Line Of Machines Research Articles

Deep learning and data augmentation for partial discharge detection in electrical machines

Fault testing in the production line of automotive traction machines is essential to ensure the desired lifetime. Since repetitive partial discharges (PDs) caused by anomalies in the insulation system lead to premature breakdowns of electrical machines, a reliable PD detection is of great importance. This paper proposes deep learning (DL) methods to improve the discrimination of PD from background noise in comparison with the state-of-the-art amplitude based PD detection in the production line. First, a systematic data extraction and labeling procedure is introduced to obtain correctly labeled datasets from arbitrary PD measurements. In addition, datasets are enhanced with low signal-to-noise ratio PD pulses by applying a special data augmentation approach. 13 different convolutional, recurrent and fully connected neural networks are compared for various time-frequency representations of the input signals. Hyperparameters for input transform, network topology and solver are optimized for all 13 combinations to ensure a fair case study. As a result, the two-dimensional convolutional neural network with continuous wavelet transform achieves the best accuracy of around 99.76% on a test dataset of PD signals originating from previously not utilized test objects. All DL models considered in this comparison outperform the state-of-the-art threshold-based PD classification. Even for PD events with an amplitude close to the noise level, the detection rate is still around 95% for the best network. Furthermore, without applying the proposed data augmentation procedure, the DL models investigated are not able to distinguish small PD pulses from noise.

Analysis and computational research of line parameters of the spinning line of ring spinning machines

The main task of the technological process in existing spinning systems in the processing of natural, artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn is to obtain a ribbon, rovings and yarn uniform in structure and properties by folding and drawing. The article studies analytical dependences for calculating the angle of flow around the exhaust cylinder by the lobe on the spinning line of ring spinning machines. Analysis of the results of the experiment allows us to conclude that ensuring a constant clamping of the straps in the exhaust zone reduces the unevenness of the product during stretching.

INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR ELECTRIC BUSES

The historical manufacturer of electric traction machines for trams and trolleybuses, the innovative commercial company UMEB, has initiated a joint project with the National Institute of Research and Development for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, to design and produce a new line of electric machines that achieve the desired power, starting torque, speed range and operating temperatures. Following the requests received by UMEB from the integrators of vehicles for the transport of people, the need arose to produce an electric motor characterized by a high torque density and a wide range of operating speeds. The development team selected the technical solution of permanent magnet and liquid-cooled synchronous motor, carried out the design theme, motor sizing, numerical simulation validation of the project, motor component design, their execution, assembly of the prototype motor and its testing. The resulting TN-EB 21 prototype engine is presented during this innovative development process.

ПАРАМЕТРИЧНІ ВІДМОВИ І РАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ РОЗПОДІЛ НАДІЙНОСТІ ПІДСИСТЕМ ВЕРСТАТА-РОБОТА

The article deals with the issues of parametric failures of the mechanisms of the parallel structure of robotic machines. The variety of functions performed by robots has led to the creation of machine tools with mechanisms of a parallel structure. The basis for creating a line of robotic machines with three telescopic rods is the structure of a tripod with a vertical stand of constant length, hinged to the bed and the center of the movable platform. The central passive kinematic chain blocks the scrolling of the movable platform with the executive body around its own axis, perceives workloads and gives the mechanism a kinematic certainty. For modern technical means, consisting of many interacting mechanisms, apparatuses and devices, the failure of at least one critical element of a complex system without redundancy can lead to disruption of the entire system. According to the operation of typical designs of tripod-type robots, the distribution of element failures was established and it was found that the “weak elements” are hydraulic drive seals that cause leakage. Insufficient equipment reliability leads to huge repair costs, equipment downtime, failure to perform critical tasks, sometimes to accidents associated with large economic losses, destruction of large facilities and human casualties. At the stage of industrial production of technological equipment, the reliability of robotic machines is of paramount importance. To optimize the level of reliability of the tricep subsystem, a method of rational distribution of the reliability of elements is proposed. The modeling of the phenomena of kinematic locking of the parallel structure mechanism is carried out and the corresponding criterion of parametric failures is proposed. For a robot-machine with mechanisms of a parallel structure, which has three parallel mechanisms for the translational movement of rods, three subsystems are identified and a method for rational distribution of reliability between such subsystems is proposed. An algorithm for the structural synthesis of the reliability of mechanisms of a parallel structure of the tricep type has been developed and practical recommendations have been developed for the optimal distribution of reliability standards between the subsystems of a robot-machine at the design stage.

Optimization of Lead Time through Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study of Equipment Manufacturing Industry

This study aims at optimizing lead time through effective management of resources in an equipment manufacturing industry to ensure timely completion of the projects. The concept of “project crashing” was implemented to identify potential activities at production line of conventional two-roller machines. The developed model is optimized using modified Genetic Algorithm (GA). The results showed that the proposed model enabled to deliver products as per schedule without increasing planned cost. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to find out the impact of various process parameters. From analyses, it was found that the proposed model facilitate the manufacturer in delivering the products at specified time with increasing the planned cost.

Performance of Filter Bags Used in Industrial Pulse-Jet Baghouses in Wood-Based Panels Furniture Factory

The study specifies the value of the dust resistance coefficient in the process of wood dust filtration in a pilot-scale test stand. The experiments were carried out for one type of filter material—polyester with a PP film previously used in different production lines. Filter bags from the filtering installation of the processing line for narrow surfaces of furniture panels of the honeycomb structure with a chipboard frame, HDF, natural veneer cladding, and a line of CNC drilling machines, were taken into account. Before the pilot-scale tests, the bags had been in use in industrial installations from zero to nine months. All tests were performed under identical filtration conditions. The values of the dust resistance coefficient depend on the operating time and the conditions in which filtration is carried out in an industrial plant, and increased from 6507 s−1 to 10,208 s−1 for the bags from the filter of the narrow surfaces processing line and to 29,729 s−1 for the bags from the filter of the drilling line. The most important factor influencing the properties of the filter bag in the process of wood dust filtration in an industrial filter is the cleaning pulses frequency.

Some aspects of modernization of pneumatic flotation machines of a column type

Development and industrial application of pneumatic flotation machines is one of the main directions in development of flotation equipment. Some aspects of the evolutionary development of pneumatic flotation machines of the KFM series from the first generation to the modern plants are highlighted.The main stages of modernization of pneumatic flotation machines of the KFM series are:– optimization of geometric proportions of working chambers in order to "strengthen" the design parameters that determine the rate of formation and removal of the foam product;– development and implementation of an original design of the gas-lift aerators with increased reliability;- creation and application of a modern automatic control system based on programmable controllers;– simplification of the design with an exception of "weak spots" (bottom squeezing devices, aerolifts, etc.).The specified approach to modernize flotation plants of KFM series of the first generation allowed to develop on their basis a line of modern machines which combine principles of operation of flotation and gravity-floatation plants and distinguished by a number of advantages. Column-type flotation machines, in comparison with mechanical and pneumomechanical ones, as a rule, produce foam products with a higher content of useful component due to some reduction in recovery from the operation. Therefore, most companies manufacturing such plants recommend to use them in treatment operations. It is shown that on FPM flotation machines operating after KFM machines, higher (by 2.9% (abs.)) copper recovery was obtained at higher quality of the foam product. The total extraction of copper according to the scheme using the KFM machine in the main flotation due to the synergistic effect is also higher (by 6.1% (abs)). This is due to the fact that some of the smallest bubbles are carried away with the chamber product of KFM and float in subsequent flotation machines, accelerating the flotation process in them. Modern KFM industrial flotation machines have been successfully implemented at a number of Russian and foreign enterprises.

Delivery of Gaseous Nitric Oxide to the Extracorporeal Circulation Circuit: Experimental and Clinical Data: a review

Introduction. Usually, gaseous nitric oxide (NO) is supplied to the patient by inhalation, adding to the inhaled gas mixture during spontaneous breathing, or supplying it to the inspiratory part of the ventilator. It is believed that the main point of its action is the pulmonary vasculature, where it exhibits an expanding effect, thus improving the oxygenation of arterial blood and reducing the pulmonary artery pressure. However, data from recent experimental clinical studies suggest that the addition of NO directly to the gas mixture supplied to the oxygenator makes it possible to systemically deliver NO into the bloodstream and, thereby, reduce the inflammatory response of the whole body caused by the extracorporeal circuit (cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]). Materials and methods. The search for publications was carried out in electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE. The last search term was December 30, 2020. The search term included the following words: “nitric oxide” and “artificial circulation” or “ECMO”. Only experimental and clinical randomized controlled blinded studies were selected for inclusion in the review. Results. The article analyzes data from recent studies related to the delivery of gaseous NO to the extracorporeal circuit, among which the issues of both NO delivery into the cardiopulmonary bypass line and the systemic and organ effects of nitric oxide delivered to the circuit are considered. The cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of NO supplied to the extracorporeal circulation are considered in detail, as well as its effect on the lungs and kidneys. Conclusions. Further new randomized trials are needed to determine the place of the technology for supplying gaseous nitric oxide to the line of heart-lung machines or ECMO in modern cardiac surgery.

Features of planning an automated production line of manipulator-type machines

Features of the development of automated processing of parts of manipulator type machines are considered. Optimization of the solution of transport problems leading to a change in the production structure of the enterprise, a change in the specialization forms of its workshops and production sites, a change in freight flow patterns, freight turnover values and associated transport and process schemes for handling unit loads are presented. All these transformations of transport and process schemes result in a change in the general plan of the enterprise, layout schemes of its production buildings, workshops and production sites and other changes in the production and organizational structure. A more detailed solution of the problem of determining the optimal routes in a lean production system is the optimization of process routes at the level of developing routing maps of technological processes for manufacturing each part of the product and assembly processes. Relying on key business processes and organizing assembly production on new principles, the enlarged planning of the production process made it possible to design a modern production module.

Bits and Pieces: A History of Chiptunes, by Kenneth B. McAlpine

<i>Bits and Pieces: A History of Chiptunes</i>, by Kenneth B. McAlpine

A review on mixed assembly line balancing, sequencing and scheduling in an industry

Assembly line in a production unit is a line of workers and machines. In a manufacturing unit the production of components are done on assembly line. The product moves along this line while it is being processed. The assembly lines changed with time from single models straight lines to the mixed, multi -model lines in a flexible manufacturing system and also lines with parallel work stations, U-shaped lines. The main objective of assembly line design for a system is balancing the assembly line according to the desired production volume per shift and minimizing the number of workstations. In this paper, different assembly line balancing problems (ALBP) have been reviewed and discussed. For solving the assembly line balancing and sequencing problems, the development of mathematical model may be quite helpful for the researchers.

Productivity Improvement of Assembly Line of Cotton Ginning Machines

Problem-solving and ongoing procedure enhancements are key elements to obtaining quality improvement in business operations. Many process and machine improvement strategies have been suggested and implemented in organizations, where define, measure, analysis, improve and control is mostly applied. Here we aimed at improving the machine productivity of assembly line in a cotton ginning assembly line in an Industry. The tool which is used to improve the productivity of assembly line are time study and method study. Based on this, the study provides data of time required for each assembly processes, sequence of each operations and flow of the product in assembly line. The present study has been done at an industry, a leading manufacturer of cotton ginning machine. The aim of the study is to identify the various problems on the assembly line which causes unnecessary delay in the operations. The problem is found in the assembly line and is solved by work study techniques and it is found that cycle time of bottle neck operation was reduced by 40.08 % per trolley.

Perspectives for the high field approach in fusion research and advances within the Ignitor Program

The Ignitor Program maintains the objective of approaching D–T ignition conditions by incorporating systematical advances made with relevant high field magnet technology and with experiments on high density well confined plasmas in the present machine design. An additional objective is that of charting the development of the high field line of experiments that goes from the Alcator machine to the ignitor device. The rationale for this class of experiments, aimed at producing poloidal fields with the highest possible values (compatible with proven safety factors of known plasma instabilities) is given. On the basis of the favourable properties of high density plasmas produced systematically by this line of machines, the envisioned future for the line, based on novel high field superconducting magnets, includes the possibility of investigating more advanced fusion burn conditions than those of the D–T plasmas for which Ignitor is designed. Considering that a detailed machine design has been carried out (Coppi et al 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53 104013), the advances made in different areas of the physics and technology that are relevant to the Ignitor project are reported. These are included within the following sections of the present paper: main components issues, assembly and welding procedures; robotics criteria; non-linear feedback control; simulations with three-dimensional structures and disruption studies; ICRH and dedicated diagnostics systems; anomalous transport processes including self-organization for fusion burning regimes and the zero-dimensional model; tridimensional structures of the thermonuclear instability and control provisions; superconducting components of the present machine; envisioned experiments with high field superconducting magnets.

TENEX and TOPS-20

In the late 1960s, a small group of developers at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, began work on a new computer operating system, including a kernel, system call API, and user command interface (shell). While such an undertaking, particularly with a small group, became rare in subsequent decades, it was not uncommon in the 1960s. During development, this OS was given the name TENEX. A few years later, TENEX was adopted by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for its new line of large machines to be known as the DECSYSTEM-20, and the operating system was renamed to TOPS-20. The author followed TENEX (or vice versa) on this journey, and these are some reflections and observations from that journey. He touches on some of the technical aspects that made TENEX notable in its day and an influence on operating systems that followed as well as on some of the people and other facets involved in the various steps along the way.

Frequency and time-domain analysis on performance of a production line operated by observer-based distributed control

This article deals with the problem of controlling a tandem line of manufacturing machines such that an unknown production demand is tracked with a desired accuracy. To study this problem, a manufacturing machine is approximated by an integrator which is subject to input saturation as a result of the finite capacity of the machine. To solve the problem in the case of unknown demand rate, a combination of feedforward–feedback controller with a reduced-order observer is proposed. The decentralised feedback control strategy for a line of machines is proposed and studied both in continuous time-domain and in frequency-domain representation. The presented illustrating example for a line of four machines underlines the efficiency of the proposed frequency-domain-based performance analysis tool.

Research results of long-term use of new line of machines and tools for land surface and depth arrangement

This paper presents the results of the application of the machines and tools for new technologies in plant production for two years of research. The comparative analysis of the influence of new technologies and new types of machines was done, and also the effect of conventional tillage systems on several agricultural crops (sunflower, commercial maize and wheat). During the experiment, we analyzed the effects of application of new line of machines to: physical properties of soil, morphological features of crops, use of energy and yield, and we also analyzed the economic aspects of the application. On the control plots, a conventional tillage system was simultaneously applied for comparative analysis of the previously mentioned factors. Trials were conducted on production plots of Maize Research Institute ?Zemun Polje? in Krnjesevci from October 2008 until July 2010.

Application of a Cutting/Packing Method for Solving a Job Scheduling Problem in a Line of Machines

We consider an industrial scheduling problem for which we define a resolution method inspired from those used in the Cutting/Packing domain. The mathematical problem specification is given as an integer non-linear programming model. The overview of resolution approaches of the Cutting/Packing problems allows us to justify the choice of a heuristic for calculating the upper bound as well as a specific evaluation function to have an optimized resolution by an exact algorithm of the branch and bound type. The heuristic and the branch and bound algorithm are evaluated by experimental tests.

GREENHOUSE MECHANIZATION: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

This paper reviews the state of the art and future perspective of greenhouse mechanization. Driving forces for mechanization are identified. Dutch greenhouse crop production is used as an example. Analysis of a generic crop production process combined with a review of the state of the art in greenhouse mechanization revealed that the first phases of plant production such as seeding, cutting, grafting and transplanting as well as the final phase of crop production including sorting and packing the harvested produce are mechanised. Those tasks do not require much human intelligence and/or fast and accurate eye-hand coordination. The available machines are largely based on principles of industrial automation consisting of mechanical solutions with only a limited amount of sensors and `intelligence? used. The next ten years, the available line of machines will be redesigned, extended and optimised. The middle phase of crop production including crop maintenance and harvest does not show much automation yet. Maintaining the crop and harvesting do rely on human intelligence and ability and are much more difficult to automate. The next ten years will show the advent of the next generation machines that will be based on the principles of mechatronics and robotics, combining smart mechanical design with sensors and `artificial intelligence? to achieve the fast and accurate eye-hand coordination needed for these difficult tasks. This trend is supported by the commercial development of a strawberry harvester in Japan and a rose harvesting robot and tomato de-leafing robot in the Netherlands. It is concluded that the slow progress in the field of robotic harvesting is to a large extent due to uncertainty in the working environment of the robot as a result of biological variability and the typical structure of the growing systems used. Progress in the field of greenhouse robotics therefore will not only rely on innovations in the field of robot technology but also on necessary innovations in the field of growing systems and plant breeding to reduce variability and thus to simplify the task

Fans of Hewlett-Packard calculators say "it all adds up"

To a dedicated cadre of engineers and scientists, "H-P 35" is no mystery phrase. The Hewlett-Packard Model 35 calculator, introduced in the early 1970s, is to these people one of the great technological inventions of the 20th century It was also the precursor of a long line of machines that demonstrated a perfect marriage of form and function-aided by impeccable timing-to occupy a unique and critical rung in the history of computation. Although calculators found for themselves a perfect niche in the past 30 years, their role is bound to change. The article briefly considers their future.

Innovation at InnoVentry using facial recognition

InnoVentry claims to be the largest commercial user of biometrics in the world, having integrated face recognition into its line of cheque-cashing machines. Its latest announcement to install another 1,500 machines across America is likely to consolidate this position.