Line Spacing Research Articles

The role of visual crowding in eye movements during reading: Effects of text spacing.

Visual crowding, generally defined as the deleterious influence of clutter on visual discrimination, is a form of inhibitory interaction between nearby objects. While the role of crowding in reading has been established in psychophysics research using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigms, how crowding affects additional processes involved in natural reading, including parafoveal processing and saccade targeting, remains unclear. The current study investigated crowding effects on reading via two eye-tracking experiments. Experiment 1 was a sentence-reading experiment incorporating an eye-contingent boundary change in which reader's parafoveal processing was quantified through comparing reading times after valid or invalid information was presented in the parafovea. Letter spacing was jointly manipulated to compare how crowding affects parafoveal processing. Experiment 2 was a passage-reading experiment with a line spacing manipulation. In addition to replicating previously observed letter spacing effects on global reading parameters (i.e., more but shorter fixations with wider spacing), Experiment 1 found an interaction between preview validity and letter spacing indicating that the efficiency of parafoveal processing was constrained by crowding and visual acuity. Experiment 2 found reliable but subtle influences of line spacing. Participants had shorter fixation durations, higher skipping probabilities, and less accurate return sweeps when line spacing was increased. In addition to extending the literature on the role of crowding to reading in ecologically valid scenarios, the current results inform future research on characterizing the influence of crowding in natural reading and comparing effects of crowding across reader populations.

Deformation-controlled and ultrasensitive polyimide/paraffin wax/carbon nanotube composite NIR-responsive photoactuators

Light-responsive actuators have become increasingly popular in various fields such as soft robotics, biomedical devices, and photosensitive electronic devices due to their remote wireless operation and high deformation efficiency. However, controlling actuator deformation efficiency and modes remains a significant challenge. Herein, a new 3D printed polyimide (PI)/paraffin wax (PW)/carbon nanotube (CNT) NIR-responsive photoactuators with controlled deformation mode and ultrasensitive light response has been proposed. The process involves printing a CNT slurry according to a predetermined path, followed by lamination with PW and PI film to create PI/PW/CNT (PPC) NIR responsive photoactuators. Then, the effects of the CNTs pattern (line width and line spacing) on the deformation efficiency were studied and optimized. Upon optimization, the deformation time can be reduced to 3 s and the deformation angle can be raised to 70°. Moreover, the PPC actuator is highly sensitive to temperature and can be deformed within a temperature difference of about 2–3 °C. Finally, various PPC photoactuators including Flower-shape and soft mechanical hand have been prepared to present the different deformation forms. Overall, this work presents a new approach to researching multifunctional NIR-responsive photoactuators with adjustable deformation structures.

Modeling and performance analysis of coupled multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) interconnects with intercalation doping

This paper investigated the temperature‐dependent performance of coupled top contact multilayer graphene nanoribbon interconnects (TC-MLGNRs) with different intercalation doping (viz., AsF5-, FeCl3-, and Li-doped) considering edge roughness and crosstalk effect, compared with SC-MLGNR, MWCNT, and copper (Cu) interconnects for 13.4 nm technology nodes at the global level. Based on the equivalent single conductor (ESC) modeling, a distributed transmission line model for coupled doped TC-MLGNRs is presented to obtain the crosstalk delay, step response, transfer gain, and 3-dB bandwidth, which considers in-phase and out-of-phase crosstalk modes and verified with the Hspice simulation. It is demonstrated that all interconnects at room temperature in the in-phase crosstalk mode outperform those in the out-of-phase crosstalk mode in terms of crosstalk delay, transfer gain, and 3-dB bandwidth, and Li-doped TC-MLGNR significantly reduces crosstalk delay and enhances transfer gain and 3-dB bandwidth compared to other interconnects. Moreover, it is found that the victim line of two-line coupling for doped TC-MLGNRs exhibits less crosstalk delay, greater transfer gain, and 3-dB bandwidth compared to the center line of three-line coupling for doped TC-MLGNRs in the same condition. Furthermore, we analyze the crosstalk delay and 3 dB-bandwidth for two- and three-line doped TC-MLGNRs at varying temperatures and compare them with SC-MLGNR, MWCNT, and Cu interconnects. Simulation results show that crosstalk delay and bandwidth performance are temperature dependent, and they both degrade with increasing temperature. Also, Li-doped TC-MLGNRs still exhibit the best crosstalk delay and bandwidth performance of all interconnects. The numerical calculation results show that decreasing interconnect temperature, increasing line spacing, and reducing edge roughness are efficient methods to reduce crosstalk delay and enhance 3-dB bandwidth for Li-doped TC-MLGNRs. In addition, the results obtained by the proposed model are well matched with the Hspice simulation. Hence, our performance analysis demonstrates that Li-doped TC-MLGNR can be a promising material for global interconnect applications in a thermally variable environment.

Surface microtexturing design, laser-etching and adhesive failure of aluminum alloy single-lap-joint: Experiment and simulation

This study investigates the design and laser etching of surface microtextures on Al substrate to significantly improve the adhesive performance. Microstructures with different patterns were designed and fabricated. Also laser etching parameters such as etching power, line space and number of scans were thoroughly studied. The obtained microstructures exhibit excellent hydrophilicity, which is beneficial for the permeation of adhesives and formation of micromechanical interlocking. When testing the shear strength of the Al single-lap-joint, the results show great improvement compared with unetched specimens. In terms of the significance of laser parameters and textures on shear strength, power is the most significant, followed by number of scans, and finally line space and textures. The specimen designed with X-texture and etched by 20 W with scan space of 0.2 mm and number of 2 scans achieves the highest shear strength of 24 MPa and presents an improvement of 1225% in shear strength. In addition, multi-scale simulations were conducted to effectively demonstrate the interfacial bonding behavior and damage process of Al single-lap-joint. The proposed method shows great potential in improvement of bonding performance.

Mechanisms generating line trajectories

In this work the problem of designing mechanisms to guide a line along a ruled surface is considered. This is motivated by the idea of illustrating, by means of a physical model, the set of lines in a general linear line complex. Cylindrical symmetry implies that the problem reduces of designing a mechanism to move a line along the regulus of a rectangular hyperbolic paraboloid. This leads to the study of several simple ruled surfaces and congruences of lines. In particular the paper studies the regulus of the elliptical hyperboloid, the cylindroid and linear line congruences. In each case relatively simple mechanisms are designed to constrain a line in the mechanism to a given space of lines.

Drone-based magnetometer prospection for archaeology

Magnetometry is one of the most efficient and successful methods of archaeological prospection. Drone-based prospecting is increasingly being used in many fields of remote sensing but with respect to magnetometry, with rather poor results. For magnetic surveys, drone prospecting comes with the problem that magnetic and mechanical disturbances originating from the aircraft decrease the quality of the measurements.Here we present the adaptation of a commercial three-axis fluxgate magnetometer setup, which can be suitable for archaeological prospection, after applying appropriate filter methods and minimising the flying altitude and speed. For approval of the system, we performed drone-based surveys in high spatial resolution (50 cm line spacing) at constant, ultra-low sensor altitudes of 45 ± 10 cm and 75 ± 10 cm. We chose an archaeological site from the roman period as survey site (3.8 ha), where high-quality ground-based caesium magnetometer data was available. This allows us to demonstrate the first detailed comparison of drone-based and ground-based magnetic survey data for archaeology. For further evaluation, the influence of the drone on the measurements is assessed, drift and sensor resolution checks are carried out, and suitable data filtering methods are evaluated.Our results show that we can detect main archaeological features such as ditches, pits, fireplaces and remnants of stone fundaments with the drone-based setup, which are the relevant structures for the majority of archaeological prospections worldwide. Further, we can prove that the data quality can significantly be increased by lowering the flight altitude and speed. We conclude that drone-based magnetometry serves above all to cover large and inaccessible areas in short time. Our findings are a first step towards the development of standards for drone-based archaeological prospection approaches.

A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses, as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses. The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions. This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures. Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation. Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines, allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape. The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet, China. The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect. The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5–1 m, and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1% of the sampling length. Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures, and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures. The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length, while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak. Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture, but generally follow the forms of normal, log-normal, and gamma distributions. This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation, which is of significant practical importance.

Glancing back at your hearing: Generating emotional calligraphy typography from musical rhythm

Typography design influences users’ reading experiences and emotional responses. Within the realm of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI), numerous researchers have focused on typography design by exploring the generation of parameterized typefaces, encompassing aspects such as character size, line spacing, and word spacing. However, scant attention has been given to non-parameterized typefaces, particularly calligraphy characters. Calligraphy, a profoundly expressive and quintessential art form in China, serves as a reflection of human emotions. Its association with music has garnered considerable attention within the field of HCI. In this paper, we introduce Inkphony, a system that leverages musical rhythm to generate calligraphy typography and its composition based on the conveyed emotion. Through empirical evaluations, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in accurately expressing varying levels of emotion, while also establishing a perceptible connection between typography and music. Our work aims to provide an intelligent cross-modal tool for music visualization and artistic creation, thereby contributing to the field of HCI.

Research on the long-term operation performance of deep borehole heat exchangers array: Thermal attenuation and maximum heat extraction capacity

The long-term operation performance and thermal attenuation of deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) array are important for their stable and safe operation. This paper proposed a semi-analytical method to quantitatively evaluate the 100-years operation performance of DBHEs array. Numerical simulation was utilized to determine the heat flux per depth of DBHE, while the finite line heat source model was modified to calculate the ground temperature variation. This allowed to obtain the ground borehole wall temperature, serving as a boundary condition for calculating the water temperature distribution in DBHE using an analytical solution. The results revealed that the line space of DBHEs array directly affected the allowed maximum accumulated heat extraction per DBHE per heating season (Qa,max). With line space decreasing from 100 m to 10 m, the Qa,max decreased from 0.3% to 19.1% compared to the single DBHE. Therefore, a line space larger than 30 m was recommended. Considering practical project with limited space, the inclined DBHEs were recommended in depth direction. For DBHEs array with a line space of 10 m at the surface ground and 100 m at a depth of 2500 m, Qa,max was only 3.2% smaller compared to the single DBHE, which showed an improvement over DBHEs array with a line space of 50 m. The proposed semi-analytical method could be applied in system design, to ensure the long-term safety and stability of DBHEs array.

Space Building Power of Line Language in Abstract Decorative Design

In the field of decorative design, the beauty of abstract art is reflected by points, lines, surfaces, shapes, colors, textures and other elements. Line is an art form to create images and express emotions, and as a pure abstract language form, line plays an inseparable role in the construction of picture space in various abstract art styles. Especially in the picture dominated by line language, it plays a crucial role in the creation of space atmosphere. This paper analyzes the artistry of line language in abstract decoration design from four aspects, such as abstract, decorative, order and emotionality, and expounds the creation of space atmosphere by line language from five perspectives, such as line language and space structure, space hierarchy, space order, space interest and space image. And through the line language symbolization, personal style and aesthetic taste and other aspects of the elaboration of line language personalized line language to create the picture space atmosphere of the artistic tension. From theory to practice, it provides theoretical support and practical guidance for abstract decoration design.

Projective geometry of homogeneous second-order Hamiltonian operators

We prove the invariance of homogeneous second-order Hamiltonian operators under the action of projective reciprocal transformations. We establish a correspondence between such operators in dimension n and 3-forms in dimension n + 1. In this way we classify second-order Hamiltonian operators using the known classification of 3-forms in dimensions . As a by-product, we identify such operators as linear line congruences, that are distinguished algebraic varieties in Plücker’s space of lines. Systems of first-order conservation laws that are Hamiltonian with respect to such operators are also explicitly found. The geometry and integrability of the systems is discussed in detail.

Surpassing the nonlinear conversion efficiency of soliton microcombs

Laser frequency combs are enabling some of the most exciting scientific endeavours in the twenty-first century, ranging from the development of optical clocks to the calibration of the astronomical spectrographs used for discovering Earth-like exoplanets. Dissipative Kerr solitons generated in microresonators currently offer the prospect of attaining frequency combs in miniaturized systems by capitalizing on advances in photonic integration. Most of the applications based on soliton microcombs rely on tuning a continuous-wave laser into a longitudinal mode of a microresonator engineered to display anomalous dispersion. In this configuration, however, nonlinear physics precludes one from attaining dissipative Kerr solitons with high power conversion efficiency, with typical comb powers amounting to ~1% of the available laser power. Here we demonstrate that this fundamental limitation can be overcome by inducing a controllable frequency shift to a selected cavity resonance. Experimentally, we realize this shift using two linearly coupled anomalous-dispersion microresonators, resulting in a coherent dissipative Kerr soliton with a conversion efficiency exceeding 50% and excellent line spacing stability. We describe the soliton dynamics in this configuration and find vastly modified characteristics. By optimizing the microcomb power available on-chip, these results facilitate the practical implementation of a scalable integrated photonic architecture for energy-efficient applications.

Generation of GHz line-spacing tunable optical frequency combs using Talbot effects.

In this paper, the generation of GHz line-spacing tunable optical frequency combs (OFCs) was demonstrated using an electro-optical (EO) Talbot laser and a phase modulator. In the EO Talbot laser, the frequency shifting was realized with a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) working for carrier-suppressed single-sideband modulation. The PM was employed to achieve the spectral Talbot effect and compensate the phase introduced by the temporal Talbot effect in the laser loop. Arbitrary control of OFC line-spacing was realized using temporal and spectral Talbot effects. The principle of this OFC generator was theoretically modeled. In the experiments, the 2GHz line spacing of an OFC was multiplied to be 4GHz, 6GHz, 8GHz, and 10GHz. The frequency spacing of the OFC can also be multiplied with a fractional factor of 3/4, 7/2, 8/5, and 10/7, which was confirmed by simulations.

Frequency Comb Fiber Generator Based on Photonic Bandgap Amplifier

We report on a model of a fiber frequency comb generator that develops an approach to harmonically mode-locked fiber laser design based on dissipative four-wave mixing. In our version of this approach, we assume an amplifying one-dimensional photonic crystal as a key cavity element combining the properties of an intra-cavity filter and a power amplifier. Using standard equations describing the signal transformation in the ring cavity and the output fiber cascade, we have demonstrated the possibility of the application of the proposed model as a generator of broadband frequency comb with controllable line spacing.

Morphological Aesthetics Assessment of the Predicted 3D Simulation Results and the Actual Results of Breast Augmentation.

Although three-dimensional (3D) simulations are becoming more common in preoperative breast augmentation planning, this does not necessarily imply that the simulated results are highly accurate. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 3D simulation technique by comparing the differences in breast morphology between the 3D prediction model and the actual results. The simulation and actual postoperative results of 103 patients who underwent breast augmentation were analyzed retrospectively. Therefore, a 3D model was created, and the parameters of line spacing, nipple position, breast projection, surface area, and volume were evaluated. Furthermore, consider the difference in chest circumferences and breast volume. In comparison with the simulation results, the actual results had a mean increase in the nipple to the inframammary fold (N-IMF) of 0.3cm (P < 0.05) and a mean increase in basal breast width (BW) of 0.3cm (P < 0.001), a difference that was not statistically significant in patients with larger breast volumes. There was a significant difference in the mean upper and lower breast volume distribution between simulated and actual breasts (upper pole 52.9% vs. 49.2%, P < 0.05, and lower pole 47.1% vs. 50.8%, P < 0.001). However, it was not statistically significant in patients with larger chest circumferences. Our study shows that 3D simulation has uncertainties related to the patient's chest circumference and breast volume. Therefore, these two critical factors must be considered when using simulation assessment in preoperative planning. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Electric drive system for seed metering and its effects on the distribution and development of the corn crop

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the electric transmission drive of the seed metering mechanism of a precision seeder, in relation to the mechanical drive, in the distribution of corn seeds, and its effects on the development of the crop. The experiment was carried out using precision agriculture techniques - geostatistics - in a plot of 4.19 ha managed under no-tillage system. The area was divided into a grid with 35 points for each treatment (electrical transmission of the seed metering mechanism and mechanical transmission of the seed metering mechanism). To carry out the experiment, a precision seeder consisting of 7 lines was used, configured with 0.45m line spacing, being: 4 consecutive lines by electrical transmission and 3 consecutive lines driven by mechanical transmission. The electrical transmission of the seed dosing mechanism provided, in relation to mechanical transmission, a lower coefficient of variation of the linear distribution of seeds, a lower spacing index with failure, a higher normal spacing index, and a smaller difference in seeding density. As a consequence, the electrical transmission of the seed metering mechanism increased the productivity of the corn crop by 1.33% (87.96 kg ha-1) when compared to mechanical transmission.

Chest Tube Insertion Following a Failed Needle Decompression in a Patient with Tension Pneumothorax: a Case ReportChest tube insertion following a failed needle decompression in a patient with tension pneumothorax: A case report

Pneumothorax occurs when the pleural space is filled with air due to trauma, iatrogenic injury, or underlying lung disease. If this air leak forms a one-way valve that causes air to be trapped, an uncontrolled increase in air volume can occur, causing lung collapse and shift of the mediastinum to the contralateral side, which can eventually cause respiratory and hemodynamic disturbances or even death. Here, we report a 46-year-old male patient who came to the hospital complaining of shortness of breath and chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. On physical examination, the patient had severe shortness of breath, tracheal deviation, decreased expansion and air entry of the left hemithorax, hyperresonance of the left hemithorax, and a shift of the punctum maximum of the heart sounds to the left sternal line. The chest x-ray performed on the patient confirmed the suspicion of a tension pneumothorax. A needle decompression in the 2nd intercostal space in the left midclavicular line failed to improve the tension pneumothorax. A chest tube insertion was performed which managed to improve the patient's clinical condition.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Aeromagnetic Analyses Reveal the Causative Faults and Seismogenic Mechanism of the 2021 Ms 6.0 Luxian, China, Earthquake

Abstract On 16 September 2021, an Ms 6.0 earthquake occurred in Luxian, Sichuan, China, breaking the historical record of no earthquake with magnitude ≥ M 6 along the Huaying Mountain fault belt. The regional geological structure is primarily controlled by the northeast-striking fault belt, but the long axis of the isoseismic line, distribution of early aftershocks and coseismic rupture plane all strike northwest, posing challenges to the seismogenic mechanism. To investigate this, we conducted a 400 km2 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aeromagnetic survey near the epicenter, with a line spacing of 1 km. Through aeromagnetic analyses, combined with the spatial distribution of relocated foreshocks and aftershocks, we outline potential basement causative faults and a change in the structural trend between the shallow and deep portions of the seismic zone. We conjecture that the Luxian earthquake was triggered by the hydrofracturing-driven reactivation of a pre-existing northwest-striking and southwest-dipping basement fault, of which the upward propagation induced extrusion and dislocation at the hypocenter within the sedimentary layer. The special structural configurations for the focal area could contribute to the stress concentration and occurrence of large earthquakes.

Patterning Complex Line Motifs in Thin Films Using Immersion Controlled Reaction-Diffusion.

The discovery of self-organization principles that enable scalable routes towards complex functional materials has proven to be a persistent challenge. Here reaction-diffusion driven, immersion controlled patterning (R-DIP) is introduced, a self-organization strategy using immersion controlled reaction-diffusion for targeted line patterning in thin films. By modulating immersion speeds, the movement of a reaction-diffusion front over gel films is controlled, which induces precipitation of highly uniform lines at the reaction front. A balance between the immersion speed and diffusion provides both hands-on tunability of the line spacing (d = 10 - 300 µm) as well as error-correction against defects. This immersion-driven patterning strategy is widely applicable, which is demonstrated by producing line patterns of silver/silver oxide nanoparticles, silver chromate, silver dichromate, and lead carbonate. Through combinatorial stacking of different line patterns, hybrid materials with multi-dimensional patterns such as square-, diamond-, rectangle- and triangle-shaped motifs are fabricated. The functionality potential and scalability is demonstrated by producing both wafer-scale diffraction gratings with user-defined features as well as an opto-mechanical sensor based on Moirépatterning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Transmission Line Instance Segmentation Algorithm Based on YOLACT

In the field of intelligent power patrol inspection, the transmission line is an important identification and detection target. The measurement of line spacing and ground distance are key technologies in the field of inspection. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly and accurately segment transmission lines. The transmission lines occupy a large span and vary widely in length. To improve the segmentation rate and accuracy of the transmission lines, we adopted EfficientNet as the main network. With the same accuracy, the number of parameters is reduced by 80% compared with ResNet 101. The network training cost is reduced, and the detection rate of the model is improved. To deal with the influence caused by the large change in transmission line length, we introduce adaptive anchor box calculation and the FPN + PAN structure. At the same time, multiple transmission lines are often overlapped, so the traditional NMS makes it easy to cause the omission or confusion of lines. We improve the NMS. Finally, we adopted the modified CIoU loss function to optimize the loss function. From the experimental results, our model has good performance for instance in segmenting transmission lines.