Line Crossings Research Articles

Acute toxicity events of ivermectin in chicks’ model

Ivermectin is a very safe drug; however, there are many studies on its toxic effects in different animals due to sensitivity, misuse, or accidental overdose. This study aimed to further characterize the neurotoxic effects of ivermectin in chicks and identify possible therapeutic strategies for use in cases of ivermectin toxicity. The LD₅₀ of ivermectin was determined by the Dixon method. The acute toxicity signs of ivermectin were induced at doses of 131.5,2629 and 394.5 mg/kg orally. The therapeutic effect of flumazenil on ivermectin poisoning was also studied. Administration of repeated doses of ivermectin for five consecutive days was recorded to measure the neurobehavioral within the open field and tonic immobility test. The oral LD₅₀ of ivermectin was 525.9mg/kg. The acute signs of poisoning on ivermectin-treated chicks were lethargy, ataxia, tremor, diarrhea, recumbency, and death. Flumazenil at a dose of 0.1mg/kg significantly reduced the toxicity signs induced by the ivermectin in chicks, especially tremor and ataxia, and prevented death. The administration of ivermectin at 26.3, 52.6, and 105.2 mg/kg doses led to a significant decrease in motor activity through a significant increase in the time of starting the movement and a decrease in the number of cross lines. We concluded that ivermectin has a neurotoxic effect in chicks when used in high doses; the results also indicate a potential clinical application of flumazenil for treatment side effects and toxicity of ivermectin, as well as ivermectin, has depressant effect in chicks represented by open-field activity.

Time-dependent Lattice Cross Sections and Line Ratios for Solar Wind Charge Exchange: Bare Ne Incident on Atomic H and He

Charge exchange (CX) between highly charged ions and neutrals within the geocorona and heliosphere introduces a problematic background for every X-ray observation. For H-like ions the ℓ states within each n shell are degenerate. The majority of CX spectral models rely on calculated n-resolved cross sections, and the distribution of ℓ states is assumed to follow one of several analytical expressions. Laboratory data to validate these distributions at solar wind velocities is not available. Explicitly velocity-dependent calculations of n ℓ-resolved CX cross sections using the time-dependent lattice (TDL) method for Ne10+ incident on atomic H and He at 1–5 keV amu−1 are reported. The cross sections are incorporated into a radiative cascade model, and the influence of n- and n ℓ-resolved cross sections on possibly diagnostic emission line ratios is investigated. Comparisons of the ℓ distribution extracted from the TDL cross sections to the predominantly used analytical distributions reveals a consensus among n and n ℓ-resolved data at solar wind velocities, suggesting a statistical distribution is most appropriate for CX collisions involving atomic H. No consensus is found for atomic He targets, and the ℓ distribution extracted from n ℓ-resolved cross sections appears most appropriate. Open questions related to CX are discussed with emphasis on experimental methods to resolve them. Spectral measurements at an electron beam ion trap facility are planned to benchmark the presented cross section data.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tualang honey ameliorate seizures, locomotor activity, and memory function in KA-induced status epilepticus in male rats

Introduction: In recent years, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using natural products has been increasingly utilized in the biomedical field as a therapeutic approach for managing neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tualang honey (THSN) on seizure activity and locomotor and memory functions in rats after kainic acid (KA) induction. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6/group), and each group was pre-treated orally with either distilled water or THSN (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg), according to their respective groups. Each rat was injected subcutaneously with KA (15 mg/kg) or saline after the last pre-treatment, and the onset of the first generalized seizure was recorded. After 24 hours and five days of KA induction, an open field test (OFT) and a novel object recognition test (NORT) were performed before they were sacrificed. Results: THSN pre-treatment of KA-induced status epilepticus groups demonstrated an increment in latencies to the onset of the first generalized seizure and the number of line crossings in OFT, with a higher recognition index of NORT compared to the untreated KA-induced status epilepticus group. Conclusion: THSN could have neuroprotective effects in ameliorating seizures, locomotor activity, and memory function after KA-induced status epilepticus in male rats.

Effects of flange wear on dynamic vehicle-turnout interaction

Long-term investigations have revealed incidences of severe flange wheel wear in the field. Slight changes in the profile shape will lead to changes in the geometric relationship between wheel and rail, hence affecting the dynamic wheel-rail interaction. The turnout is an essential piece of track equipment for carrying out train transfer or cross line operation. In turnouts, the rail profile changes throughout the structure, and the wheel load transfers from one rail component to the next, resulting in a complex wheel/rail relationship. This paper investigates the effect of flange wear on the wheel-rail interaction as the vehicle switches into the turnout track in a diverging movement. A coupling model for a high-speed flexible turnout and a multi-rigid vehicle is established, and the dynamic contact trajectories between wheel and rail, the vibration energy of the rail, the lateral wheel-rail force, rail wear, and car body driving stability are analyzed. The results show that the wheel transition position is shifted backward due to the flange wear, and a less sharp impact occurs with a worn flange profile during wheel load transition in the switch panel, which improves lateral wheel-turnout interaction and the rail wear. Worn flange profiles give a large flangeway clearance, which is not conducive to the smooth operation of vehicles in the diverging route of turnouts.

Assessment of Genetic Parameters for Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and TSS Content Results in Melon Line Crosses at Five Maturity Stages

Melon breeding is directed at improving the quality of the fruit needed to meet consumers’ demands. The assessment of hybrid melon candidates on important characteristics (vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS) at five maturity stages is needed to get hybrid melon varieties with good fruit quality and determine the right harvest time. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic parameters of vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents of D-612 × PK-669 and PK-361 × PK-165 crossings at five stages of maturity. The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight genotypes as treatment and three replications, so there were 24 experimental units. The eight melon genotypes were G1 = D-612 × PK-669, G2 = PK-669 × D-612, G3 = D-612, G4 = PK-669, G5 = PK-361 × PK-165, G6 = PK-165 × PK-361, G7 = PK-361, and G8 = PK-165. The content of vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS was observed at five maturity stages, namely, at 55 DAP, 60 DAP, 65 DAP, 70 DAP, and 75 DAP. The right harvest time for the eight genotypes tested was maturity stage 4 (70 DAP) because it had the highest vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents compared to other maturity stages. The inheritance of vitamin A and C content was not affected by the maternal effect, while TSS was influenced by the maternal effect. The vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS content characteristics had higher phenotypic diversity coefficients than genetic diversity coefficients, while heritability values in the broad sense for the three melon genotypic characteristics ranged from 0.613 to 0.968. Crosses of PK-165 × PK-361 can be used to assemble hybrid melon varieties that have high vitamin A, vitamin C, and TSS contents because they have positive values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis for the three characteristics.

Coalescing and discriminating offspring from pure line and reciprocal crosses of two African catfishes: Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis

Coalescing and discriminating offspring from pure line and reciprocal crosses of two African catfishes: Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis

High-resolution mapping reveals a Ht3-like locus against northern corn leaf blight.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), caused by the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum, poses a grave threat to maize production worldwide. The resistance gene in A619Ht3, discovered decades ago, is an important genetic resource for NCLB control. By using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) A619Ht3 and A619, together with the resistant and susceptible bulks derived from the cross of A619Ht3 and L3162 lines, we initially detected a Ht3-like (Ht3L) locus in bin 8.06 that was closely associated with NCLB resistance. We then performed five rounds of fine-mapping, which ultimately delimited the Ht3L locus to a 577-kb interval flanked by SNP markers KA002081 and KA002084. Plants homozygous for the Ht3L/Ht3L genotype exhibited an average reduction in diseased leaf area (DLA) by 16.5% compared to plants lacking Ht3L locus. The Ht3L locus showed extensive variation in genomic architecture among different maize lines and did not appear to contain any genes encoding canonical cell wall-associated kinases against NCLB. Moreover, the Ht3L locus was located ∼2.7 Mb away from the known Htn1 locus. We speculate that the Ht3L locus may contain a bona fide Ht3 gene or a novel NCLB resistance gene closely linked to Ht3. In practice, the Ht3L locus is a valuable resource for improving maize resistance to NCLB.

K-Means Clustering으로 분류한 닭 깃털색 표현형의 분석

Chickens are a species of vertebrate with varying colors. Various colors of chickens must be classified to find color-related genes. In the past, color scoring was performed based on human visual observation. Therefore, chicken colors have not been measured with precise standards. In order to solve this problem, a computer vision approach was used in this study. Image quantization based on k-means clustering for all pixels of RGB values can objectively distinguish inherited colors that are expressed in various ways. This study was also conducted to determine whether plumage color differences exist in the reciprocal cross lines between two breeds: black Yeonsan Ogye (YO) and White Leghorn (WL). Line B is a crossbred line between YO males and WL females while Line L is a reciprocal crossbred line between WL males and YO females. One male and ten females were selected for each F₁ line, and full-sib mating was conducted to generate 883 F₂ birds. The results indicate that the distribution of light and dark colors of k-means clustering converged to 7:3. Additionally, the color of Line B was lighter than that of Line L (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01). This study suggests that the genes underlying plumage colors can be identified using quantification values from the computer vision approach described in this study.

Modeling of cross line operation of urban rail transit trains based on passenger travel time

Cross line operation mode of urban rail transit can not only meet diversified travel needs of passengers and improve efficiency of passenger travel, but also shorten the time and space distance between suburban and urban core areas. In this paper, the travel time cost of different types of passengers is analyzed on the basis of considering the train selection probability for passengers to choose cross train or transfer. An optimization model of cross line operation organization is established with the objective function of minimizing the total travel time cost of passengers. The model is solved by genetic algorithm. The scheme of metro Line Ⅰ of city S crossing into Line Ⅱ is used as an example to verify the feasibility of the model, and the optimal train density under different train load rates is obtained. This study can provide a reference for the cross line operation organization of urban rail transit.

Inverse catalysis effect of the quark anomalous magnetic moment to chiral restoration and deconfinement phase transitions at finite baryon chemical potential

The effect of quark anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) to chiral restoration and deconfinement phase transitions in baryon chemical potential-temperature $(\mu_B-T)$ plane under magnetic fields is investigated in frame of a Pauli-Villars regularized PNJL model. It's found that the quark AMM plays the role of inverse catalysis to the phase transitions, and large quark AMM will change the magnetic catalysis phenomena of phase transitions to inverse magnetic catalysis in the whole $\mu_B-T$ plane. For a fixed magnetic field, the critical temperature $T_c$ and critical baryon chemical potential $\mu_B^c$ decreases with quark AMM. The stronger the magnetic field is, the inverse catalysis effect of AMM becomes more important. For a small AMM $\kappa=\kappa_1$, it shows the magnetic catalysis effect for critical temperature $T_c$ at vanishing $\mu_B$ with increasing magnetic field, and (inverse) magnetic catalysis effect for critical baryon chemical potential $\mu_B^c$ at vanishing $T$ under (weak) strong magnetic field. At finite $T$ and $\mu_B$, there exist some crossings of the phase transition lines with different magnetic field. For a large AMM $\kappa=\kappa_2$, we obtain the inverse magnetic catalysis effect in the whole $\mu_B-T$ plane, and no crossings of phase transition lines happen.

Investigation on Vertical Position and Sound Velocity Variation for GNSS/Acoustic Seafloor Geodetic Calibration Based on Moving Survey Data

The accuracy of GNSS/Acoustic seafloor geodetic calibration is greatly influenced by the temporal variation of sound velocity, especially in the vertical direction. Aiming at correcting of the unknown parameters related to both the positions and the sound velocity, this paper proposes a step-by-step inversion scheme based on moving survey data. The proposed method firstly estimates the horizontal normalized travel time delay with sound ray tracing strategy and then computes the horizontal position with circle line observations. We reconstructed an inversion scheme for extracting the surface sound velocity disturbance (SSVD) and corrected the vertical position from cross line data. The SSVD is decomposed into a sum of different period disturbances, and a new SSVD is reconstructed by combining the long period disturbance and short period disturbance. The proposed algorithm is verified by the South China Sea experiment for GNSS/Acoustic seafloor geodetic calibration. The results demonstrate that the new method can take the effects of sound velocity variation into consideration and improve the precision of the vertical position, which is superior to the least squares (LS), the single-difference LS for seafloor geodetic calibration.

An evolutionary look into the history of lentil reveals unexpected diversity.

The characterization and preservation of genetic variation in crops is critical to meeting the challenges of breeding in the face of changing climates and markets. In recent years, the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has become routine, allowing us to understand the population structure, find divergent lines for crosses, and illuminate the origin of crops. However, the focus on SNPs overlooks other forms of variation, such as copy number variation (CNVs). Lentil is the third most important cold‐season legume and was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. We genotyped 324 accessions that represent its global diversity, and using both SNPs and CNVs, we dissected the population structure and genetic variation, and identified candidate genes. Eight clusters were detected, most of them located in or near the Fertile Crescent, even though different clusters were present in distinct regions. The cluster from South Asia was particularly differentiated and presented low diversity, contrasting with the clusters from the Mediterranean and the northern temperate. Accessions from North America were mainly assigned to one cluster and were highly diverse, reflecting the efforts of breeding programs to integrate variation. Thirty‐three genes were identified as candidates under selection and among their functions were sporopollenin synthesis in pollen, a component of chlorophyll B reductase that partially determines the antenna size, and two genes related to the import system of chloroplasts. Eleven percent of all lentil genes and 21% of lentil disease resistance genes were affected by CNVs. The gene categories overrepresented in these genes were “enzymes,” “Cell Wall Organization,” and “external stimuli response.” All the genes found in the latter were associated with pathogen response. CNVs provided information about population structure and might have played a role in adaptation. The incorporation of CNVs in diversity studies is needed for a broader understanding of how they evolve and contribute to domestication.

Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Vegetation Dynamics and Their Responses to Climate Change along the Ya’an–Linzhi Section of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway

Vegetation dynamics and their responses to climate change are of significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The Sichuan–Tibet Railway (STR) is a major construction project of the 14th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China that is of great significance to promoting the social and economic development of Sichuan–Tibet areas. The planned railway line crosses areas with a complex geological condition and fragile ecological environment, where the regional vegetation dynamics are sensitive to climate change, topographic conditions and human activities. So, analyzing the vegetation variations in the complex vertical ecosystem and exploring their responses to hydrothermal factors are critical for providing technical support for the ecological program’s implementation along the route of the planned railway line. Based on MOD13Q1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for the growing season (May to October) during 2001–2020, a Theil-Sen trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test, Hurst exponent analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to detect the vegetation dynamics, predict the vegetation sustainability, examine the relationship between vegetation change and hydrothermal factors, regionalize the driving forces for vegetation growth and explore the interannual variation pattern of driving factors. The growing season NDVI along the Ya’an–Linzhi section of the STR showed a marked rate of increase (0.0009/year) during the past 20 years, and the vegetation’s slight improvement areas accounted for the largest proportion (47.53%). Among the three hydrothermal parameters (temperature, precipitation and radiation), the correlation between vegetation growth and the temperature was the most significant, and the vegetation response to precipitation was the most immediate. The vegetation changes were affected by the combined impact of climatic and non-climatic factors, and the proportion of hydrothermal factors’ combined driving force slightly increased during the study period. Based on the Hurst exponent, the future vegetation sustainability of the area along the Ya’an–Linzhi section of the STR faces a risk of degradation, and more effective conservations should be implemented during the railway construction period to protect the regional ecological environment.

Character association and identification of trait specific introgression in restorer lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The study was carried out involving 40 MAGIC crosses of sunflower restorer lines along with 10 parental checks during rabi, 2020 grown in augmented block design with four blocks at MARS, UAS Raichur with an objective of assessing variation and character association for yield attributing traits. The highest estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for seed yield per plant followed by 100-seed weight. Seed yield per plant recorded a highly significant positive association with plant height and head diameter. Path analysis studies indicated plant height had the highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by oil content. Trait specific introgression studies revealed that R-127-1 × RⅡ, CSFI-99 × RⅢ and No-30 × RⅣ showed the highest percentage (87.5%) of introgression with the expression of seven out of eight traits. Keywords: MAGIC population, Sunflower, GCV, PCV, Heritability, Correlation co-efficient and path coefficients &nbsp;

Immunogenetic monitoring of lines the breed of Sychevka cattle

The results of immunogenetic monitoring from 1986 to 2020 of the lines of Anis 4593 ZSV – 236 (n = 287), Liker 5412 ZSV-585 (n = 263), and Toreador 3032 ZS-485 (n = 627) of the breed of Sychevka cattle in the Smolensk region, using red blood cell antigenic factors EAB – locus of blood groups as genetic markers are presented. As a result of the line crosses carried out, as well as the introduction of genes of the Red-and-White Holstein breed, an expansion of genetic diversity is observed in each line. The coefficient of genetic similarity between the animals of the lines breed in 1986 and their descendants in the male line in 2020 is 52.8-61.9, which indicates a significant change in the genetic structure of each line. The number of animals carrying marker and, consequently, other alleles specific to the progenitors of the lines or their successors has decreased in the lines. Animals with other alleles inherited from the breeds of Sychevka and Holstein Red-and-White have become widespread. In the Anise line, its descendants are most common, marked with alleles of the EAB locus G2Y2'1Q` (27%), b (16,7%), O1I'Q` (9,1%); in the Liker line – B1I1T1A`1 (11,1%), E ' 3G`(10,1%), G2Y2E`1Q` (10,1%); in the Toreador line – O1I`Q` (19,5%), Y1A`1 (16%), G2Y2E`1Q` (11,3%).

Four Element MIMO Antenna Systems with Decoupling Lines for High-Speed 5G Wireless Data Communication

A low-profile planar multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna consisting of four elements with isolation improvement is proposed for 5G mm Wave (24–40) GHz applications. Each radiating element of the MIMO antenna comprises of a microstrip-fed tilted spade-shaped radiator with four asymmetrical slots and a partial ground plane. The antenna is optimized to resonate at 35 GHz covering a wide impedance bandwidth from 23.9 to 40.1 GHz. Two cross lines are then loaded between the antenna elements to improve the isolation &gt; − 30 d B . The MIMO structure with the decoupling lines is fabricated and tested. The measured results are in good correlation with the simulated results. Other MIMO performance metrics such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) are examined, and the results are found to be satisfactory for the device to be used for mm-wave 5G MIMO applications. Also, the antenna’s performance metrics such as radiation efficiency, gain, and radiation patterns over the operating band are presented.

Optimizing use of U.S. Ex-PVP inbred lines for enhancing agronomic performance of tropical Striga resistant maize inbred lines

BackgroundTemperate maize inbred lines with expired Plant Variety Protection Act certificates (Ex-PVP) are potential sources of desirable alleles for tropical germplasm improvement. Up to now, the usefulness of the Ex-PVP inbred lines as a potential source of novel beneficial alleles for Striga hermonthica resistance breeding to enhance genetic gain in tropical maize has not been reported.ResultsThis study was thus conducted to characterize the combining ability of 24 Ex-PVP inbred lines in crosses with two tropical Striga resistant inbred testers under Striga-infested and non-infested conditions and across three locations for 2 years. Many testcrosses between Ex-PVP inbred lines and the first tester (T1) produced competitive or significantly higher grain yields compared to the hybrid between the two resistant testers under Striga infested and non-infested conditions and across multiple test locations. Also, most of the testcrosses with positive heterosis for grain yield and negative heterosis for Striga damage and emerged Striga count involved T1 as a tester. Our study identified six Ex-PVP inbred lines with positive GCA effects for grain yield under Striga infested and non-infested conditions and across multiple test locations. Amongst these, inbred lines HB8229-1 and WIL900-1 also displayed negative GCA effects for emerged Striga count and Striga damage rating. The inbred line HB8229-1 showed positive SCA effects for grain yield with T2, whereas WIL900-1 had positive SCA effects for grain yield with T1. Over 70% of the Ex-PVP inbred lines were consistently assigned to specific heterotic groups using yield-based classifying methods (mean grain yield and SCA effects).ConclusionsThese results could facilitate systematic introgression of the Ex-PVP inbred lines into the existing Striga resistant heterotic groups in IITA. The Ex-PVP inbred lines with positive GCA effects and producing high grain yields in hybrid combinations could be useful parents for enhancing Striga resistance and agronomic performance of tropical maize hybrids.

A Flip‐book of Knot Diagrams for Visualizing Surfaces in 4‐Space

AbstractJust as 2D shadows of 3D curves lose structure where lines cross, 3D graphics projections of smooth 4D topological surfaces are interrupted where one surface intersects itself. They twist, turn, and fold back on themselves, leaving important but hidden features behind the surface sheets. In this paper, we propose a smart slicing tool that can read the 4D surface in its entropy map and suggest the optimal way to generate cross‐sectional images — or “slices” — of the surface to visualize its underlying 4D structure. Our visualization thinks of a 4D‐embedded surface as a collection of 3D curves stacked in time, very much like a flip‐book animation, where successive terms in the sequence differ at most by a critical change. This novel method can generate topologically meaningful visualization to depict complex and unfamiliar 4D surfaces, with the minimum number of cross‐sectional diagrams. Our approach has been successfully used to create flip‐books of diagrams to visualize a range of known 4D surfaces. In this preliminary study, our results show that the new visualization and slicing tool can help the viewers to understand and describe the complex spatial relationships and overall structures of 4D surfaces.

Asymptotic anatomy of the Berry phase for scalar waves in two-dimensional periodic continua

We deploy an asymptotic model for the interaction between nearby dispersion surfaces and respective eigenstates towards explicit evaluation of the Berry phase governed by the scalar wave equation in two-dimensional periodic media. The model, featuring a pair of coupled Dirac equations, entails a four-dimensional parametric space and endows the interacting Bloch eigenstates with an explicit gauge that caters for analytical integration in the wavenumber domain. Among the featured parameters, the one ( s ∈ [ 0 , 1 2 ] ) that synthesizes the phase information on the coupling term is shown to decide whether the Berry connection round the loop is singular ( s = 0 ) or analytic ( s &gt; 0 ). The analysis demonstrates that the Berry phase for two-dimensional lattices is π -quantal and topological when s = 0 , equalling π when the contour encloses a Dirac point and zero in all other situations (avoided crossings or line crossings). The analogous result is obtained, up to an O ( s ) residual, when s ≃ 0 and similarly for s ≃ 1 2 . In the interior of the s -domain, we find that the Berry phase either approximately equals π or is not quantal. Beyond shedding light on the anatomy of the Berry phase in periodic continua, the analysis carries a practical benefit as it permits a single-wavenumber evaluation of this geometrical phase quantity. The asymptotic estimates of the Berry phase are found to be in agreement with their numerical counterparts. For generality, we also include an application to a Dirac-like, three-energy-level system.

SAFECAR: A Brain–Computer Interface and intelligent framework to detect drivers’ distractions

As recently reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the high use of intelligent devices such as smartphones, multimedia systems, or billboards causes an increase in distraction and, consequently, fatal accidents while driving. The use of EEG-based Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) has been proposed as a promising way to detect distractions. However, existing solutions are not well suited for driving scenarios. They do not consider complementary data sources, such as contextual data, nor guarantee realistic scenarios with real-time communications between components. This work proposes an automatic framework for detecting distractions using BCIs and a realistic driving simulator. The framework employs different supervised Machine Learning (ML)-based models on classifying the different types of distractions using Electroencephalography (EEG) and contextual driving data collected by car sensors, such as line crossings or objects detection. This framework has been evaluated using a driving scenario without distractions and a similar one where visual and cognitive distractions are generated for ten subjects. The proposed framework achieved 83.9% F1-score with a binary model and 73% with a multiclass model using EEG, improving 7% in binary classification and 8% in multi-class classification by incorporating contextual driving into the training dataset. Finally, the results were confirmed by a neurophysiological study, which revealed significantly higher voltage in selective attention and multitasking.