scale multimedia fate and transport of chemicals), that we apply across Asia to four chemicals selected to cover a variety of applications, volumes of production and emission, and physico-chemical and environmental fate properties: the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS), the personal care preservative methyl paraben (MeP), and the emollient decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). We present maps of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and compare them with monitored values. LAS emission levels and PECs are two to three orders of magnitude greater than for other substances, yet the literature about monitored levels of LAS in Asia is very limited. We observe a good agreement for TCS in freshwater (Pearson r=0.82, for 253 monitored values covering 12 streams), a moderate agreement in general, and a significant model underestimation for MeP in sediments. While most differences could be explained by uncertainty in both chemical/hydrological parameters (DT50water, DT50sediments, Koc, foc, TSS) and monitoring sites (e.g. spatial/temporal design), the underestimation of MeP concentrations in sediments may involve potential natural sources. We illustrate the relevance of local evaluations for short-lived substances in fresh water (LAS, MeP), and their inadequacy for substances with longer half-lives (TCS, D5). This framework constitutes a milestone towards higher tier exposure modeling approaches for identifying areas of higher chemical concentration, and linking large-scale fate modeling with (sub) catchment-scale ecological scenarios; a major limitation in model accuracy comes from the discrepancy between streams routed on a gridded, 0.5°×0.5° global hydrological network and actual locations of streams and monitoring sites.