Динамика насаждений с участием ели в защитных лесах Подмосковья

Abstract

The results of dynamic processes occurring in recent decades in the forests of the Moscow region cxontaining spruce and caused by both climate changes and increasing anthropogenic influence are presented. It is demonstrated that the spruce stands in modern conditions are unstable to droughts and outbreaks of insect pests, and in the future they will also be dynamically unstable and tend to decay. The situation is even more complicated due to the ban on continuous logging in the protective forests of the Moscow region and the widespread distribution of monocultures here, which, moreover, continue to be created even now. It is established that the structure of stands by age and diameter is largely determined by the density of the stand and the mixing of species, and is most aligned in pure high-field forests, and the optimal structure in diameter is formed with a proportion of spruce trees of 3–7 units. As a result of long-term observations on permanent sample areas in «Losiny Ostrov», it was revealed that with the natural development of forest communities, the composition of new forest generations is extremely rarely close to the composition of the first tier. In most cases, the development goes towards broad-leaved forests with a predominance of linden. The same tendency to replace coniferous forests with linden forests is shown for plantings where the spruce part of the stand was lost due to the bark beetle. Both on the site of the decayed spruce forests and under the canopy of the preserved ones, a new generation of forest is formed, represented by hardwoods with a small or single participation of spruce. It is recommended to form mixed stands in the spruce forests of the Moscow region with a proportion of spruce of 30…50 %, while a higher proportion of spruce may be acceptable only in small areas (1–2 ha). At the same time, the mass creation of monodominant spruce crops should be avoided.