Line Crossings Research Articles

Smad4 Heterozygous Knockout Effect on Pancreatic and Body Weight in F1 Population Using Collaborative Cross Lines

Smad4, a critical tumor suppressor gene, plays a significant role in pancreatic biology and tumorigenesis. Genetic background and sex are known to influence phenotypic outcomes, but their impact on pancreatic weight in Smad4-deficient mice remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of Smad4 deficiency on pancreatic weight in first-generation (F1) mice from diverse collaborative cross (CC) lines, focusing on the influence of genetic background and sex. F1 mice were generated by crossbreeding female CC mice with C57BL/6J-Smad4tm1Mak males. Genotyping confirmed the presence of Smad4 knockout alleles. Mice were housed under standard conditions, euthanized at 80 weeks, and their pancreatic weights were measured, adjusted for body weight, and analyzed for effects of Smad4 deficiency, sex, and genetic background. The overall population of F1 mice showed a slight but non-significant increase in adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Sex-specific analysis revealed no significant difference in males but a significant increase in adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout females. Genetic background analysis showed that lines CC018 and CC025 substantially increased adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout mice. In contrast, other lines showed no significant difference or varied non-significant changes. The interplay between genetic background and sex further influenced these outcomes. Smad4 deficiency affects pancreatic weight in a manner significantly modulated by genetic background and sex. This study highlights the necessity of considering these factors in genetic research and therapeutic development, demonstrating the value of the collaborative cross mouse population in dissecting complex genetic interactions.

Monitoring the anticorrosion performance of developed epoxy-based paint formulations on metallic surfaces by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of varying solid ratios in epoxy-based formulations on their corrosion resistance. The amounts of epoxy resin in the formulations were kept constant, and the behavior of paints with varying filler ratios was compared. It also examines the tensiometric and rheological properties of these formulations. Design/methodology/approach Three distinct epoxy-based formulations cured with amine compounds were prepared. The formulations underwent various testing protocols to evaluate their performance: coating tests: coated panels with cross lines were exposed to humidity and corrosive atmospheres. Tensiometric Measurements: Conducted using pendant and sessile drop methods. Rheological characterizations: ıncluded flow tests, oscillatory amplitude sweeps and three-interval thixotropy tests. Corrosion resistance assessment: after the panels were immersed in methanol for one week, measurements were taken using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Additional tests: neutral salt spray (NSS) and humidity testing. Findings The study observed that the coated panels, after exposure to NSS and humidity testing, demonstrated corrosion resistance within acceptable limits as defined by the ISO 12944-6 standard. Results indicate that the epoxy-based formulations show potential for improvements in paints and coatings, suggesting promising advancements in their anticorrosion performance. Originality/value This research provides insights into how the solid ratios in epoxy-based formulations influence their performance, particularly in terms of corrosion resistance, tensiometric and rheological properties. The findings contribute to the development of more effective epoxy resin-based coatings for industrial applications.

Biogenic and risk elements in wild boar testes and relation to spermatozoa motility

Environmental pollution results in serious health hazards to animals, reflected in biogenic and risk element concentrations in animal tissues. The objective of this study was to examinate concentration of selected elements in testes, and epididymal spermatozoa motility of wild boars. Wild boars were hunted in region Žuhračka - Levice, Slovak Republic. Testes were removed postmortem, spermatozoa were collected from cauda epididymis and assessed by CASA system. Elements concentrations were measured by ICP and by CV-AAS. Spermatozoa motility was 44.29% and progressive motility 18.47%. Concentration of elements in testes was in following order: K > Na > Mg > Ca > Fe > Zn > Al > Cu > Se > Mn > As > Cr > Pb > Mo > Sr > Ni > Ba > Cd > Li > Hg. The most notable correlations indicate association between Se and total spermatozoa motility, as well as with progressive motility, furthermore between As and velocity curved line and beat cross frequency. A high positive significant correlation was found between mercury and beat cross frequency. The data may serve as a fine control indicator to detect potentially toxic elements accumulated from polluted environment that can affect reproduction of wild animals.

Rebranding Destination Branding of Pontianak

Pontianak is known as a city where equator line crosses, this has been the identity of Pontianak over the past decades. Pontianak needs a branding rejuvenations as it has a lot to offer from culinary to its cultural events. This project discuss about the new brand identity made for Pontianak: Beyond Equator. The objectives is to help Pontianak in rejuvenate and rebrand their identity which in hope could gain exposure and attract more tourist. The method used in this project is qualitative method with Literature review, interviews with head of tourism department of Pontianak and a branding expert, and observational analysis on the city current conditions. The results is Pontianak has a lot to offer which does not translate in the current branding. Create a new brand identity that is contemporary but still hold the cultural root along the branding. The brand identity should be beneficial to the city alongside with an effective and strong promotional online and on-site.

Continuation of same programmed death-1 inhibitor regime beyond progression is a novel option for advanced gastric cancer

BackgroundGastric cancer is a significant global malignancy with poor prognosis. Although the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) prolonged the duration of survival, resistance and progression are inevitable. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors in immunotherapy beyond progression (IBP).MethodWe divided the advanced gastric cancer patients who received two lines immunotherapy into same regimen group (with same PD-1 inhibitor regime after IBP) and different regimen group (with different PD-1 inhibitor regime after IBP). Statistical analysis conducted to compare patient characteristics and evaluate survival differences between groups.ResultThe clinical outcome analysis showed that the same PD-1 inhibitor regime seemed to exhibit a higher disease control rate (DCR) (51.8% vs. 29.2%, P = 0.062), significantly prolonged progression-free survival 2 (PFS2) (162 vs. 75 days, P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (312 vs. 166 days, P = 0.022) when compared with those of cross line. In the multivariate analysis, when using different regimen group as reference, the same regimen group was found to be independently associated with improved PFS2 [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.467, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.267–0.816, P = 0.008] and OS (HR = 0.508, 95%CI: 0.278–0.927, P = 0.027).ConclusionContinuation of the same type of PD-1 inhibitor regime in IBP shows clinical benefits and represents a promising therapeutic approach.

Dosimetry evaluation of photon beam profile characteristics for different treatment parameters of quality assurance.

To compare beam profiles of MatriXX scanning system and water phantom for different treatment parameters. The cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Amal National Hospital for Cancer Treatment, Baghdad, Iraq, from November 2020 to March 2021. Beam data for 6MV and 10MV photon beams generated from the linear accelerator was utilised at field sizes 20×20cm2, 15×15 cm2, 10×10cm2 and 5×5cm2 at depth 10 and source-to-skin distance 100cm. Data was obtained for both water phantom and MatriXX system. The dose distribution for the two systems were compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. The 32 measures taken were all related to symmetry and flatness. Flatness data indicated that all measurements were within tolerance except for cross line plane variations in 10x10cm2 field size with 6MV energy (-3.81%) and 5x5cm2 field size with 10MV energy (-3.01).Symmetry data revealed all measurement differences were within tolerance. MatriXX system could also be used for routine photon profile measurements as a substitute for water phantom.

The Gaia ultracool dwarf sample–IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs

ABSTRACT As part of our comprehensive, ongoing characterization of the low-mass end of the main sequence in the Solar neighbourhood, we used the OSIRIS instrument at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias to acquire low- and mid-resolution (R${\approx }$300 and R${\approx }$2500) optical spectroscopy of 53 late-M and L ultracool dwarfs. Most of these objects are known but poorly investigated and lacking complete kinematics. We measured spectral indices, determined spectral types (six of which are new) and inferred effective temperature and surface gravity from BT-Settl synthetic spectra fits for all objects. We were able to measure radial velocities via line centre fitting and cross correlation for 46 objects, 29 of which lacked previous radial velocity measurements. Using these radial velocities in combination with the latest Gaia DR3 data, we also calculated Galactocentric space velocities. From their kinematics, we identified two candidates outside of the thin disc and four in young stellar kinematic groups. Two further ultracool dwarfs are apparently young field objects: 2MASSW J1246467+402715 (L4β), which has a potential, weak lithium absorption line, and G 196–3B (L3β), which was already known as young due to its well-studied primary companion.

Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of uprise on rings in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics

An investigationwas done to find the relation between selected kinematic variables and theperformance of uprise on rings in men’s artistic gymnastics.The study was conducted on national-levelgymnasts. The data on angular kinematic variables were collected on four different phases of uprise onrings. Linear kinematic variables were identifiedon two different phases of uprise on rings.The angular kinematic variables did not show any significant relationship at the 0.05 level at theDislocation Phase.Duringthe Vertical Line Cross Phasea significant relationship was found between angle atthe ankle andthe hipangle. InKicking and Pulling Phase angle at the left hip joint and the performance of Uprisehasshown a significant relationship.During the Supporting phase angle at the neck and the performance ofUprisewas showing a significant relationship, and also the angle of the left Wrist correlated significantlywith the angle of the Hip.Results also reveal that none of the linear kinematic variables at different Phases of Uprise showed anysignificant relationship at 0.05 level

Detecting Manufacturing Defects on Printed Circuit Boards Using Metamaterial-Based Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

In this study, a microstrip circular patch antenna is designed having a metamaterial-based (MTM) ground plane to detect manufacturing defects of short circuits and open circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB). In that regard, PCB specimens of FR-4 as the substrate and copper microstrip lines as the conductive wiring lines are designed and manufactured. Five vertical copper lines printed side by side on the top of the substrate are used to demonstrate the working mechanism of the designed antenna sensor. Two different defect scenarios of open and short circuits with controlled locations are studied to determine variations in the return loss data of the proposed structure. MTM cell structures with cross lines enclosed by an octagon ring are periodically placed as part of the ground plane of the proposed antenna to obtain higher sensitivity of the designed and manufactured sensor. Antenna return loss behaviors in terms of the locations of the faults are employed to prepare a database to detect not only the presence of the faults but also determine their locations. Since the samples to be measured are not irreversibly damaged during the testing process, the proposed design can be considered a non-destructive measurement method to provide information about the type and location of defects with real-time measurement data.

Assessing the opportunity for selection to impact morphological traits in crosses between two Solanum species.

Within biology, there have been long-standing goals to understand how traits impact fitness, determine the degree of adaptation, and predict responses to selection. One key step in answering these questions is to study the mode of gene action or genetic architecture of traits. The genetic architecture underlying a trait will ultimately determine whether selection can lead to a change in the phenotype. Theoretical and empirical research have shown that additive architectures are most responsive to selection. The genus Solanum offers a unique system to quantify the genetic architecture of traits. Crosses between Solanum pennellii and S. lycopersicum, which have evolved unique adaptive traits for very different environments, offer an opportunity to investigate the genetic architecture of a variety of morphological traits that often are not variable within species. We generated cohorts between strains of these two Solanum species and collected phenotypic data for eight morphological traits. The genetic architectures underlying these traits were estimated using an information-theoretic approach to line cross analysis. By estimating the genetic architectures of these traits, we were able to show a key role for maternal and epistatic effects and infer the accessibility of these traits to selection.

Multivariate analysis and image-based phenotyping of cayenne fruit traits in selection and diversity mapping of multiple F1 cross lines

The phenomenon of fluctuating chili prices can be resolved in stages, one of which is through multiple crosses. However, this cross requires precise methods in the evaluation and selection process, especially regarding fruit characteristics. Image-based phenotyping 4.0 approaches can increase the potential precision of such evaluation genotypes, especially when this approach is combined with multivariate analysis. Therefore, both methods are needed to evaluate and select these cayenne multiple crosses. This research aims to identify the effectiveness of multivariate analysis and image-based explanatory characteristics of fruit phenotypes and to select multiple crosses that can continue to the F2 generation. The research was designed with a randomized complete block design of ten F1 multiple cross-genotypes and four check varieties. Each genotype was repeated three times, so there were 42 experimental units. Based on the results, multivariate was considered adequate in determining image explanatory characters based on fruit phenotype and genotype mapping of the population diversity of multiple crosses of cayenne pepper. The characteristics of fruit height, fruit area, and fruit Intden are image-based explanatory characters that can map the completeness of cayenne pepper fruit between multiple crosses well. This indicates that image-based phenotyping and multivariate analysis can provide more detailed image information of the potential of cayenne fruit from multiple crosses than just based on fruit weight. Therefore, both approaches are recommended for analyzing cayenne paper fruit potential, especially for multiple crosses. In addition, three crosses (MC4, MC8, and MC9) are optimal for the next generation to be recommended and continued.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF PEDIGREE BREEDING ON THE MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS IN SERF “OLEKSANDRIVSKE”

In the studies, the types of pedigree breeding were studied, as a result of which bulls with a certain breeding value were obtained, which were used for reproduction, as well as cows of the herd. It was established that 28 bulls (27.5%) were obtained from inline breeding, including 7 heads with close inbreeding, 4 moderate heads and 17 distant heads. 74 bulls (72.5%) were obtained from interline breeding, including 36 heads with different degrees of inbreeding: close 8, moderate 5 and distant 19 heads. Cows of the herd were obtained from interline selection of 131 heads (13.0%) and cross lines of 875 heads (87.0%). Inbreeding was detected in 183 cows obtained from the interline type of pedigree breeding, which is 15.2%. The influence of the type of pedigree breeding on the milk productivity in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and higher lactations of cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy, Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds was studied. It was established that cows obtained from interline selection compared to animals obtained from cross lines, in most cases, had better indicators of milk yield and milk fat. Cows that were obtained from cross lines prevailed (in the vast majority) in terms of fat content in the milk of animals from interlineal pedigree breeding.

Screening of Diverse Lupinus spp. Highlights New Resistances to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious and sometimes devastating disease of lupin (Lupinus spp.). A total of 236 lupin accessions from across 12 Lupinus species were screened against the prevalent S. sclerotiorum isolate MBRS-1 (pathotype 76). L. angustifolius accession 21655 and L. albus var. albus accession 20589 showed immune and "near-immune" responses, respectively. Thirteen accessions of L. angustifolius, three accessions each of L. albus and L. albus var. albus, and a single accession each of L. albus var. graecus, L. mutabilis, L. palaestinus, and L. pilosus (totaling ∼4%) showed a highly resistant (HR) response. A further 19 accessions of L. angustifolius, 2 accessions each of L. albus and L. pilosus, and a single accession of L. mutabilis (totaling ∼10%) showed a resistant (R) response. The reactions of 16 (15 L. angustifolius, 1 L. digitatus) of these 236 accessions were also compared with their reactions to a different isolate, Walkaway-3 (WW-3; pathotype 10). Against this isolate, five L. angustifolius accessions showed an HR response and four showed an R response, and the L. digitatus accession showed a moderate resistance response. Overall, isolate WW-3 caused significantly (P < 0.05) smaller lesions than MBRS-1 across tested accessions in common. In addition, 328 plants in a "wild" naturalized field population of L. cosentinii were screened in situ in the field against isolate MBRS-1. Five (∼1.5%) of the 328 plants of wild lupin showed an immune response, 63 (∼19%) showed an HR response, and 146 (∼45%) showed an R response. We believe this is the first examination of diverse Lupinus spp. germplasm responses to a prevalent pathotype of S. sclerotiorum. Lupin genotypes exhibiting high-level resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot identified in this study can be used as parental lines for crosses in lupin breeding programs and/or directly as improved cultivars to reduce the adverse impact of this disease on lupin crops.

Single- and multiple-trait quantitative trait locus analyses for seed oil and protein contents of soybean populations with advanced breeding line background

Soybean seed oil and protein contents are negatively correlated, posing challenges to enhance both traits simultaneously. Previous studies have identified numerous oil and protein QTLs via single-trait QTL analysis. Multiple-trait QTL methods were shown to be superior but have not been applied to seed oil and protein contents. Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of single- and multiple-trait multiple interval mapping (ST-MIM and MT-MIM, respectively) for these traits using three recombinant inbred line populations from advanced breeding line crosses tested in four environments. Using original and simulated data, we found that MT-MIM did not outperform ST-MIM for our traits with high heritability (H2 > 0.84). Empirically, MT-MIM confirmed only five out of the seven QTLs detected by ST-MIM, indicating single-trait analysis was sufficient for these traits. All QTLs exerted opposite effects on oil and protein contents with varying protein-to-oil additive effect ratios (-0.4 to -4.8). We calculated the economic impact of the allelic variations via estimated processed values (EPV) using the National Oilseed Processors Association (NOPA) and High Yield + Quality (HY + Q) methods. Oil-increasing alleles had positive effects on both EPVNOPA and EPVHY+Q when the protein-to-oil ratio was low (-0.4 to -0.7). However, when the ratio was high (-4.1 to -4.8), oil-increasing alleles increased EPVNOPA and decreased EPVHY+Q, which penalizes low protein meal. In conclusion, single-trait QTL analysis is adequately effective for high heritability traits like seed oil and protein contents. Additionally, the populations’ elite pedigrees and varying protein-to-oil ratios provide potential lines for further yield assessment and direct integration into breeding programs.

Shikonin ameliorates depressive- and anxiogenic-like behaviors in rats via the suppression of inflammation in the hippocampus

Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of shikonin on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced depression and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat models and explored the potential mechanism. First, a 14-day intraperitoneal administration of shikonin (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased immobility time in forced swimming test (FST) and increased open arm entries in elevated plus maze (EPM) test, without affecting line crossings in open field test (OFT), indicating that shikonin has anti-depressant- and anxiolytic-like effects. Second, chronic shikonin administration (10 mg/kg) reversed depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in LPS-induced and CUMS depression models, as shown in the sucrose preference test (SPT), FST, EPM, and novel object recognition test (NORT). Finally, shikonin significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in hippocampus, indicating that the anti-depressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of shikonin are related to the reduction of neuroinflammation in hippocampus. These findings suggest that shikonin exerts anti-depressant- and anxiolytic-like effects via an anti-inflammatory mechanism of shikonin in the hippocampus.

Water-use-Efficiency in Spring Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as Affected by Fertilizer Combinations and Planting Pattern Under Arid Conditions

This research trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting pattern and fertilizer doses on Water-use-Efficiency of spring planted Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) on sandy loam soil under arid conditions at Main Line Lower Land Reclamation and Research Station, Bhakkar during spring season 2018. The trial was laid out in RCB design with split plot arrangement having three replications. The main plot consisted of four fertilizer (NPK) doses (30:60:15, 60:120:30, 90:180:45, 120:240:60kg ha-1) while the sub plot consisted of six planting patterns viz., 30, 45 &amp; 60 cm (straight sowing) and 30, 45 &amp; 60 cm cross sowing by applying half seed in horizontal direction and remaining half seed in perpendicular direction on sandy loam soil. Two irrigations were applied in a measured amount by the Cut throat flume during the whole life period of crop. Data was collected on number of plants (m-1), plant height, number of branches (plant-1), number of fruit bearing branches (plant-1), number of pods (plant-1), number of grains (pod-1), 1000-grain weight, biological, straw and grain yield. Almost all parameters were significantly affected by fertilizer doses, planting patterns and their interactions as well, except number of fruit bearing branches, number of grains (pod-1) and 1000-grain weight. Statistical analysis of data revealed that maximum grain yield (3180 kg ha-1) with net return Rs.157,312 and BCR 2.61 of spring planted mung bean was obtained by applying fertilizer before sowing @ 60:120:30 kg NPK ha-1 and sowing crop in first week of March in 60 cm apart cross lines by applying half seed in horizontal direction and remaining half seed in perpendicular direction on sandy loam soil under arid conditions.

Sheepskin Products of the Balbas Breed and Intrabreed Cross Lines

The purpose of the work is to study the qualities of Balbas sheep and their crosses. The quality of sheepskin productivity and comparative analysis of the intrabreed line of crossbreeds. As the study showed, sheepskins crossbred from meat-type sheep had the best heat-protective and performance qualities. Sheepskins of crossbreeds from rams of the meat-wool type were inferior to them in performance qualities, and sheepskins of rams and sheep of the Balbas breed were inferior to them in heat-shielding properties with the same performance properties. The skins of these rams were significantly (P ˃ 0.95) lighter than the skins of hybrids (meat-wool type and balbas) and not significantly lighter than the skins of rams — hybrids of the meat type and balbas. The wool density of sheepskins of animals of all experimental groups was relatively high. The uniformity of density over the area is good, the density indicators for cross-bred sheepskins are slightly higher. These features are the most important indicators for semi-finished fur products and finished products.

Detecting directional epistasis and dominance from cross-line analyses in alpine populations of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The contribution of non-additive genetic effects to the genetic architecture of fitness and to the evolutionary potential of populations has been a topic of theoretical and empirical interest for a long time. Yet, the empirical study of these effects in natural populations remains scarce, perhaps because measuring dominance and epistasis relies heavily on experimental line crosses. In this study, we explored the contribution of dominance and epistasis in natural alpine populations of Arabidopsis thaliana for 2 fitness traits, the dry biomass and the estimated number of siliques, measured in a greenhouse. We found that, on average, crosses between inbred lines of A. thaliana led to mid-parent heterosis for dry biomass but outbreeding depression for an estimated number of siliques. While heterosis for dry biomass was due to dominance, we found that outbreeding depression for an estimated number of siliques could be attributed to the breakdown of beneficial epistatic interactions. We simulated and discussed the implication of these results for the adaptive potential of the studied populations, as well as the use of line-cross analyses to detect non-additive genetic effects.

212 Growth and behavior of Yorkshire gilts exhibiting physiological resilience to weaning stress

Abstract Weaning is an acute early-life stressor and therefore, an excellent model for examining lasting impacts of stress resilience. Our objective was to identify gilts exhibiting physiological resilience or vulnerability to weaning stress and characterize long-term impact on growth and behavior. Purebred Yorkshire litters born to multiparous sows from a single farrowing group were used. At weaning (26 ± 1 d of age), blood samples were collected from all gilt piglets of 13 litters (n = 101) at -1 d, 0 d, and +4 d pre- and post-weaning. Serum cortisol concentrations were quantified by the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. For each litter, serum cortisol was used to identify the gilt most capable of returning to baseline concentrations by +4 d as stress resilient (SR, n = 13) and the gilt least capable as stress vulnerable (SV, n = 13). Skin lesions were recorded at -1 d, +1 d, and +4 d at weaning and when gilts were mixed into grow-finish cohorts. Body weights were recorded at birth, 4 wk, 8 wk, and 12 wk and used to calculate average daily gain (ADG) for the farrowing, nursery, and early grow-finish stages. To assess behavior, focal gilts underwent a social dyad test in a novel arena at 7 wk, a handling test at 8 wk, and novel object test at 12 wk. We observed no differences in skin lesions at weaning, but at 8 wk SR gilts had significantly more rear lesions -1 d pre-mixing (P = 0.031) and middle lesions 4 d post-mixing (P = 0.049). No differences in body weight or ADG were observed at any stage. We did not observe differences between SR and SV pigs during the social dyad or handling tests. During the novel object test, SR gilts exhibited a tendency towards increased activity as demonstrated by a greater number of total zone crosses, 1 m line crosses, and 0.5 m line crosses (P = 0.062, 0.091, and 0.103, respectively). In conclusion, we found gilts resilient to weaning stress were involved in more agonistic behavior at mixing and exhibited increased activity levels in a novel situation. The absence of growth differences supports the potential to select for resilience without negatively impacting growth performance, and the observed behavioral differences could suggest implications for ease of handling and adaptability if females are retained for breeding.

Sustainable prototype with IoT implementation for remote monitoring of Apis mellifera apiaries in maya regions of Campeche, Mexico

Currently, beekeeping activities are being abandoned in the Camino Real region, which encompasses the communities of Tenabo, Hecelchakán, Dzitbalché and Calkiní, where the Tren Maya railroad lines cross, impacting indigenous beekeepers by modifying the land usage of the territory in section 2, presenting great deficiencies in these practices that are fundamental for the economy of families. This article proposes the design of an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring station prototype, which will measure the following variables: humidity, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, average population and whether the box is open or closed; the information will be acquired by sensors and sent to an ESP32 microcontroller. Three essential components are required for its operation: Installation of a LAN Network, development of the IoT prototype and the Mobile Application. The purpose of the study is to design and deploy the prototype in Apis Mellifera Apiaries using a quasi-experimental and descriptive methodology, destined to improve the production of apiaries in the northern region of the state of Campeche, providing beekeepers with timely information of the hives for effective decision making.