LIN Group Research Articles

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Attenuate the Acute Kidney Injury to CKD Transition and Renal Fibrosis: Identification of Antifibrotic Metabolites.

AKI is an established risk factor for developing CKD. Recently, the renoprotective effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFAs) has attracted attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ω3PUFAs on the transition of AKI to CKD, and to identify fatty acid active metabolites in renal tissue. Two mice models of AKI to CKD (7-week, male) and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis (11-week, male) were fed linseed oil, rich in ω3PUFAs (Lin group), or with soybean oil, low in ω3PUFAs (Soy group). Renal fatty acids and metabolites composition in mice were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rat renal fibroblast cells (NRK-49F cells) were used for in vitro study. At day 14 after 35 min bilateral renal ischemia reperfusion (IR), significant increase in survival was observed in the Lin group compared to the Soy group. Using the 30 min bilateral renal IR model (AKI to CKD model), the Lin group showed attenuated renal tissue damage and fibrosis. In addition, the antifibrotic effect of Lin group was also observed in UUO renal fibrosis model. In the two mice models, levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and its metabolites were significantly elevated in renal tissue of mice fed with Lin. Cultured NRK-49F incubated with EPA and its metabolites 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EpETE) and 17,18-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-diHETE) displayed suppressed TGF-β1-stimulated α-smooth muscle actin protein expression. These effects were suppressed in the presence of an inhibitor of a cytochrome P450 involved in EPA metabolism. This observation suggests that the EPA metabolites have antifibrotic effects. ω3PUFAs prevents AKI to CKD and renal fibrosis. Moreover, the EPA metabolites 18-HEPE, 17,18-EpETE and 17,18-diHETE were found to have antifibrotic effects.

Obtaining Goats’ Dairy Products Enriched in Healthy Fatty Acids by Valuing Linseed or Hempseed as Dietary Ingredients

The study aimed to assess the effects of including linseeds or hempseeds in the diets of late lactation Murciano-Granadina dairy goats on the nutritional quality of the milk and cheese fat, expressed by the fatty acids profile and the healthy lipid indices. Thirty-six goats were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 12 animals each, according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and fed three different diets: group CON (control, with sunflower meal, 11.5% DM basis); group LIN, where sunflower meal was replaced by linseed; and group HMP, where sunflower meal was replaced by hempseeds. The replacement had no effects on the milk yields and the milk protein content as no significant differences were detected among groups. The significant increase of the fat content in the case of the LIN and HMP groups was accompanied by significant decreases in saturated fatty acids concentration and very significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids. The content of n3 and n6-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) increased, mainly due to a 4.1 times higher proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C 18:3n-3) in LIN diet milk and a 1.3 times higher proportion of linoleic acid (LA; C 18:2n6c) in HMP diet milk. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; isomer c9, t11) was 1.9 times higher for the LIN diet and 5.05 times higher for the HMP diet. Feeding either linseed or hempseeds contributed to the reduction of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, increased the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio as well as the proportion of other desired fatty acids in the milk fat. The improved nutritional quality of milk, which has potentially far-reaching human health benefits, is maintained in cheese through the increase of the n3 and n6-PUFAs, especially for the LIN diet where the n6/n3 ratio decreased significantly, compared with the CON diet (3.62 vs. 6.88). The CLA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the HMP cheese compared with the CON diet (1.89% vs. 0.78%). These effects highlight the opportunity of obtaining dairy products with improved nutritional quality using local feed resources.

A Team for the Development of Next-Generation Metal-Free Catalysis.

This invited Team Profile was created by the Xie and Lin groups, hailing from the Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University) and the State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment within the College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University (China). They recently published an article on borocarbonitride (BCN) nanosheets derived from the biomolecule guanine, which proved to be efficacious catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP). This work provides new insight into the role of carbon in BCN catalysts and provides principles for the design of stable boron-based catalysts. "Surface Chemistry and Catalytic Reactivity of Borocarbonitride in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane", G. Wang, S. Chen, Q. Duan, F. Wei, S. Lin, Z. Xie, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202307470.

A Team for the Development of Next‐Generation Metal‐Free Catalysis

AbstractThis invited Team Profile was created by the Xie and Lin groups, hailing from the Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon‐Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University) and the State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment within the College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University (China). They recently published an article on borocarbonitride (BCN) nanosheets derived from the biomolecule guanine, which proved to be efficacious catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP). This work provides new insight into the role of carbon in BCN catalysts and provides principles for the design of stable boron‐based catalysts. “Surface Chemistry and Catalytic Reactivity of Borocarbonitride in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane”, G. Wang, S. Chen, Q. Duan, F. Wei, S. Lin, Z. Xie, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202307470.

Effects of Linseed Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition, Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids, and on Serum Biochemistry in Cilentana Grazing Goats.

Simple SummaryLinseed has been utilized in ruminant nutrition to improve the production and quality of milk. In regard to the increasing concerns of consumers for the healthy aspects of foods as well as for animal welfare, in this research, we showed that linseed supplementation increased fat content but did not improve the milk concentration of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA), which are known to produce healthy effects in humans. Importantly, linseed did not show negative effects on animals’ health, suggesting it can be safely used in goats’ diet.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of linseed supplementation on milk yield and quality, serum biochemistry and, in particular, to evaluate its possible effects on the production of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) in the milk of Cilentana grazing goats. Twelve pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were divided into two groups (CTR, control, and LIN, linseed supplementation group). After kidding, the goats had free access to the pasture and both groups received a supplement of 400 g/head of concentrate, but the one administered to the LIN group was characterized by the addition of linseed (in a ratio of 20% as fed) to the ingredients. During the trial, milk samples were taken from April to August in order to evaluate milk production, composition, and fatty acid profile. In addition, blood samples were taken for evaluating the effects of linseed supplementation on goats’ health status. The health status of the goats was not influenced by the linseed supplementation, as confirmed by blood analyses. Concerning the effects on milk, the supplementation positively affected (p < 0.001) milk production and fat percentage and the fatty acid profile was markedly influenced by the lipid supplementation. In particular, milk from the LIN group was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (FA; p < 0.001) and higher proportions of monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) than milk from the CTR group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the OBCFA were negatively influenced by the linseed supplementation (p < 0.0001). Further studies are needed to test the effects of different fat sources and other nutrients on the diets.

Rabbit microbiota across the whole body revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing

BackgroundRabbit can produce meat, fur and leather, and serves as an important biomedical animal model. Understanding the microbial community of rabbits helps to raise rabbits healthily and better support their application as animal models.ResultsIn this study, we selected 4 healthy Belgium gray rabbits to collect the microbial samples from 12 body sites, including skin, lung, uterus, mouth, stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon, cecum, cecal appendix and rectum. The microbiota across rabbit whole body was investigated via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. After quality control, 46 samples were retained, and 3,148 qualified ASVs were obtained, representing 23 phyla and 264 genera. Based on the weighted UniFrac distances, these samples were divided into the large intestine (Lin), stomach and small intestine (SSin), uterus (Uter), and skin, mouth and lung (SML) groups. The diversity of Lin microbiota was the highest, followed by those of the SSin, Uter and SML groups. In the whole body, Firmicutes (62.37%), Proteobacteria (13.44%) and Bacteroidota (11.84%) were the most predominant phyla. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the intestinal tract was significantly higher than that in the non-intestinal site, while Proteobacteria was significantly higher in the non-intestinal site. Among the 264 genera, 35 were the core microbiota distributed in all body sites. Sixty-one genera were specific in the SML group, while 13, 8 and 1 were specifically found in the Lin, SSin and Uter groups, respectively. The Lin group had the most difference with other groups, there were average 72 differential genera between the Lin and other groups. The functional prediction analysis showed that microbial function within each group was similar, but there was a big difference between the intestinal tracts and the non-intestinal group. Notably, the function of microorganism in uterus and mouth were the most different from those in the gastrointestinal sites; rabbit’s coprophagy of consuming soft feces possibly resulted in little differences of microbial function between stomach and large intestinal sites.ConclusionOur findings improve the knowledge about rabbit microbial communities throughout whole body and give insights into the relationship of microbial communities among different body sites in health rabbits.

Comparison between linseed expeller and canola expeller on concentrate intake, and circulating inflammatory mediators in Holstein calves.

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of linseed and canola expeller on average daily weight gain (ADG), concentrate intakes, incidence of diarrhea, serum haptoglobin, interleukin (IL)-1, and resolvin-E1 in female Holstein calves from birth to weaning. A sample size of 20 calves per group was calculated and were randomly allocated at the time of birth. Linseed group (LIN) was fed a starter with linseed expeller, while canola group (CAN) received a similar concentrate, but with canola expeller. Both expellers were included at a rate of 25% dry matter (DM) basis of the starter. Pasteurized waste milk was fed twice a day until weaning. Calves were weighed at birth, 30, and 60 d of age. Starter intake was evaluated daily from 5 to 60 d. A blood sample was obtained at birth, 14, 28, 35, and 49 d of age, and bovine serum resolvin-E1, haptoglobin, and IL-1 were assayed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Incidence of diarrhea and the duration of the events were also recorded. The effect of the interaction group by time on body weight (BW) and starter intake was not significant (P > 0.05). Average daily gains (ADG) from 0 to 60 d for CAN and LIN groups were 0.680 and 0.675 kg/d (P > 0.05), respectively. Incidences of diarrhea were 25% and 45% for CAN and LIN groups, respectively (P = 0.18). LIN group had greater concentrations of IL-1 at d 21, haptoglobin at d 7, and resolving-E1 at d 14 and 49 than CAN group, respectively. It is concluded that BW at weaning, ADG, and concentrate intakes were not different between groups fed starters containing linseed or canola expeller (25% inclusion). The concentrations of cytokines and haptoglobin were the greatest in LIN group.

Renoprotective Effect of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor on Aging Mice.

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors exert pleiotropic effects beyond glycemic control. We investigated the renoprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on aging mice mediated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: the two-month-old mice (YM group), the eighteen-month-old mice (AM group) and the eighteen-month-old, linagliptin-treated mice (AM + LIN group). Renal function was improved, based on serum creatinine and cystatin-C levels (p < 0.05 compared with the AM group for both parameters). Fibrotic areas and the levels of proteins related to fibrosis improved in the AM + LIN group (p < 0.001 compared with the AM group for all parameters). In the AM + LIN group, the DPP-4-positive area and activity and expressions of DPP-4 were decreased (p < 0.05 compared with the AM group for all parameters). The levels of proteins related to the RAS, including prorenin receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II and angiotensin 1 receptor, were decreased in the AM + LIN group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01 compared with the AM group, respectively). NADPH oxidase 2 and NADPH oxidase 4 levels decreased in the AM + LIN group (p < 0.001 compared with the AM group for both proteins), whereas the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylated at serine1177 and superoxide dismutase 1 were increased (p < 0.01 compared with the AM group for both proteins). DPP-4 inhibitors may exert renoprotective effects via prorenin receptor/angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin 1 receptor axis.

Sharing Knowledge on LinkedIn Groups: Focus on Legal Practitioners

This paper focuses on LinkedIn (LI), and in particular, on LI professional discussion Groups, i.e. dedicated spaces used by professionals to keep in touch with their peers, share information and updates, and debate topical issues. The analysis is based on a corpus comprising 557 interactions on four Groups of legal practitioners, Leadership for Lawyers, Legal IT & Innovation Network, Mediation Discussion Group (MDG), and International Arbitration.This study is set in the framework of Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis. The research questions are as follows: what motives guide LI Group members in their online activity and how can the social practices they engage in be defined? What rhetorical strategies are deployed in negotiating/communicating professional knowledge in Group conversations?. how do participants discursively construct for themselves an image of authoritativeness in the knowledge dissemination process? What is the impact, if any, of the architecture of the SNS and the affordances it makes available on the actual dynamics of Group interaction?Findings indicate that although members’ activities within LIN Groups are conventionally called “conversations”, the actual interaction is limited, as in most cases members simply share information and updates and bring issues or developments to the attention of other professionals. Results also show that very often professionals are active on LI Groups for reasons of self-promotion (personal branding) and, more interestingly, for the promotion of goods and services, thus giving rise to a clear case of genre bending (Bhatia 2004). A regards the organisation of posts, in many cases they are not self-standing, but rather symbiotic with other genres (e.g. articles, blog posts) or resources published on other websites.Further research is needed to verify if these findings are peculiar to legal practitioners’ Groups or apply to LI Groups in general.

Stearidonic acid combined with alpha-linolenic acid improves lipemic and neurological markers in a rat model subject to a hypercaloric diet

In this study, we hypothesized that terrestrial plant oils, rich in alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) relative to fish oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), prevent negative effects on cardiovascular and neurological function using a rat model fed a hypercaloric diet. Results showed effects on the FA profile, namely, eicosapentaenoic, EPA, and docosahexaenoic, DHA, levels. There were also effects on neural aspects (cAMP response element-binding protein, CREB, gene expression, at least, doubled) and the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance (TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha reduced by 30-50%). The most positive impact of ALA and SDA was the beneficial reduction of total lipids (from 395 ± 3 to 352-361 mg/dL), VLDL-cholesterol (from 21.8 ± 0.2 to 14.1-17.8 mg/dL), and triacylglycerols (from 109 ± 1 to 71-89 mg/dL) in both LIN (diet enriched in linseed oil) and BUG (diet enriched in Buglossoides oil) groups. Overall, data indicate that ALA- and SDA-rich lipid sources may counteract the undesirable cardiovascular effects of a hypercaloric diet based on milk fat.

Utilidad del límite inferior de normalidad de la espirometría en pacientes diagnosticados de EPOC

AimTo evaluate the differences in COPD patients below the lower limit of normal (LLN) of the fixed ratio FEV1/FVC < 0.70 and those above this limit. Patients and methodsCross-sectional study. COPD patients between 40 and 85 years old included in primary care clinical record database were randomly selected. Baseline and postbronchodilator spirometries were performed. Two groups of patients were established: FEV1/FVC<0.70 and ≤LIN (group1) and FEV/FVC<0.70 and >LIN (group 2). Sociodemographic, clinical, pulmonary obstruction, quality of life and attendance to health services variables were measured. The results of both groups were compared. Results22.3% of the subjects were misdiagnosed FEV1/FVC < 0,70. Patients in group 2 (FEV1/FVC<0.70 y > LLN) are diagnosed at an older age, they have a lower exposure to tobacco and better pulmonary function (FEV1: 74.9% vs 54.6%). 35.5% of those patients belong to stage i of GOLD, vs 8.5%, this patients have an increased comorbidity. Patients in group 1 have more COPD exacerbations, worse quality of life, a higher BODEx index 2,3 (1.8) vs 1.1 (1.5); 55.1% of those patients were high risk patients (GoldC or Gold D). Diagnose before being 56 years old, an increased exposure to tobacco, the FEV>50%, and a lower comorbidity are associated with a greater chance of suffering COPD with LLN criteria. ConclusionWe obtain two groups of patients with differentiated clinical characteristics if we use LLN. Subjects with FEV1/FVC<0.7 and >LLN have less obstruction, less severity and more comorbidity, suggesting the possibility of overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. On the other hand, younger age at the time of diagnosis, higher tobacco consumption and more severe obstruction are related with FEV1/FVC >0.70 and<LLN (group 1).

Metagenomic Analysis of a Complex Community Present in Pond Sediment.

The metagenomic profiling of complex communities is gaining immense interest across the scientific community. A complex community present in the pond sediment of a water body located close to a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) production site of the Indian Pesticide Limited (IPL) (Chinhat, Lucknow) was selected in an attempt to identify and analyze the unique microbial diversity and functional profile of the site. In this study, we supplement the metagenomic study of pond sediment with a variety of binning approaches along with an in depth functional analysis. Our results improve the understanding of ecology, in terms of community dynamics. The findings are crucial with respect to the mechanisms such as those involving the lin group of genes that are known to be implicated in the HCH degradation pathway or the Type VI secretory system (T6SS) and its effector molecules. Metagenomic studies using the comparative genomics approach involving the isolates from adjacent HCH contaminated soils have contributed significantly towards improving our understanding of unexplored concepts, while simultaneously uncovering the novel mechanisms of microbial ecology.

NO synthesis from arginine is favored by α-linolenic acid in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Alterations in NO availability and signaling play a pivotal role at early stages of the metabolic syndrome (MetSynd). We hypothesized that dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) favors NO availability by modulating amino acid metabolism, with a specific impact on the arginine-NO pathway. Mice were fed a hyperlipidic diet (285g lipid/kg, 51.1% energy), rich in either saturated fatty acids (SFA, provided by palm oil, PALM group) or ALA (provided by linseed oil, LIN group). We measured whole-body NO synthesis and systemic arginine hydrolysis with a tracer-based method, plasma concentration of related metabolites, and hepatic mRNA level of related enzymes, and the study was completed by a transcriptomic analysis in the liver. As expected with this model, hyperlipidic diets resulted in increased adiposity and glycemia after 5weeks. As compared to PALM mice, LIN mice had a higher plasma nitrite and nitrate concentration, a higher whole-body conversion of arginine into NO vs urea, and a similar plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), despite a higher expression of the liver dimethylargininase-1. In LIN mice, there was a higher expression of genes involved in PPARα signaling, but a little impact on gene expression related to amino acids and arginine metabolism. This effect cannot be directly ascribed to changes in arginase activity in the liver or ADMA metabolism, nor to direct regulation of the related target genes. In conclusion, dietary ALA favors NO synthesis, which could contribute to rescue NO availability when jeopardized by the nutritional conditions in relation with the initiation of the MetSynd.

PTU-186 Baseline characteristics as a predictor of response to linaclotide (constella®) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a pooled analysis of 2 phase 3 trials: Abstract PTU-186 Table 1

<h3>Introduction</h3> In 2 Phase 3 trials in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) (Trial 31, Trial 302), linaclotide 290 μg once-daily (Constella^®; LIN) treatment was superior to placebo (PBO) based on European Medicines Agency co-primary endpoints (rate of abdominal pain/discomfort responders [Trial 31: 54.8% vs 41.8%; Trial 302: 54.1% vs 38.5%; <i>P &lt; </i>0.001]; IBS degree-of-relief responders [Trial 31: 37.0% vs 18.5%; Trial 302: 39.4% vs 16.6%; <i>P &lt; </i>0.0001]). A potential association between baseline patient characteristics and likelihood of therapeutic response to LIN is unclear. <h3>Method</h3> This pooled analysis evaluated potential predictive value of baseline characteristics in 2 pivotal Phase 3 trials in IBS-C by comparing demographics and baseline symptoms (Table) for LIN 12-week non-responders vs responders, defined as: 1) abdominal pain/discomfort responders (≥30% reduction in abdominal pain and/or discomfort score [11-point scales], with neither worsening from baseline, for ≥6/12 weeks) and 2) IBS degree-of-relief responders (symptoms ‘considerably’ or ‘completely’ relieved for ≥6/12 weeks). <h3>Results</h3> The pooled analysis included 1602 patients (LIN, n = 805; PBO, n = 797). Baseline characteristics were similar for responders and non-responders in the LIN and PBO groups for both endpoints (Table 1). Abdominal discomfort scores and body mass index were also similar for responders and non-responders (not shown). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The baseline demographics and disease characteristics analysed did not predict treatment response to LIN or PBO in patients with IBS-C in the Phase 3 pivotal trials. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> C. Díaz Employee of: Almirall S. A., M. Falques Employee of: Almirall S. A., D. Vilardell Employee of: Almirall S. A., J. Fortea Employee of: Almirall S. A., J. Johnston Employee of: Ironwood Pharmaceuticals.

Conventional versus neutral positioning in central neurological disease: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Severe immobility due to lesions of the brain necessitates therapeutic positioning over the long term. There is little scientific evidence concerning the efficacy of different positioning methods. This clinical trial compares the effects of conventional positioning (CON) with those of positioning in neutral (LiN). A prospective, multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized, controlled trial was performed on a total of 218 non-ambulatory patients (underlying disease: stroke, 141 patients; hypoxic brain damage, 28; traumatic brain injury, 20; other, 29). The subjects were randomly assigned to either LiN (105 patients) or CON (113 patients) and stratified within each of these two positioning concepts to five different positions. They remained in the assigned positions for two hours. The primary endpoint was change in the passive range of motion (PROM) of the hip joints. Secondary endpoints were change in the PROM of the shoulder joints and patient comfort. Patients in the LiN group had a significantly better PROM of the hips after positioning than those in the CON group (difference, 12.84°; p<0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.72°-19.96°). The same was true for PROM of shoulder flexion (11.85°; p<0.001; 95% CI, 4.50°-19.19°) and external rotation (7.08°; p<0.001; 95% CI: 2.70°-11.47°). 81% of patients in the LiN group reported their comfort level as good, compared to only 38% in the CON group (p<0.001). Positioning severely immobilized patients in LiN for two hours improved passive hip and shoulder mobility and patient comfort compared to conventional positioning. Further studies are needed to determine whether prolonged LiN positioning might improve rehabilitation and quality of life, prevent pressure sores, or ease nursing care.

The endometrial expression of prostaglandin cascade components in lactating dairy cows fed different polyunsaturated fatty acids

Feeding n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increases the endometrial percentages of linoleic and arachidonic acids (AA), enhances the synthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), and improves uterine health. In contrary, the n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid may play pivotal roles by suppressing the synthesis of uterine PGF2α, a component being centrally involved in the control of the bovine estrous cycle and in early embryo survival. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of feeding a diet enriched in either α-linolenic acid (n-3) or linolenic acid (n-6) on the uterine expression of genes related to prostaglandin cascade and uterine release of PGF2α (measured as 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α [PGFM]). From calving to 60 days in milk, cows (n = 24) were fed isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and isolipidic diets that differed in the ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA. Treatments including palm oil ([PLM]; saturated FA, n = 8), soybean whole roast ([SOY]; n-6, n = 8), and linseed extruded ([LIN]; n-3, n = 8). At 30 days in milk, the ovulatory cycles of cows were synchronized using 2 injections of PGF2α with a 14-day interval. On day 15 postovulation, cows were injected with oxytocin and blood samples were collected to monitor the uterine release of PGF2α (measured as PGFM) and uterine endometrial biopsies were prepared to evaluate the expression of genes related to prostaglandin cascade (prostaglandin F synthase [PGFS], prostaglandin E synthase [PGES], prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 [PGHS-2]), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors [PPAR]). Results showed that uterine endometrial PPAR-δ genes were higher in cows fed LIN (3.17-fold) compared with cows fed PLM or SOY (P < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) level of PGES in the LIN group was threefold as high as those found in SOY and PLM diets (P < 0.05). The mean relative gene expression of PLA2 and PGFS was increased in animals fed the SOY diet (2.4- and 1.7-fold, respectively) compared with LIN and PLM diets (P < 0.05). The expression of mRNA for the PGHS-2, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ was not influenced by the diet effect. Dietary inclusion of soy FAs was associated with an increase in the PGFM concentration, possibly through an increase in the expression of genes involved in prostaglandin cascade. The uterine concentration of PGFM, however, was decreased in cows fed diets containing n-3 FAs.

Clinical study on moderate and severe endometriosis operation combined drug therapy

Objective To investigate the effect and severe adverse reactions of goserelin combined with mifepristone after operation for moderate and endometriosis laparoscopic conservative.Methods 68 cases with moderate to severe endometriosis diagnosed after laparoscopic conservative operation were randomly divided into the Gore Sherry Lin group and mifepristone group with 34 cases for 6 months of a course,regular follow-up.Clinical efficacy and adverse reaction for two groups were compared.Results The dysmenorrhea symptoms for two groups of patients have been alleviated,the efficiency rate was above 91％.The recurrence rate of the mifepristone group was higher than the goserelin group (14.71％ vs 2.94％,P ＜ 0.05).The cumulative pregnancy rate of mifepristone group was lower than the goserelin group (20.59％ vs 38.23 ％,P ＜ 0.05) discontinued for 1 years.The liver function damage of the goserelin group was significantly lower than the mifepristone group (2.94％ vs 23.53％,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion It is more significance for using suppression of ovarian function after laparoscopic conservative operation for severe endometriosis.It can increase the pregnancy rate and decrease the recurrence rate. Key words: Endometriosis; Laparoscopy; Goserelin; Mifepristone

Effect of extruded linseed supplementation on blood metabolic profile and milk performance of Saanen goats

This study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation with extruded linseed on milk yield and composition, milk fatty acid (FA) profile and renal and hepatic metabolism of grazing goats in mid-lactation. Forty Saanen goats were divided into two isoproductive groups: one group was fed the control diet (CON) composed of hay and pelleted concentrate and the other group was supplemented with additional 180 g/day of extruded linseed (LIN; dry matter basis), which supplied 70 g/day of fat per head for 9 weeks. Animals grazed on pasture for ∼3 h/day after the first of the 2 daily milkings. Milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected every 2 weeks and analyzed for total bilirubin, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and urea nitrogen. Milk yield was higher in the LIN than in the CON group (2369 v. 2052 g/day). LIN group had higher milk fat (37.7 v. 33.4 g/kg) and protein (30.7 v. 29.1 g/kg) concentration and lower MUN (35.0 v. 43.3 mg/dl) than CON group. Goats fed LIN had greater proportions of 18:1 trans11, 18:2 cis9trans11 and total polyunsatured fatty acids n-3 in milk fat, because of higher 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 FA, and lower proportions of short- and medium-chain FAs than goats fed CON. All kidney and liver function biomarkers in serum did not differ between dietary groups, except for AST and ALT, which tended to differ. Extruded linseed supplementation to grazing mid-lactating goats for 2 months can enhance the milk performance and nutritional profile of milk lipids, without altering the general hepatic and renal metabolism.

Effects of different polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations during the postpartum periods of early lactating dairy cows on milk yield, metabolic responses, and reproductive performances1

In spite of the difficulties in delivering PUFA to ruminants, studies have generally indicated that the PUFA of the omega-6 (linoleic acid) and omega-3 [α-linolenic acid; eicosapentaenoic (EPA), C20:5 omega-3; docosahexaenoic (DHA), C22:6 omega-3] families are the most beneficial to improving reproduction in cows. The objectives were to determine if a diet enriched in α-linolenic acid (omega-3) or linoleic acid (omega-6) would influence milk production and composition, metabolic status, and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows. High-yielding multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 120) with no overt clinical illnesses were blocked according to calving date and parity. Cows were assigned randomly to be fed 1) soybean whole roast (Soy, omega-6, n = 40) or 2) linseed (Lin, omega-3, n = 40) or 3) palm oil as a source of SFA (PO, n = 40) from calving until first heat after 40 d postpartum (dpp), and then half of the cows in each treatment group were switched to receive either Lin or SFA (PO) from first heat after d 40 to 120 dpp. Blood was collected from a subsample of cows. Blood was collected at 14 d intervals for 12 wk, starting on the day of calving. Results showed milk yield and DMI were not affected. Milk compositions were similar (P > 0.08) among diets, except concentration and yield of milk fat percentage, which was less in cows fed Lin (P < 0.05). Uterine involution in cows fed Soy occurred earlier (P < 0.05). Diets affected day to first estrus and day to first insemination in cows (P < 0.05). There were no differences among treatments for percent heat detection, percent pregnancy per first insemination, and percent conception per AI at estrus. Also, there is a trend of pregnancy by 120 d, which is 66.7% for the Lin group vs. 50.91% for the PO group (P < 0.08). Of the 4 pregnancy losses, 2 occurred in PO-PO group and 2 occurred in Soy-PO group, and none occurred in the other 4 treatments. In conclusion, our study showed feeding omega-6 fatty acids during 40 dpp could be a good treatment for early postpartum periods, and a shift to omega-3 fatty acids until 40 d after AI can be considered as a strategy for improving fertility in lactating dairy cows.

Effects of addition of different vegetable oils to lactating dairy ewes' diet on meat quality characteristics of suckling lambs reared on the ewes' milk

The effect of different vegetable oils used in the diet of lactating ewes on the meat quality of their suckling lambs has been evaluated. Lambs (males and females) were slaughtered at 11kg. Fortyeight lactating Churra ewes (prolificacy 1.5) and their suckling lambs were assigned to four treatments according to the oil added (3% on weight basis) to the ewes' daily ration: palm oil as control (CON); olive oil (OLI); soybean oil (SOY); and linseed oil (LIN). Analyses of pH, colour, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), tocopherol levels, volatile compounds and a sensory evaluation were carried out on suckling lambs' meat. Results showed no substantial effect on pH, colour, TBARS and tocopherol levels. Volatiles typically derived from lipid oxidation were higher in SOY group. However, panellists were only able to correctly identify samples from LIN group. Furthermore, the meat from LIN group showed lower scores towards odour and flavour quality and overall liking than that from the rest of treatments.