Lindera Research Articles

The assembly and comparative analysis of the first complete mitogenome of Lindera aggregata.

Lindera aggregata, a member belongs to the genus Lindera of Lauraceae family. Its roots and leaves have been used as traditional Chinese medicine or functional food for thousands of years. However, its mitochondrial genome has not been explored. Our aim is to sequence and assemble the mitogenome of L. aggregata to elucidate the genetic mechanism and evolutionary pathway. The results had shown that the mitogenome was extremely complex and had a unique multi-branched conformation with total size of 912,473 bp. Comprehensive analysis of protein coding genes of 7 related species showed that there were 40 common genes in their mitogenome. Interestingly, positive selection had become an important factor in the evolution of ccmB, ccmFC, rps10, rps11 and rps7 genes. Furthermore, our data highlighted the repeated trend of homologous fragment migrations between chloroplast and mitochondrial organelles, and 38 homologous fragments were identified. Phylogenetic analysis identified a tree that was basically consistent with the phylogeny of Laurales species described in the APG IV system. To sum up, this study will be helpful to the study of population genetics and evolution of Lindera species.

A Review on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Action of the Genus Lindera

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. It is represented by widely well-known medicinal and aromatic plants that produce various phytochemicals with potential pharmacological actions. This review attempts to summarize the information on the phytochemicals of Lindera species together with their biological properties. The data and information were collected via an electronic search engine which are Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciFinder. Sesquiterpenes represent the major chemical compounds that have been characterised in Lindera species, as well as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics. These compounds were shown to possess anticancer, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, cytotoxic, antiallergic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The outcome of these studies will further support the therapeutic potential of the genus Lindera and provide convincing evidence for its future clinical applications in modern medicine.

Assessment of Variability of Essential Oil Components in the Genus Lindera (Lauraceae) by Multivariate Analysis

Assessment of Variability of Essential Oil Components in the Genus Lindera (Lauraceae) by Multivariate Analysis

Comparative Analysis of Chloroplast Genomes of "Tiantai Wu-Yao" (Lindera aggregata) and Taxa of the Same Genus and Different Genera.

Lindera aggregata is a species of the Lauraceae family, which has important medicinal, economic and ornamental values. In this study, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the chloroplast genome of L. aggregata and reannotated and corrected eight unverified annotations in the same genus. The chloroplast genomes taxa from Lindera and from different genera of Lauraceae were compared and analyzed, and their phylogenetic relationship and divergence time were speculated. All the 36 chloroplast genomes had typical quadripartite structures that ranged from 150,749 to 154,736 bp in total length. These genomes encoded 111-112 unique genes, including 78-79 protein-coding genes, 29-30 tRNA and 4 rRNA. Furthermore, there were 78-97 SSRs loci in these genomes, in which mononucleotide repeats were the most abundant; there were 24-49 interspersed repeats, and forward repeat types were the most frequent. The codon bias patterns of all species tended to use codons ending with A or U. Five and six highly variable regions were identified within genus and between genera, respectively, and three common regions (ycf1, ndhF-rpl32 and rpl32-trnL) were identified, which can be used as important DNA markers for phylogeny and species identification. According to the evaluation of the Ka/Ks ratio, most of the genes were under purifying selection, and only 10 genes were under positive selection. Finally, through the construction of the evolutionary tree of 39 chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic relationship of Lauraceae was clarified and the evolutionary relationship of Lindera was revealed. The species of genus Lindera experienced rapid adaptive radiation from Miocene to Pleistocene. The results provided valuable insights for the study of chloroplast genomes in the Lauraceae family, especially in the genus Lindera.

A review on the chemical constituents and pharmacological efficacies of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (L. aggregata), which belongs to the genus Lindera in the family Lauraceae, is widely distributed in Asia and the temperate, tropical regions of North America. Its roots and leaves have been used for thousands of years as traditional Chinese medicine and/or functional food. To further explore its underlying nutritional value, this review provided a comprehensive insight into chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on L. aggregata. The phytochemical investigation of different parts of L. aggregata led to the identification of up to 349 components belonging to sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, and other compounds. Among them, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids are assessed as representative active ingredients of L. aggregata. A wide variety of pharmacological effects of L. aggregata, such as anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-oxidant, have been proved in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this review aims to provide a scientific basis and reference for further research and utilization of L. aggregata and lay the foundation for developing functional foods with potential active ingredients for the prevention and management of related diseases.

Thin Layer Chromatography as a Pilot Method for High Performance Liquid Chromatography to Analyze Sesquiterpenes in the Genus Lindera

Thin Layer Chromatography as a Pilot Method for High Performance Liquid Chromatography to Analyze Sesquiterpenes in the Genus Lindera

Composición de aceites esenciales de diferentes especies de “pimienta” de los géneros Piper, Pimenta, Lindera, Ruta, Schinus y Zanthoxylum

Se ha extraído mediante hidrodestilación el aceite esencial de diez especies usadas como pimienta: Piper borbonense, P. capense, P. retrofractum, P. nigrum, Zanthoxylum bungeanum y Z. armatum, Lindera neesiana, Ruta chalepensis, Schinus terebenthifolia, Pimenta dioica. Los análisis realizados mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas encontraron que todas presentan β-felandreno y derivados de cariofileno y felandreno, siendo estos compuestos de propiedades pungentes los característicos de la especia pimienta. El rendimiento de esencia varía desde 0,43% para R. chalepensis hasta 7,61% para P. borbonense. Los compuestos mayoritarios fueron: P. borbonense (α-felandreno, 12,43%), P. capense (δ-cadineno, 25,59%,), P. retrofractum (γ-cadineno, 31,63%), P. nigrum ((E)-β-cariofileno, 22,88%), P. dioica (eugenol, 48,93%), L. neesiana (miristicina, 14,13%), R. chalepensis (2-undecanona, 64,93%), S. therebenthifolia (δ-3-careno, 29,21%), Z. armatum (linalool, 53,30%); Z. bungeanum (linalool, 64,09%). Todo esto muestra las diferencias en el metabolismo secundario de las pimientas y por tanto sus posibles aplicaciones en diferentes industrias.

Therapeutic Potential of Lindera obtusiloba: Focus on Antioxidative and Pharmacological Properties.

Lindera obtusiloba (LO) BLUME from the genus Lindera (Lauraceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used in Southeast Asian countries. Indigenously, extracts of different parts of the plant have been used to improve blood circulation and treat allergy, inflammation, rheumatism, and liver diseases. LO is a rich source of therapeutically beneficial antioxidative phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, butenolides, lignans and neolignans. Moreover, recent studies have unravelled the pharmacological properties of several newly found active constituents of LO, such as anti-inflammatory antioxidants (+)-syringaresinol, linderin A, anti-atherosclerotic antioxidant (+)-episesamin, anti-melanogenic antioxidants quercitrin and afzelin, cytotoxic 2-(1-methoxy-11-dodecenyl)-penta-2,4-dien-4-olide, (2Z,3S,4S)-2-(11-dodecenylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl butanolide, anti-allergic koaburaside, (6-hydroxyphenyl)-1-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-1-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and the antiplatelet-activity compound Secolincomolide A. These findings demonstrate that LO can be a potential source of antioxidants and other prospective therapeutically active constituents that can lead to the development of oxidative stress-mediated diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, allergies, inflammation, hepatotoxicity, and cancer. Here, the antioxidant properties of different species of Lindera genus are discussed briefly. The traditional use, phytochemistry, antioxidative and pharmacological properties of LO are also considered to help researchers screen potential lead compounds and design and develop future therapeutic agents to treat oxidative stress-mediated disorders.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: Review on phytochemistry and biological activities

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists’ and pharmacologists’ attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

The complete chloroplast genome of Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana (Lauraceae)

Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana is an evergreen tree of the genus Lindera with important medicinal value. The complete chloroplast genome of L. pulcherrima var. hemsleyana is 152,710 bp in length, containing a LSC region of 93,751 bp, a SSC region of 18,813 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) of 20,073 bp each. The genome encoded 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, 36 transfer RNA genes, and one pseudogene (ycf1). Most of these genes occurred in a single copy, whereas 15 genes occurred in double copies, including all rRNA, 6 tRNA, and 5 protein-coding genes. The GC content of the whole genome, LSC, SSC, and IR regions is 39.2%, 38.0%, 33.9%, and 44.4%, respectively. A total of 90 SSRs were discovered, the numbers of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotides SSRs were 66, 10, 4, 8, 1, and 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of cp genomes from 24 species of Lauraceae revealed that cp genomes of L. pulcherrima var. hemsleyana, L. pulcherrima var. attenuata, and L. pulcherrima formed a monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap value.

Chemical composition from the leaves of Lindera fragrans Oliv.

Background: One hundred known species belong to the genus Lindera (Lauraceae) and rich in chemical structure types. The branch leaves of Lindera fragrans Oliv. show the special curative effect of treating gastroenteritis and gastric ulcer. There are not comparatively detailed reports carried on studying the chemical composition and bioactivity of L.fragrans. Objective: This paper reports the chemical investigation and biological evaluation of the L.fragrans. Materials and Methods: The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate soluble part of L.fragrans was isolated using chromatographic methods, and the structures of these compounds were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method was used to determine the antitumor activity of the isolated compounds. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated from the leaves of L.fragrans and classified as six alkaloids (1–6), three flavonoids (7–9), two aromatics (10 and 11), and one anthraquinone (12). The study of antitumor activity showed that compounds 3–5 had weak antitumor activities with the half maximal inhibitory values ranging from 71.97 to 94.69 μM. Conclusion: All of these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time and compounds 3–6, 8, and 9 were first reported from the genus Lindera. Compounds 3–5 exhibited weak antitumor activities. The chemical investigation of the leaves of Lindera fragrans resulted in the isolation of 12 compounds including six alkaloids (1–6), three flavonoids (7–9), two aromatics (10 and 11), one anthraquinone (12). The isolated compounds 3–9 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against melanoma, glioma, and hepatoma cells by MTT method.

1, 3, 6-Trihydroxy-7-Methyl-9, 10-Anthracenedione Isolated from genus Lindera with Anti-Cancer Activity

Natural products inhibiting fatty acid synthase are potential therapeutic agents to treat cancer. To investigate the chemical constituents of the root tubers of Lindera aggregate and the stems of Linderanacusua, and to find natural inhibitors on the expression level on fatty acid synthase in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. The isolation and purification of the extracts were conducted by the methods of percolation and partition extraction, silica and gel column chromatography, recrystallization and by NMR and spectroscopic analysis method. The cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit assay. Seven compounds were elucidated, mainly including five sesquiterpenes, one anthraquinoe and one γ -butanolide, in which compounds 6 was firstly reported from genus Lindera, and compound 7 was isolated from Linderanacusuafor the first time. Among them, 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-7-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione (TMA, compound 6) showed strong inhibitory effect on the expression level on fatty acid synthase in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, TMA was found to reduce breast cancer cells viability dosedependently. The fatty acid synthase was a potent therapeutic target for cancers, these findings suggest that TMA has the application potential for treating human cancers.

1, 3, 6-Trihydroxy-7-Methyl-9, 10-Anthracenedione Isolated from genus Lindera with Anti-Cancer Activity

1, 3, 6-Trihydroxy-7-Methyl-9, 10-Anthracenedione Isolated from genus Lindera with Anti-Cancer Activity

Chemical constituents from Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr

This first phytochemical investigation on the roots of Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr led to the isolation of nine compounds, including demethylmacrosporine I (1), emodin-6-O-β-D-gluco- pyranoside (2), (−)-litsenolide D1 (3), (−)-(2Z,3R,4S)-2-(dodec-11-ynylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methyilbu- tanolide (4), 1-O-3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3,5-dimethoxygalloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), 1-O-3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl-(6-O-va-nilloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), (E)-feruloyltyra- mine (7), Z-N-feruloyltyramine (8), and 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-[2’(R)-hydroxyhex- adecanoyl-amino]-4,8-octadecadiene-1,3-diol (9). The types of the compounds involved anthraquinones (1, 2), γ-butanolides (3, 4), phenolic glycosides (5, 6), phenolic acid amides (7, 8) and cerebroside (9). Among them, Compounds 1–6 and 9 were firstly isolated from the genus Lindera as well as the Lauraceae family, and the anthraquinones and cerebrosides were first found in the Lauraceae family. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also summarized.

A Revision of the Genus Lindera Thunb. (Lauraceae) for India

A revision of the genus Lindera Thunb. is presented for India, with 12 species. L. doniana C.K. Allen and L. wardii C.K.Allen are reduced to synonymy.

The genus Lindera: a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological significance

Lindera plants not only have good ornamental and economic uses but also have great medicinal and therapeutic values. The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. This extensive geographical distribution allows Lindera plants to produce diverse secondary metabolites having novel structures. Phytochemical investigations have shown that Lindera plants produce 341 constituents, including sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, butanolides, lucidones, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. Moreover, some Lindera plants show significant chemotaxonomic reference under family Lauraceae and tribe Litseae. Although Lindera plants have various pharmacological and biological properties, their anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties have been focused in many studies. Butanolides and lucidones have shown great potential in developing anticancer agents while aporphine alkaloids have shown great potential in developing antiarthritic and antinociceptive agents. However, these compounds need to be assessed further by performing in-depth and systematic research.

ChemInform Abstract: Isocoumarins from the Bark of Lindera caudata.

AbstractThree new isocoumarins, caudacoumarins A‐C (I), are isolated along with two known ones from the bark of Lindera caudata.

Drug analysis of Li zhenhua for the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis based on the data mining

Objective The method of data mining and sorting analysis was used to analyze and summarize the drug experience of Professor Li Zhenhua in the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Methods Professor Li's medical records of effective diagnosis and treatment of 139 CAG patients were collected. Find-Replace method of Microsoft office word 2007 was used to count the major syndromes and main prescription of CAG. SPSS statistical software was adopted to perform entry-analysis-descriptive statistics and data analysis of and main syndrome, main formula and frequency of administration so as to obtain the commonly used drugs, commonly used prescription and drug laws of CAG. Results Professor Li Zhenhua believed that the clinical syndromes of CAG included the disharmony of liver-stomach-spleen syndrome, the damp heat of spleen-stomach syndrome, the deficiency and damp heat of spleen syndrome, the liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, the deficiency of spleen-stomach syndrome, the liver and stomach yin deficiency and qi stagnation syndrome, the stagnant heat of liver-stomach syndrome and the blood stasis of stomach meridian syndrome; the commonly used drugs were: bupleurum, white peony root, orange peel, licorice, poria, skullcap, ginger, fried atractylodes, golden thread, prepared pinellia, licorice, lily, stir-baking Sanxian, nutgrass galingale rhizome, heterophylly falsesatarwort root, combined spicebush root, Chinese date, tangshen, immature orange fruit, prepared rhizome pinellize without adjuvant, and oyster shell..The commonly used prescriptions were: Xiaochaihu decoction, Sini powder, Chaihu-Guizhi-Longgu-Muli decoction, Chaihu-Shugan powder, Huanglian-Wendan decoction, Banxia-Xiexin decoction, Xiaoyao powder, Xiangsha-Liujunzi decoction. Conclusion Professor Li pay attention to treat spleen and stomach disease from liver by clearing heat and removing dampness from spleen and stomach. He used the dialectical methods like invigorating qi and strengthening the spleen, regulating qi digestion, activating blood flow to eliminating blood stasis. Key words: Chronic atrophic gastritis; Expert experience

Five new components from the aerial part of Lindera akoensis with anti-inflammatory activity

Lindera akoensis (Lauraceae) is an endemic evergreen tree that grows in broad-leaved forests in lowlands throughout Taiwan. Aporphines, alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids, butanolides, furanoids, chalconoids, and phenolic compounds were widely distributed in the plants of the genus Lindera. Some isolates exhibit biological activies, including anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-human lung cancer (SBC-3), osteoclast differentiation inhibitory, human slowing down of the pregession of diabetic nephropathy in mice, anti-nociceptive, and LDL anti-oxidation effect et al.. In this study, we have isolated five new compounds, 3β-((E)-dodec-1-enyl)-4β-hydroxy-5β-methyldihydrofuran-2-one (1), 3α-((E)-dodec-1-enyl)-4β-hydroxy-5β-methyldihydrofuran-2-one (2), linderinol (3), 4'-O-methylkaempferol 3-O-α-L-(4''-E-p-coumaroyl)rhamoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-(4''-Z-p-coumaroyl)rhamoside (5) as well as six known compounds. These components show in vitro anti-inflammatory activity decrease the LPS-stimulated product of nitrite in RAW 264.7 cell with IC50 values of 1.4 – 67.9µM. (Indomethacin was used as positive control with IC50 value of 182.9 µm).

Flavonoids and Linderone from Lindera oxyphylla and their Bioactivities

Flavonoids and Linderone from Lindera oxyphylla and their Bioactivities