Linden Forests Research Articles

Горимость липовых лесов в Еврейской автономной области

Based on expeditionary work in the period 2003–2018 we compile a map of linden forests locations in the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR). An inventory map of forest fires was created using data on forest fire registration of the Forest Management Department of the JAR Government for 2017–2020. The number, area, and configuration of the burned areas were determined by superimposing of these maps. The analysis of fire-damaged forests shows that during the study period fires were observed in all forest formation with linden. Their total number was 174. The most of fires (33%) noted in 2018 and the fewest (15%) – in 2017. The average annual number of fires in 2017–2020 was 44. The largest area affected by the pyrogenic factor was observed in 2018. The smallest area (7.5%) of linden forests were fire-transformed in 2020. The average area of one fire is 653 hectares. This corresponds to 64% of the total fire-affected area in the studied vegetation formations. The black birch and oak park-type forests, sometimes with linden, larch, with silverspike-and-forbs cover and forbs-and-pinegrass meadows were most affected by fire. We analyzed the spatial distribution of the fire-damaged forests and established its main patterns as well as identified the areas of repeated burnout. In the most of the JAR linden forests fires have a one-time character. Local areas are subject to multiple burnout; the causes of their high multiple ignition require further study. In this regard, forest fires is a factor that significantly contributes to the reduction of the honey-bearing lands of the JAR.

THE STRUCTURE ASSOCIATIONS OF CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN WATERSHED LINDEN FORESTS OF UDMURTIA AND THEIR CHANGES UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE

The composition and structure of peculiar complexes of ground beetles (Carabidae) of watershed linden forests of Udmurtia were studied and analyzed in comparison with complexes of disturbed forests with a predominance of linden in the green zone of Izhevsk. It has been shown that about 40 species of the family inhabit the primary watershed linden forests, among which forest mesophiles and mesohygrophiles predominate, including a number of rare and specially protected species of Siberian and Ural origin ( Carabus schoenherri Fischer von Waldheim, 1820, C. aeruginosus hermanni Mannerheim, 1827, Carabus henningi Fischer von Waldheim, 1817, Pterostichus urengaicus Jureček, 1924, P. uralensis krasnobaevi O.Berlov & Tilly, 1998) and representatives of European fauna ( Carabus glabratus Paykull, 1790, C. hortensis Linnaeus, 1758, Pterostichus aethiops (Panzer , 1796). Complexes of recreational and, especially, park linden forests are characterized by low species richness and trivial species composition, which is based on common eurybiont and meadow-field species, as well as an invasive European species - Carabus nemoralis Müller, 1764.

Phytocenoses withTilia cordataMill. at some areas of the south of the Tyumen region

Within the south of the Tyumen region, linden forests are represented by various phytocenoses (Tiletum urtico – diplaziosum, Tiletum diplaziosum, Tiletum pariso – caricosum, Tiletum struthiopteriosum, Tiletum athyriosum, Tiletum paeoniosum, Tiletum oxalidosum, Tiletum microcaricosum, Tiletum microherbosum, Tiletum graminosum, Tiletum gymnocarpiosum, Tiletum cirsiosum, Tiletum brachipodiosum, Tiletum lycopodiosum, Tiletum linnaeо – microcaricosum). Lime forests are distributed along the banks of the Irtysh and Tobol rivers and on the slopes of the shores of lakes of southern exposure. The bonitet ofTilia cordataMill., the studied phytocenoses, varies from class I to V, which is determined by the degree of soil moisture, and is an edificator of phytocenoses. Unique phytocenoses with participation ofTilia cordataMill. identified near the village of Setovo (Tobolsk district, Tyumen region). This community is relict.

Ecological preferences and abundances of populations of protected lichens in linden forests on the Salair Ridge in Altai Territory

Ecological preferences and abundances of populations of protected lichens in linden forests on the Salair Ridge in Altai Territory

Comparative characterisation of forest litter on sod-podzolic soils of Forest Experimental Dacha in RSAU–MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev

Forest litter under linden and pine forests was studied at the Forest Experimental Dacha of the RSAU–MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. Despite significant differences in physical and chemical parameters between the litter formed under the conditions of different forest communities, the properties of sod-podzolic soils formed under both vegetation types are quite similar. The litter under linden forest has higher ash content, it is less acidic and contains almost 2 times more exchangeable bases, the content of hydrogen and nitrogen is higher by 0.82 wt% and 0.66 wt%, respectively. The litter of linden and pine forests, according to the atomic ratios H : C, C : N and the degree of oxidation, are equal to 1.82, 30.3, -0.92 and 1.64, 45.7, -0.71, respectively; the litter of linden forests differs from litter of pine forests in the higher content of aliphatic, nitrogen-rich, reduced organic compounds. In the litter of linden forests concentration coefficients of phosphorus and magnesium 1.2 times higher; of carbon, potassium and aluminium – 1.3 times higher; of calcium – 1.4 times higher; of nitrogen – 1.8 times higher, and of silicon – 3 times higher, than in the litter of pine trees. However, the concentration factor of manganese in the pine forest litter is 1.9 times higher compared to the litter of linden. According to the results of UV spectroscopy, water-soluble organic matter of pine forest litter, unlike water-soluble organic matter of linden forest litter, is more enriched by components of aromatic origin. This is evidenced by higher values of SUVA254 and lower values of coefficients E2/E3 and E4/E6.

The Bukovynian lipovans: Emergence on the territory of the region and the meaning of the ethnonym in the oral tradition

In this article, the author analyzes the content of oral evidence available among the Bukovynian Lipovans about the time and circumstances of the resettlement of their ancestors to the territory of the region, as well as the etymology of the ethno-confession name «Lipovans». As the researchers note, among modern Old Believers there are still oral stories that record the process of settling in the possessions of the Habsburgs. Usually, representatives of the older generation act as carriers of the oral tradition, who, in turn, heard stories from their parents. They pass on information to the next generation. Almost all Lipovans, despite their age, demonstrate their awareness in this matter. Note that their level of awareness depends on their personal interest in their own past and on the amount of accumulated facts. Usually such legends exist in the form of a tribal tradition.In the folk environment, several variants of legends about the appearance of the ethnonym «Lipovans» have developed. They are based on: a) characteristics of the terrain; b) the names of the original settlements; c) the names of the leaders. The most popular opinion is that the first settlers settled in linden forests, that is, the term «lipovan» comes from the name of the linden tree.Bukovynian Lipovans called themselves that, not seeing anything sane in it. As the informants themselves explained, this was done so that the Russians would not find out about them. Researchers consider this explanation logical, given the previous persecution after the reform of Patriarch Nikon.In everyday life, a certain distinction was formed in the use of terms, each of which occupied its own sphere: in everyday use and in publications on everyday topics – «Lipovans»; in publications that cover the life of the community – «Russian-Lipovanі»; in church life – «Old Believers». Such a division of spheres of application also determines the further coexistence of the ethnonym «Lipovans» and the accompanying designations of the Bukovynian Old Believers diaspora.

Характеристика медоносных угодий и их пожароопасность в Еврейской автономной области

Beekeeping is an essential economy branch. Therefore, it is so important to study the conditions that affect its state. The Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) is one of the most important melliferous regions of the Far East. The main melliferous species here is the linden. Forest fires are a major negative factor in the growth of linden in the region under study. The research aims at identifying and studying forests, which include linden, suitable for the development of beekeeping in the JAR, and determining the risk of fire hazard in them. The research object is forests with linden in the JAR. Field expedition works were carried out in the period from 2003 to 2018. The review and analysis of the stands was carried out using 287 geobotanical descriptions of the sample plots. On the basis of the author’s map of vegetation of the JAR, locations of forests with the presence of linden were determined. These forests were assigned to four vegetation units. The predominance of plant communities with Amur linden over those with Manchurian linden is shown. In 93 descriptions linden does not occur in the forest, which indicates a possible succession – gradual replacement of linden with other tree species, and complete extinction of linden from the stand in the future. According to the Forest Management Department of the JAR Government and the Geographic Information System “Fires”, 290 forest fires occurred in the region. There is information on 290 fires and 104,770 ha of disturbed area. The largest fire-affected area (50,270 ha) was recorded in 2018 in black birch-oak forests of park type, sometimes with linden (Tilia), larch (Larix), beard lichen-mixed herbs cover and mixed herbs reedgrass meadows. There is a trend towards a decrease in the area and deterioration of the ecological state of the linden forests, and, therefore, the depletion of the region’s melliferous base. In this regard, the linden needs to be protected at both the regional and federal levels. Forests affected by negative naturalanthropogenic factors leading to stand degradation require continuous monitoring and assessment of the state to improve beekeeping as an industry. The results of the study can be used to substantiate recommendations for the protection of linden forests and will be useful to the agencies involved in the development of beekeeping in the region.

Синтаксономический обзор мезофитных широколиственных лесов союза Aceri campestris–Quercion roboris Bulokhov et Solomeshch in Bulokhov et Semenishchenkov 2015 Юго-Запада России

Mesophilous broad-leaved forests predominating in south-western part of Russia were included in alliance Aceri campestris–Quercion roboris Bulokhov et Solomeshch in Bulokhov et Semenishchenkov 2015, association Fraxino excelsioris–Quercetum roboris Bulokhov et Solomeshch 2003 and three geographic subassociations. The subassociation F. e.–Q. r. typicum Bulokhov et Solomeshch 2003 in Bulokhov et Semenishchenkov 2015 unites communities occurring mainly in the broad-leaved forests zone of the Central Russian Upland. The subassociation F. e.–Q. r. stellarietosum nemori Semenishchenkov et al. 2015 occurs in the northern part of the association range in the zone of broad-leaved forests and close to the southeastern border of the hemiboreal subzone. Mesophilous broad-leaved forests occurring in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland were included in the subass. F. e.–Q. r. crataegetosum curvisepalae Semenishchenkov in Bulokhov et Semenishchenkov 2015. The geographical distribution of the syntaxa is related to the climate continentality gradient — from the subass F. e.–Q. r. crataegetosum curvisepalae (the largest continentality indices) to the subass. F. e.–Q. r. stellarietosum nemori (the smallest continentality indices). The associations Aceri campestris–Tilietum cordatae Zaugolnova et Braslavskaya 2003 (nom. inv.) from the Kaluga and Tula Regions (Zaugolnova, Braslavskaya, 2003) and Aceri campestris–Quercetum roboris (nom. inv.) (var. Acer tataricum) described from the Voronezh Region (Starodubtseva, Khanina, 2009) were included in the association Fraxino excelsioris–Quercetum roboris after comparative syntxonomical analysis. On the basis of a comparative analysis, diagnostic combinations of subassociations were compiled, consisting of species with constancy above 20 % and values of the statistical φ-coefficient for selections above 20: F. e.–Q. r. stellarietosum nemori — Carex sylvatica (5059.9), Equisetum hyemale (2842.3), Galeobdolon luteum (10087.4), Matteucia struthiopteris (4257.7), Ranunculus cassubicus (5857.9), Stellaria nemorum (3349.6); F. e.–Q. r. crataegetosum curvisepalae — Acer tataricum (5362.0), Crataegus rhipidophylla (5964.0), Poa nemoralis (2736.9), Pyrus pyraster (3840.8), Scilla siberica (4558.4), Viola odorata (3440.5). Analysis of the differentiaal table of mesophilous broad-leaved and spruce-broad-leaved forests syntaxa made it possible to conclude that associations previously (Onyshchenko, 2009) assigned in Ukraine to alliance Scillo sibericae–Quercion roboris have a high floristic similarity with the syntaxa of Aceri campestris–Quercion roboris from the South-West of Russia, especially in the forest-steppe part of its range. Selections of three subassociations of the association Mercurialo perennis–Quercetum roboris from Ukraine floristically close to the syntaxa of alliance Querco roboris–Tilion cordatae from the South-West of Russia. In the dendrogram of cluster analysis, the compared syntaxa are grouped into two blocks corresponding to the rank of alliances: Aceri campestris–Quercion roboris and Querco roboris–Tilion cordatae. Based on the review, the authors believe that the «Hierarchical floristic classification system…» (Mucina et al., 2016) may be amended in terms of recognizing the syntaxonomical independence of the alliance Aceri campestris–Quercion roboris and its geographical interpretation. Derivative communities disturbed by humans in the place of mesophylous broad-leaved forests are classified as anthropogenic variants and non-rank «communities» named after the dominant species: Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Tilia cordata. Forests with a poor floristic composition, in which the diagnostic species of association and subassociation drop out of the coenoflora are classified as inops variants. They are characterized by a noticeable decrease in the average floristic saturation in comparison with typical communities. Derivative forests with a predominance of Betula pendula have a higher species richness in comparison with aspen or linden forests, as well as typical phytocoenoses of the association.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА РИСКА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН ПО ПРИРОДНО-ОЧАГОВЫМ ФАКТОРАМ

The high significance of the problem of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is associated with the scale of spread, damage to persons of active age, a long period of reduced working capacity and high economic damage. The work presents an assessment of biological contamination by natural - focal viral infection - HFRS in the Re-public of Bashkortostan (RB). The most active foci are associated with linden forests, which prevail in the republic. The work shows the dynamics and features of infection. Analysis of the geoecological state of the territory according to HFRS showed that in the territory of most regions of the republic there are natural-focal infections of HFRS. There is an increase in infection of rodents with the HFRS virus, so in 2016 it was 5.0 %, and in 2019 - 16.2 %. The increase in the incidence of the population has characteristic epidemiological signs for the territory of RB, and the increase in high-risk areas indicates trends in the expansion and activation of foci of infection in them. At the same time, there is an increase in incidence, and infection in 50 % of cases occurs when visiting forests. In the capital of Bashkortostan - the city of Ufa, which is located in the natural zone, the incidence of HFRS is almost 50 % of the entire territory of the republic. In connection with climate changes, the diversity of environmental aspects of natural-focal infection of HFRS should be more widely assessed to counter their spread and measures to reduce this dangerous disease in the RB should be significantly strengthened.

Динамика насаждений с участием ели в защитных лесах Подмосковья

The results of dynamic processes occurring in recent decades in the forests of the Moscow region cxontaining spruce and caused by both climate changes and increasing anthropogenic influence are presented. It is demonstrated that the spruce stands in modern conditions are unstable to droughts and outbreaks of insect pests, and in the future they will also be dynamically unstable and tend to decay. The situation is even more complicated due to the ban on continuous logging in the protective forests of the Moscow region and the widespread distribution of monocultures here, which, moreover, continue to be created even now. It is established that the structure of stands by age and diameter is largely determined by the density of the stand and the mixing of species, and is most aligned in pure high-field forests, and the optimal structure in diameter is formed with a proportion of spruce trees of 3–7 units. As a result of long-term observations on permanent sample areas in «Losiny Ostrov», it was revealed that with the natural development of forest communities, the composition of new forest generations is extremely rarely close to the composition of the first tier. In most cases, the development goes towards broad-leaved forests with a predominance of linden. The same tendency to replace coniferous forests with linden forests is shown for plantings where the spruce part of the stand was lost due to the bark beetle. Both on the site of the decayed spruce forests and under the canopy of the preserved ones, a new generation of forest is formed, represented by hardwoods with a small or single participation of spruce. It is recommended to form mixed stands in the spruce forests of the Moscow region with a proportion of spruce of 30…50 %, while a higher proportion of spruce may be acceptable only in small areas (1–2 ha). At the same time, the mass creation of monodominant spruce crops should be avoided.

Plant Communities of Economically Valuable Forest-Forming Species of the Orenburg Region

The article provides an analysis of their sinusial structure, the species composition of vascular plants of the Ural River floodplain within the steppe zone is studied in detail. For the first time, a classification has been carried out for the study area and a phytocenological characteristic of all tree-shrub vegetation has been compiled; patterns of ecological-dynamic changes in the types of floodplain forests are revealed. It has been established that the Tilia cordata and Quercus robur formations are quite rare for the territory of the Orenburg region. The growth class of oak forests is assessed in grades II – IV, and linden forests in grades III. Two groups of types of oak forests are characteristic of the floodplain of the study area: blackberry oak and lily of the valley oak. Linden associations are represented by two-tier plantations. Tilia cordata dominates in the first tier, Ulmus laevis and Quercus robur form the second tier. A decrease in the floodplain area under Quercus robur and Tilia cordata on the territory of the Ilek and Tashlinsky forestries was noted. Phytocenoses are transformed by replacing Quercus robur formations with Ulmus laevis formations.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ САНИТАРНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ФОРМАЦИЙ ЛИПЫ КРУПНОЛИСТНОЙ (TÍLIA PLATYPHÝLLOS) В ЯНАУЛЬСКОМ ЛЕСНИЧЕСТВЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН ЗА 2019 Г.

This article presents the results of a study of forest territories of the Yanaul forestry of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2019. Of particular interest is the study of largeleaved Linden formations in the North of the Republic, since the forested lands of this region have long had the status of operational territories-they were subject to development and all types of use. Over the decades, the ongoing development activities on the forests much damage has been caused to the formation of large leaved lime. Until the 1980s, all types of lime cutting were banned here due to the fact that it is a honey crop. But after the removal of this ban in the Yanaul forestry, plantations were subjected to continuous and selective logging for the purpose of harvesting wood. After 35 years of continuous exploitation of Linden forests in the North of the Republic, they led to a sharp decrease in the natural renewal of the studied woody plant species, led to a large number of mechanical damage to the stand and diseases. At the moment, these activities have been discontinued due to the closure of the leading timber processing plant, which was engaged in harvesting and deep processing of wood, in particular Linden. Therefore, studies of annual changes in sanitary and phytosanitary conditions, as well as analysis of the dynamics of natural renewal of forest-forming species are necessary, which determines the relevance of this work. Continuous deforestation and lack of high-quality reforestation measures in the valuable Linden forest have led to severe disruption of the natural ecosystem. As a result of the violation of its integrity, pests entered the Linden tree formation, as well as other existing plantings, and a large number of diseases of woody plants appeared, which a few years ago almost completely destroyed such a unique forest ecosystem. At the time of the study, the aim of the work was to study the phytosanitary condition of wood plants in the Yanaul forest district after the termination of operational activities. The tasks included the proposal of measures for the restoration of valuable forest areas, in particular the large-leaved Linden formation.

Characteristic properties of the genesis of Alnus incana (L.) Moench. associations in the south of Western Siberia

The associations formed by Alnus incana (L.) Moench. in the south of Western Siberia are limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Irtysh river in the Tyumen region (Tobolsk district, Russia). The paper describes Alnetum pteridiosum, Alnetum urticosum, Alnetum еquisetosum, Alnetum coricosum, Alnetum coricoso – еquisetosum, Alnetum coricoso – oxalidosum, Alnetum curtico – еquisetosum, Alnetum еquisetoso – miliosum, Alnetum coricosa – stellariosum, Alnetum urtico – aegopodiosum, Alnetum urtico – stellariosum, Alnetum–cirsiosum, Alnetum cystopteriosum, Alnetum urtico – miliosum, Alnetum poо – urticosum, Alnetum chrysospleniosum, Alnetum corydaliosum, Alnetum impatieno - urticosum and Alnetum stellariosum associations. In these associations, more than a hundred of species of higher plants grow. The species composition analysis showed that they are mesothermal and hydrophilic, the shrub layer is not typical for them, and the grass cover of alder forests is not uniform in origin. During the formation of Alnetum association they interact with taiga, birch and linden forests through mutual exchange of species, and also experience anthropogenic influences, accompanied by the penetration of synanthropic species.

Variation of tree diameters along road edges: the case of Karacabey linden forest in Bursa, Turkey

DOI : 10.26650/forestist.2019.18014 Yol aglari, orman ekosistemleri uzerinde habitatlarin bozulmasi ve parcalanmasi gibi onemli etkilere sahiptir. Ote yandan, yol kenari boyunca isik mevcudiyetinde gorulen artis, bitki turlerinin cesitliligine ve miktarini da yansimaktadir. Bu calismada, yol kenar etkisinin agaclarin buyumesi uzerindeki etkisini arastirmak amaciyla Ihlamur mesceresinde bulunan ornek bir yol agi boyunca agac caplarindaki degisim olculmustur. Calisma, Ihlamurun Turkiye’de en genis yayilis gosterdigi Bursa’nin Karacabey ilcesinde gerceklestirilmistir. Arazi verileri yol kenarindaki 5 metre genisligindeki seritlerden secilen ve yol kenarindan uzakta kontrol bolgesinden secilen ornek agaclardan toplanmistir. Verilerin toplanmasi sirasinda belirlenen bolgelerdeki tum ornek agaclarin gogus yuksekligi capi olculmus ve artim burgusu ile artim kalemleri alinmistir. Daha sonra, yol kenarindaki agaclar ile kontrol bolgesinde yer alan agaclar arasinda cap ve cap artimi degerlerinde bir farklilik olup olmadigini belirlemek icin istatistiksel analiz yapilmistir. Sonuclara gore, yol kenarindan olan mesafenin arttirilmasiyla, ortalama agac caplarinda ve cap artimi degerlerinde azalma gorulmustur. Yol kenarindaki agaclar ve kontrol bolgesinde yer alan agaclar arasinda cap degerleri acisindan istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir fark bulunmustur. Ote yandan, cap artim degerleri arasinda anlamli bir fark tespit edilmemistir. Cite this paper as : Akay, A.E., Tas, I., Gencal, B., 2019. Variation of Tree Diameters along Road Edges: The Case of Karacabey Linden Forest in Bursa, Turkey.

Формирование флористических лесных комплексов юга Сибири

Леса Сибири разнообразны по фитоценотическим признакам и генезисным особенностям. Для каждого типа леса характерны свои доминанты с набором верных видов. Подобные сочетания формировались в течение длительных временных отрезков в лесные комплексы. На юге Сибири от Зауралья до Байкала можно выделить комплексы остепненных сосняков, западносибирских березняков и липняков, южносибирских реликтовыхлипняков, кедрово-пихтовых и лиственично-сосновых лесов. Присутствие в них эндемиков (реже реликтов) игрупп верных видов подчеркивает оригинальность каждого из комплексов. Экологическая специфичность комплексов обуславливает отбор видов, как автохтонных, так и мигрантов при формировании комплекса.

Rare Plants and Plant Communities of the Projected “Togul” National Park (Altai Region)

The value of the Salair Ridge territory for the creation of the “Togul” National Natural Park is determined primarily by the natural complex of black coniferous forests with the participation of relict plant species of the Miocene-Pliocene coniferous-deciduous forests and a group of early flowering ephemeroid plants, old-aged Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata and linden forests and a variety of tall grasses. Based on the performed geobotanical descriptions, the phytocenotic characteristic of linden forests was compiled. Information is provided on the location of 10 rare and endangered species of plants and fungi found during a survey of the territory of the planned national park.

Spatiotemporal Change Detection of the Linden Forests in Bursa, Turkey

Nonwood forest products potentially provide many economic, social and environmental benefits in Turkey. Increasing public demand for nonwood forest products has led to the development of spatial planning and updating of existing plans. In order to ensure the sustainable management of nonwood forest products, their trends and spatial distributions by time can be estimated by using land use/land cover change detection approach. The Linden is one of the most important nonwood forest products in Turkey and the most widespread distribution of linden is located in the province of Bursa. In this study, it was aimed to determine the spatiotemporal changes of one of the world's largest linden forests in Yeniköy Forestry Enterprise Chief within the border of Bursa Forestry Regional Directorate. Change detection analysis was applied to Landsat 5 TM image and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image captured in August 2008 and in July 2017, respectively. The spatiotemporal change detection was implemented on these two images by using various digital image processing techniques (pre-processing, classification, post-processing, and change detection) through ERDAS Imagine 2015, ArcGIS 10.5, and ENVI 5.3 program. The supervised classification, applied on both images using ERDAS Imagine 2015 program, revealed that there were six significant land use/land cover types in the study area; linden, other deciduous trees, wetlands, swamp, sand, and other lands (settlements, agriculture, open areas). The results indicated that there was increase in the areas of wetlands, sand, and other lands, while the area of linden forest, other deciduous trees, and swamp decreased from 2008 to 2017. According to the accuracy assessment results, the classification processes applied on 2008 and 2017 images provided overall accuracy of 84.38% and 82.81%, respectively. It is determined that some of the linden forests have been converted into residential areas and farmlands to grow crops.

Influence of Clear Fellings on the Bryophyte Component of the Broad-leaved Forests of the Bashkir Cis-Ural Region

The change in the composition of the bryophyte component of succession communities that occur in the process of natural regeneration at the site of clear felling of the indigenous elm—maple–linden forests of the Bashkir Cis-Ural Region has been studied. The vulnerability of species to the consequences of felling is affected by their substrate confinement, ecological amplitude in relation to the factors of temperature, humidity, variability of soil moisture, and type of life strategy. In the secondary aspen forests, the absence or low constancy of nemoral epiphytic and ground mosses was noted.

Landscape pattern analysis based on GIS technology and index analysis

Based on the 2014 forest resource second-class investigation data and DEM data of Yabuli forest park, we used the GIS technology and Fragstats4.2 analysis software, and adopted the 2-class classification system including land-use type and dominant tree species to analyze the composition elements, patch characteristics and spatial distribution of landscapes in research area. The results are as follows:forest land, accounting for 74.5% of the total area, is the largest landscape type, followed by agricultural land which takes 11.49% of the total area; Broad leaf mixed forest (24.76%), linden forest. (17.57%), larch forest (11.83%), A. mono Maxim (11.74%) and birch (9.89%) are main landscape types in forest land, and the patches are in concentrated distribution. The distribution of the components of each landscape are affected obviously by altitude, exposure and gradient. Great differences also exist in their complexity, adjacency, reunion and fragmentation. The interference of human activities and people’s long-term forest management also have a great impact on the spatial distribution of forest landscape.

SOIL NEMATODES IN FOREST BIOCENOSES OF PROTECTED AREAS IN REPUBLIC OF KARELIA

Soil nematode communities of coniferous and deciduous forests in protected areas of the Republic of Karelia were studied with regard to their latitudinal position. A series of parameters (taxonomic diversity, nematode population density, eco-trophic structure and ecological indices of soil food web) were used to assess the nematode communities. The highest nematode taxonomic diversity was observed in linden forests and the lowest one in soils of pine forests. Bacterial-, fungal feeders and nematodes associated with plants dominated the soil nematode community structure in all types of forest biocoenoses. According to ecological indices of the food web (SI, EI), the soil ecosystems were assessed as undisturbed, with complex trophic linkages and a moderate level of soil organic enrichment. One exception was northern taiga forests in Kostomukshsky Strict Nature Reserve, where low SI values indicated an impact of detrimental environmental factors on the soil ecosystems. It was found that the main distinction of northern deciduous forests from southerner ones is the diversity and relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes. It was for the first time demonstrated here that the graphic triangle constructed from ecological indices of the food web can be effectively applied to identify the features of soil nematode communities specific to forest type and local habitat conditions.