Line Transect Method Research Articles

Collecting behavioral evidence from a highly mobile and seasonal population: A protocol for a survey on quad bike injuries.

Quad bikes are popular recreational, four-wheeled bikes in the Middle East. Injury prevention programs targeting quad bike crashes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) need evidence about the risk factors and behaviours associated with these crashes in the target population. This is a protocol for a study aiming to investigate quad bike rider behaviours and to assess the risk factors associated with related injuries in the UAE. This is a cross-sectional observational study aiming to describe a seasonal sport in a desert environment. With an estimated sample size of 451, the survey will follow a three-stage, location-based sampling strategy using the line-transect method. A sampling frame of desert locations with high injury incidences was developed, using Dubai ambulance injury records. Further expansion of the sampling frame was participatory, involving police, enthusiasts, emergency responders and gas station employees. The data collection will be limited to the winter months in fifteen high-injury desert locations across three major Emirates in the UAE. Trained researchers will observe the riders directly in the desert to note their riding habits, followed by a researcher-administered interview on riding and injury history. The interviews will be administered in Arabic and English using Qualtrics software on handheld tablets with offline and online entry mode. In addition, paper-based entry with the same format will be used as a contingency in busy quad bike locations. The objective of this study protocol is to develop a comprehensive survey that will furnish substantial evidence for the formulation of effective injury prevention strategies. To enhance the credibility of the recorded riding behaviors, field observations will be employed. The uniqueness of this study lies in its innovative sampling strategy, custom-tailored to accommodate the highly mobile and transient population of desert bikers in the UAE.

Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail, Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Ismail T, Maulany RI, Ngakan PO. 2024. Abundance assessment of Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail Papilio gigon gigon and availability of resource plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 673-682. The Sulawesi Banded Swallowtail (Papilio gigon gigon Felder & Felder, 1864) is an endemic butterfly species of Sulawesi, Indonesia currently under threat from hunting and trade activities and habitat degradation. This study aims to examine the abundance of P. gigon gigon and resource plants' availability and to analyze the relationship between resource host and nectar plant density with the abundance of the butterfly species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were collected using the line transect method in two habitat types: settlement and forest located in three observation sites (Bantimurung, Leang-leang, and Pattunuang). The data were analyzed with Spearman's correlation test. The results showed a significant positive correlation in Bantimurung between the host plant densities (r = 0.258; p = 0.010) and nectar plants (r = 0.211; p = 0.036) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon. In Pattunuang, the host plants had indicated an insignificant correlation (r = 0.061; p = 0.548) with the abundance of P. gigon gigon, and in contrast, the nectar plants showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.487; p = 0.000). Only in Leang-leang the correlation between the abundance of P. gigon gigon showed no significant correlation with both host (r = 0.152; p = 0.132) and nectar plants (r = 0.041; p = 0.686). Differences between the observation areas were suspected to be influenced by human activities such as tourism and hunting. Therefore, management interventions by the national park are required to support the conservation of P. gigon gigon in the area.

The ACCOBAMS survey initiative: the first synoptic assessment of cetacean abundance in the Mediterranean Sea through aerial surveys

The “ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative” (ASI) is a pilot programme aimed at establishing an integrated and coordinated monitoring system for cetaceans across the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic (hereafter “ACCOBAMS”) area. Conducted in coordination with Mediterranean coastal countries, it supports the implementation of European and regional policies, in particular the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Ecosystem Approach process. In summer 2018, a synoptic survey was conducted across the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area, combining visual monitoring from aircrafts with visual and passive acoustic monitoring from vessels. Species density and abundance were estimated through design-based approach in a line-transect sampling framework. Based on data arising from the aerial survey only, uncorrected design-based abundance was obtained for striped (N=426,744, CV=0.13), common (N=65,359, CV=0.4), bottlenose (N=63,333, CV=0.17), and Risso´s dolphins (N=26,006, CV=0.3), Cuvier’s beaked whales (N=2,929, CV=0.4) and long-finned pilot whales (N=5,540 CV=0.4). A merged category of either striped or common dolphins resulted in 212,828 individuals (CV=0.26). Fin whales abundance of 1,749 animals (CV=0.3) was corrected for both availability and perception biases and resulted in 3,282 (CV=0.31). The ASI survey offers an overall picture of the distribution and abundance of cetaceans throughout the Mediterranean basin, providing robust estimates to be considered as a baseline for future regional systematic monitoring programmes. The ASI survey is the first step towards establishing a long-term monitoring program across the entire ACCOBAMS area, and, as such, it sets the basis for further future basin-wide monitoring efforts using systematic, shared, coordinated and comparable methods. The information gathered will further enhance knowledge on cetacean status, facilitating the development of informed conservation and mitigation measures, as well as supporting the implementation of international obligations. Furthermore, the outcomes of this survey will support both place- and threat-based conservation efforts in the ACCOBAMS area, through the identification of Important Marine Mammal Areas and Cetacean Critical Habitats. Here the results of the ASI survey are presented and discussed alongside proposed management and conservation actions aimed at ensuring the persistence of cetacean populations in the region.

A weighted Weibull detection model for line transect sampling: application on wooden stake perpendicular distance data

A weighted Weibull detection model for line transect sampling: application on wooden stake perpendicular distance data

Keragaman Makro Alga Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologis Di Pantai Ria Kecamatan Woja Kabupaten Dompu

sea. This study aims to find out the types of macroalgae found in Ria Beach, Woja District, Dompu Regency, to find out the Macro Diversity of algae in Ria Beach, Woja District, Dompu Regency. This study used an exploratory survey method, sampling using the Transect Line method with the Quadrant Sampling technique. Analysis of data types and utilization of research results using qualitative analysis techniques, while the level of diversity using quantitative analysis techniques, namely the index of diversity. The results of the study in the Ria Beach area, Woja District, Dompu Regency found 4 types of macroalgae, namely, Boergesenia forbesii, Ulva lactuta, Padina australis, Sargassum polycystum. The diversity of macroalgae species in the Ria Beach area, Woja District, Dompu Regency is moderate.

A Study On Diversity And Status Of Avifauna In Kukkarahalli Lake: Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Birds are highly diverse and conspicuous species of the environmental ecosystem. And act as potential bio-indicators. The present study deals with the diversity and status of avian species. The survey carried out from March 2023 to July 2023 in the Kukkarahalli Lake, Mysuru. A total 85 species of avifauna belonging to 17 orders and 40 families has been recorded in study area by using Line transect method, The order Passeriformes has the most species (37 species), whereas the orders Bucerotiformes, Galliformes, Podicipediformes, Psittacciformes and Strigiformes have the fewest species (1species each). Among the recorded species 64 (75%) species were Resident and 21 (25%) species were resident migratory. The result of relative diversity (RD) showed that Ardeidae (RD Index value= 9.523), was the dominant family. The present study provides baseline information for the bird diversity in and around study area and is a preliminary effort to assess species richness and the avifaunal diversity of Kukkarahalli Lake.

Diversity of Birds in Highland Reservoirs and Adjoining Areas of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Implication for Conservation

Avian diversity is among the key components of the earth’s biodiversity that serve as unique barometers for environmental change. Bird diversity in unprotected habitats such as reservoirs in the Tigray region is less known. A study was conducted to assess the avian diversity in highland reservoirs of the Tigray region, particularly at Maygundi and Maysye reservoirs and their adjoining habitats from August 2022 to March 2023, covering both wet and dry seasons. A line transect and point count methods aided by binoculars were used to estimate avian species diversity and distribution. Biodiversity indices and Two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. A total of 1,813 individual birds belonging to 151 species, 17 orders and 51 families were recorded during the study period. Egyptian goose was the most abundant species (19.58 %), followed by Little Grebe (10. 86 %), Eurasian Coot (7.00 %), Ruff and Yellow Mantle Widowbird (3.31 % for each). A significant variation in the number of bird species between wet and dry seasons (F = 1225, df = 1, P = 0.02) and between reservoirs (F = 484, df = 1, P = 0.03) was observed. However, there was no significant difference in abundance of birds between wet and dry seasons in both reservoirs (P > 0.05). Maysye reservoir had high bird species diversity (H′ = 3.66), while Maygundi reservoir had the lowest (H′ = 3.24). The study shows that sedimentation and habitat destruction due to anthropogenic activities, including the expansion of settlements; agriculture and livestock grazing were the main threats to bird diversity. The highland reservoirs and their adjoining habitats support high avian species diversity including endemic and endangered species revealing the importance of the sites for bird conservation. Therefore, urgent conservation measures are recommended for long-term bird conservation.

Diversity and Distribution of Avifauna in the Northeast of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia.

Exploring avian species diversity and distribution patterns is vigorous for conservation efforts in biodiversity-rich countries such as Ethiopia. Compared to other species, birds are relatively well-known and easily observed, making them great markers of productivity or biodiversity. Although bird species are found all across the world, their survival and range have been negatively impacted by habitat loss, fragmentation, and destruction. Thus, the goal of this study is to provide baseline data on avifaunal diversity in the Northeast of Addis Ababa, including species richness, distribution, and relative abundance in various habitats conducted from January 2023 to September 2023 using a stratified sampling design into three habitat types: settlement, farmland, and abattoir. A fixed-width line transect sampling method was used at the farmland and settlement, and a point transect was employed at the abattoir site to collect the bird data. The data were compared using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests in both seasons and habitat types. A total of 42 bird species belonging to twenty-three families, and nine orders were recorded during the study period. Of these, blue-winged goose and wattled ibis are endemic to Ethiopia. Hooded vultures and White-backed vultures are critically endangered species. The mean abundance of bird species significantly varied in the three habitat types (χ2 = 13.6, df = 2, p=0.001). The abundance of bird species was nonsignificant difference between wet and dry seasons (U = -0.874, p=0.381). The highest diversity (H' = 2.74) was recorded at settlement, and the lowest diversity index (H' = 1.09) was recorded at the abattoir in the dry season. In the wet season, the highest diversity (H' = 2.66) was recorded in the farmland, and the lowest (H' = 1.08) was recorded at the abattoir. The highest evenness (J = 0.94 and J = 0.93) was recorded on the farmland in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. In the study area, urbanization is extremely impacting the environment and altering ecosystem services upon which human civilization depends. Most of the avian species observed in the study area are capable and tolerant of human-induced habitats in the city. Therefore, city planners must consider conserving urban bird species' habitats and feeding sites.

Composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of aquatic bird community in humid areas of Alto Parana Atlantic Forest.

The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Perbandingan Struktur Komunitas Cacing Tanah Megadrilli pada Ekosistem Alami dan Ekosistem Buatan

Earthworms are an important component of soil ecosystems. The presence of earthworms in a habitat can enhance the quality of the soil, both in its physical, chemical, and biological properties. This research has the purpose to analyze the comparison of earthworm density found in natural ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. The determination of location points is done using the Cluster Sampling method, which includes both natural and artificial ecosystems. Sampling is conducted using the line transect method along a 100-meter length in 20 plots. The earthworm collection method involves the use of square and hand sorting methods. Data analysis includes density values, frequency, diversity index, and the Morisita index, as well as statistical analysis using an independent sample T-Test to determine the significance of the difference in earthworm abundance between the two locations. Five species of megadrillic earthworms were identified, classified into two ecological categories: epigeic and endogeic. In the natural ecosystem, there were five species, namely Pheretima capensis (epigeic), P. corethururus (endogeic), Pheretima sp.1 (epigeic), Megascolex sp. (endogeic), and Pheretima sp.2 (epigeic). Meanwhile, in the artificial ecosystem, three species were found, which are P. capensis (epigeic), P. corethururus (endogeic), and Pheretima sp.2 (epigeic). The density of megadrillic earthworms in the natural ecosystem (567.8 individuals/m2) is significantly higher compared to the artificial ecosystem (242.5 individuals/m2). The relative frequency of earthworms in the natural ecosystem is divided into 3 categories: Rare (Assesory), Common (Constant), and Very Common (Absolute), whereas in the artificial ecosystem, there are 2 categories: Common (Constant) and Very Common (Absolute). The diversity index of earthworms in the natural ecosystem tends to be higher (H' = 1.236) than in the artificial ecosystem (H' = 0.885). The distribution pattern of megadrillic earthworms in the natural ecosystem is clustered, while in the artificial ecosystem, it is random.

Diversity and density of marine intertidal gastropods in tropical seagrass beds at Oransbari Bay, South Manokwari - West Papua

Gastropod communities are one of the important components of the food chain in seagrass meadows. This study aims to investigate the diversity of gastropods in the distribution of the seagrass beds at Oransbari Bay. This study was carried out in November 2022, using the line transect method. Data collection is carried out at three stations, where each station is divided into three transects. A total of 36 species consisting of 16 families and 5 orders, were recorded in this study. The total density of gastropods found in the waters of Oransbari Bay ranged from 5.77-9.43 ind/m2, with an average of 6.99 ± 2.10 ind/m2. Conus sp. has the highest density value of any gastropod. Meanwhile, for seagrasses, five species from four clans and two families were obtained. The percent cover of seagrass ranges from 17.05 ± 3.30% – 58.90 ± 22.90% with an average of 40.18 ± 21.3%. Halophila minor and Thallasia hempricii showed a positive correlation with gastropod density. The value of the gastropod diversity index is in the medium category, the gastropod evenness index is in the stable category, and the gastropod dominance index is in the low category. The results of this study provide a base for a proper gastropod checklist at Oransbari Bay. Future research is recommended that involves a more detailed studies on the feeding ecology and habitat preference of the gastropods.Keywords:DiversityDistributionGastropodsSeagrass bedsOransbari bay

Status, distribution, and threats of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) in Sagarmatha National Park

This study was conducted to assess the population status, distribution, and threats of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) in Sagarmatha National Park from February to June 2022. The study area was divided into five blocks- Namche, Furte, Syangboche, Mislung, and Kyangjuma. Population was estimated by using the line transect method. Bird survey was conducted two times in each transect during the study period. Similarly, bird distribution was determined by direct evidences such as bird sightings, ground scratching marks of the birds, their feathers and fecal matter, and indirect evidences such as information from the locals and park staff. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used in the feature digitization of slope, aspect, and elevation to show the bird distribution. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the threats. Altogether, 67 Himalayan Monal birds consisting of 48 male and 19 female individuals were recorded. The pheasants were distributed in all the blocks, preferably in the pure pine forests with different aspects and slopes within 3250 m and 4021 m altitude above the mean sea level. The overall population density was found to be 4.69 birds/km2. The highest density (7.26 birds/km2 ) was recorded in the Namche Block, followed by the Furte Block (7.05 birds/km2 ). Habitat degradation, free-ranging dogs, and human disturbance were the major threats to Himalayan Monal.

Population Distribution of Rats (Rattus argentiventer) and the Damage Intensity on Rice and Other Crops in Pleret, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Rice field rats is one of the main pests of rice in Indonesia and other Asian countries that can cause a crop failure. The availability food sources might affect the rat foraging in the field. The research aimed to determine the distribution of rat population and their nests in the field with different crop and to examine the level of crop damage caused by rats. The research was conducted from January to April 2023 in Pleret district, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The 1000 m2 TBS (Trap Barrier System) was installed in the middle of the 225 ha observation area to trap rats. Crop damage inside TBS was observed using a diagonal sampling method. Crop damage outside TBS was observed using the line transect method in the 4 cardinal directions with a distance of 250m, 500m, and 750m from TBS. Rat nest’s locations were mapped using GPS. The results showed that the number of rats trapped was low in the early and late stage of rice growth and peaked when the rice aged 12 weeks after planting (WAP). Rice crop damage inside TBS occurred when rice entered 12 WAP. There was no damage on rice crops around the TBS. Rats also attacked corn and sugarcane which caused heavy damage to these crops. There were 157 active holes found in 225ha observation area and they mostly were found in rice field bunds, irrigation embankments, and vacant land. This study implied that understanding the distribution of rat’s population and their nest will support the rat control.

Composition and Diversity of Bird Community in the Chemoga Wetland and the Associated Human-Modified Landscapes, East Gojjam, Ethiopia

Wetlands and their surrounding habitats are rich in avian communities. However, the desire for human needs has degraded these ecosystems. The current study was carried out in the Chemoga wetland and its associated human-modified landscapes in East Gojjam, Ethiopia, during both the dry and wet seasons from December 2020 to August 2021. The study aims to investigate the species composition and diversity of the bird community. A line transect sampling technique was used in the human-modified landscapes, whereas the total counting method was used to study the wetland habitat. PAST software and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis. Using a paired diversity T-test, the effect of seasons and habitats on species richness and abundance was compared. In total, 3890 individuals, 76 species, 31 families, and 13 orders were recorded from the studied habitats. Our results showed that the Chemoga wetland with low human disturbance had a greater number of birds and abundance than the human-modified habitats at P < 0.05. Moreover, in both wet and dry seasons, the Chemoga wetland ( P < 0.05) shows significant difference in the abundance of avian species. But, in the human-modified habitat, there is no significant difference in the abundance of avian species ( P > 0.05). The majority of birds scored frequent and common on the ordinal scale in both habitats and seasons. This study confirms that the studied habitats are important for the conservation of birds. Conservation measures are thus required to limit disturbances and foster species survival in the area.

The dynamic avifaunal assemblage of a fragmented urbanised habitat at Universiti Brunei Darussalam

Urbanisation reshapes ecosystems and fundamentally influences species assemblages. Urban habitats are also highly dynamic with changes taking place on both spatial and temporal scales. The campus of Universiti Brunei Darussalam is an example of an urban habitat consisting of a mosaic of green spaces, fragments of kerangas forest, planted native and ornamental plants as well as building infrastructure, roads and pathways. The aim of this study is to provide an insight into the bird assemblages found within the university campus. Two survey periods were conducted in 2006/2007 and in 2019/2020 using the line transect method. A total of 49 bird species belonging to 23 families and 10 orders were recorded in this study. No evidence of differences in species richness was observed between the two surveys after exclusion of migrants. Insectivores were the most species-rich followed by omnivores, granivores, carnivores and frugivores. As predicted, there was a higher number of non-forest dependent bird species than forest-dependent species. Vegetation cover was lower in 2007 than in 2019, but species composition was similar between the surveys, and the co-occurrence of bird species was random. Even though the bird diversity was considered depauperated, it was comprised of a wide range of species classified as residents, migrants and waterbirds, indicating their ability to tolerate urbanisation. More studies are required to confirm that bird species are surviving and reproducing in this urban habitat.

Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution of Avifauna in District Jhang, Pakistan

The present study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022 in the Thal desert and Trimmu barrage of district Jhang located in the Punjab province of Pakistan to find out the diversity, abundance, and distribution of birds. The point count method was used for the Trimmu barrage, and the line transect method was used for the collection of data in the Thal desert area. We recorded 31,696 individuals belonging to 67 species of birds from two distinct types of habitats (Thal desert and Trimmu barrage) of district Jhang. Among these species, 39 species were residents, 18 species were winter visitors, 9 species were summer breeders, and a single species (Terek sandpiper) was a passage migrant. Highly significant differences ( X 2 = 14979.7 , df = 11 , and P < 0.01 ) were observed in the abundance of birds between both habitats on every month. From the Thal desert area, 12,905 individuals belonging to 45 species were identified while 18,791 individuals from 58 bird species were observed in the Trimmu barrage, with 36 bird species among 67 species being common at both habitats. The most dominant species of the Trimmu barrage were the common pochard, little grebe, common coot, cattle egret, gadwall, little egret, red-wattled lapwing, and common teal. On the other hand, the Indian roller, common quail, cattle egret, common myna, and Indian kite were found to be the most common species in the Thal desert. The most notable feature of the present study is the identification of Xenus cinereus (Terek sandpiper) and Ammomanes phoenicura (rufous-tailed lark) in district Jhang as both species had no previous record in the study area. The Trimmu barrage was the more diverse and abundant site compared to the Thal desert as it provides both terrestrial and aquatic habitats for birds. The study determined that more varieties in the habitat and thermal changes affect the diversity, abundance, and distribution of birds.

Estimation of carbon storage of tropical mangroves in the North Maluku Islands region

The mangroves possess a remarkable capacity to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), surpassing tropical rainforests by fourfold. This underscores the crucial role played by mangroves in global efforts to combat climate change. This study aimed to assess the biomass, carbon content, and CO2 absorption capabilities of mangrove ecosystems. Data collection followed the line transect method, utilizing the Mangrove Watch guide, which involved recording the diameter of mangroves at breast height (DBH), typically around 1.3 meters above the ground, as well as identifying the mangrove species and quantifying the number of stands for each tree species. The analysis of mangrove biomass, carbon content, and CO2 absorption capacity was conducted through an allometric modeling approach. The findings revealed the presence of seven distinct mangrove tree species at the study site, namely Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, R. stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus granatum, and Ceriops decandra. The mangrove density in this area was recorded at 1406 trees per hectare, with a corresponding biomass of 630,508 tons per hectare, a carbon content of 246,035 tons of carbon per hectare, and an impressive CO2 absorption capacity of 902,127 tons of CO2 per hectare. Notably, the mangrove vegetation in this research site exhibited a substantial capacity for CO2 absorption and biomass storage, surpassing many other locations in different regions. These findings underscore the significant role that island mangrove ecosystems can play in mitigating the effects of climate change.

Identification of marine debris at Avicennia mangrove root in Pangandaran Beach, West Java

This research was carried out in Pangandaran Regency, specifically in the Batukaras, Nusawiru, and Bojongsalawe areas, in March–April 2022. This research to determine the characteristics of Avicennia type mangroves, habitat characteristics, and the ability of Avicennia type mangrove roots to trap debris. The method used is the Line Transect (LT) method. The results obtained from research on the characteristics of this type of Avicennia mangrove include that the circumference of mangrove roots ranges from 2–24 cm, the height of mangrove roots ranges from 3-83 cm, and the number of mangrove roots ranges from 925–2988 roots. The wider the area, the more debris you will find. Based on the results of the calculation of the characteristics of the Avicennia-type mangrove habitat in Pangandaran, it is in a good range. The calculations include salinity in the range of 15–22 ppt, a temperature of 32–34 °C, a pH value of 7,6–8, and DO (dissolved oxygen) of 4–4,5 mg/L. The trapping of waste in the Avicennia root area is categorized as strong. So the denser the mangrove roots are, the density of debris will increase. This is proven by the large amount of debris found in Batukaras.Keywords: Avicennia mangrove; Characteristics, Category, Density, Marine debris; Type.

Inventory of the Citrus in Barimbun Village, Tabalong District

Indonesia is rich in flora diversity, especially fruit plants. One of fruit plants that is familiar to Indonesian people is the orange tree. Orange trees are annual plants originating from the Asian continent, especially India to China. In Indonesia, orange plants are diverse and have unique characteristics in the form of aroma, color and taste that are different from other fruits. The aim of this research is to describe the diversity of citrus plants (genus Citrus) in Barimbun Village, Tabalong. This research uses the line transect method. The research results found 7 types of oranges, namely, Citrus microcarpa, Citrus jambhiri, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus gandis, Citrus hystrix, Citrus sinensis, and Citrus limon. Moreover, the abiotic factors give good value which means a suitable habitat for oranges. From this study, it may conclude that Barimbun Village, Tabalong District is a suitable habitat for orange plant because this area has enough amount of rainfall and stabil temperature.

Perencanaan Habitat Burung Kokokan untuk Mendukung Pengembangan Wisata Banjar Petulu Gunung, Desa Petulu, Gianyar-Bali

Planning of Heron Habitat to Support Tourism Development in Banjar Petulu Gunung Desa Petulu. Banjar Petulu Gunung is one of the natural attractions in Gianyar that involve the population of the heron as the main attraction. Banjar Petulu Gunung needs a landscape plan because of the decreasing population of heron in March – October that affects the community income from tourism. The aim of this study was to make optimal landscape planning that matches with the behavior of heron habits in Banjar Petulu Gunung. The method used for the research was observation with line transect method, interviews, and literature study. The stages of this research were the preparation, data inventory, data analysis and synthesis, and landscape planning. The data analysis was followed by the behavior and the habitats of heron with line transect method. The data analysis result produces the data synthesis for landscape planning. There are four areas that can optimize for the natural development as a habit of heron which is corridors side of the road, ex-captivity, pond, and best view area as the main. The vegetation was arranged with the dominant tree as behavior support of heron that used for foraging, stay, moving, reproduction, agonistic, and preening. Planning on the site can be arranged for balance the heron habits and tourism income in Banjar Petulu Gunung, Desa Petulu, Kabupaten Gianyar.