Limonium Sinuatum Research Articles

‘Tainan No. 1’ Statice: An Early Flowering Limonium Cultivar

Statice [Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill.] is commercially grown as a cut-flower crop and used for both fresh and dry flower arrangements. Exposure to low temperatures at 11 ± 2 C at the seedling stage promotes flowering. Vernalization requirements differ among cultivars (Semeniuk and Krizek, 1973) and even in a population within the same cultivar (Shillo and Zamski, 1985). The genetic diversity is the result of floral dimorphism in the structure of pollen and stigma. The two known phenotypes, A/cob and B/papillate, exhibit self-incompatibility, whereas crosses between them are fully compatible and produce seeds (Baker, 1953, 1966). Most current statice cultivars are planted in the fall, experience natural cooling in winter, and then flower from spring to summer in the lowlands of Taiwan or other subtropical areas. However, growers have been seeking early-flowering statice cultivars that will produce cut flowers in the winter when the price is higher. Mass selection is often applied in breeding for a lower vernalization requirement to obtain earlier flowering populations (Cohen et al., 1995). In this present work, ‘Tainan No. 1’ was developed through eight continuous generations of mass selection from the parental cultivar Fortress Mix. The horticultural traits of this newly released cultivar are described subsequently.

A Model for Scheduling Flowering of a Limonium sinuatum × Limonium perezii Hybrid

Observations of leaf number accumulation rate (LNAR) and light integrals (DLI) were used to develop a predictive model for time to flower for a novel hybrid of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. × Limonium perezii (Stapf) Hubb. Plants were established in a temperature-controlled greenhouse at seven planting times from fall to late spring. Long days were maintained using daylength extension lighting. Two light regimes, full sun or 50% shade, were also used. DLI was highly correlated with the time to appearance of the first visible flower bud, explaining in excess of 80% of the variation. When combined with plant growth variables describing either LNAR or rates of increase in groundcover index, a second model was able to predict the date of first visible flowers and accounted for more variation than DLI alone. Daily average temperature (DAT) did not significantly contribute to variation in time to first visible flower because temperatures were uniform between successive plantings at 18 to 21.7 °C. However, DAT was significant for the period from visible flower through to flower harvest maturity. Growers of these hybrids for cut flowers can therefore use historical records of DLI to determine planting dates to schedule flowering. Once planting has occurred, by measuring actual DLI, DAT, and leaf number per plant, growers can use the second model to more accurately predict the dates for visible flowers and flower harvest.

Is the flower fluorescence relevant in biocommunication?

Flower fluorescence has been previously proposed as a potential visual signal to attract pollinators. In this work, this point was addressed by quantitatively measuring the fluorescence quantum yield (Φ(f)) for flowers of Bellis perennis (white, yellow, pink, and purple), Ornithogalum thyrsoides (petals and ovaries), Limonium sinuatum (white and yellow), Lampranthus productus (yellow), Petunia nyctaginiflora (white), Bougainvillea spectabilis (white and yellow), Antirrhinum majus (white and yellow), Eustoma grandiflorum (white and blue), Citrus aurantium (petals and stigma), and Portulaca grandiflora (yellow). The highest values were obtained for the ovaries of O. thyrsoides (Φ(f) = 0.030) and for Citrus aurantium petals (Φ(f) = 0.014) and stigma (Φ(f) = 0.013). Emitted photons as fluorescence were compared with reflected photons. It was concluded that the fluorescence emission is negligible compared to the reflected light, even for the most fluorescent samples, and it may not be considered as an optical signal in biocommunication. The work was complemented with the calculation of quantum catches for each studied flower species to describe the visual sensitization of eye photoreceptors.

Rhizoctonia solani에 의한 스타티스 줄기썩음병

2006년부터 2007년까지 전북 남원시 운봉읍 화훼 재배 농가 단지에서 스타티스 줄기썩음병이 발생하였다. 병징은 지제부 부근의 줄기와 잎이 마르면서 갈색 또는 암갈색으로 변하며, 병이 진전되면 관부까지 갈변하다가 포기 전체 발병하여 고사한다. 병원균은 PDA에서 기중균사를 형성하고, 처음에는 흰색을 띠다가 연한 갈색으로 변하였다. 균사는 <TEX>$90^{\circ}$</TEX>로 분지하고, 대부분 하나의 세포에 다핵을 형성하였다. 또한 PDA에서 부정형 또는 타원형으로 <TEX>$0.3{\sim}0.5\;mm$</TEX>의 균핵을 형성하였다. 병원성 검정은 코흐의 가설에 따란 수행하여 병원성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 스타티스에 줄기썩음을 일으키는 병원균의 균학적 특징 및 형태적 특징을 조사한 결과, Rhizoctonia solani에 의한 스타티스 줄기썩음병으로 명명하고자 제안한다. Stem rot of perennial statice (Limonium sinuatum) was observed in Un bong, Jeonbuk from 2006 to 2007. Affected plants were randomly distributed in the greenhouses and infection rate was more than 10%. Stem and leaf of statice at soil line were dried and turned brown, initially. As the disease became severe, other stem parts and crowns were turned dark brown and then sunken. The fungal isolates were showed initially white aerial mycelium and turned brown with age. They produced few sclerotia which small, irregularly shaped with pinpoint sized. Mycelia were branched at <TEX>$90^{\circ}$</TEX> angles and multinucleate in one cell. The pathogenicity of causal organism was proved according to Koch's postulates. The causal fungus of stem rot was identified as Rhizoctonia solani based on the cultural and morphological characteristics. This is the first report on stem rot of statice by R. solani in Korea.

First report of a Grapevine Algerian latent virus disease on statice plants (Limonium sinuatum) in Japan

A viral disease was found in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, on statice (Limonium sinuatum) with chlorotic leaf spot, necrotic stunt, and dwarfing. Spherical virus particles 30 nm in diameter were isolated from infected plants and statice seedlings and caused identical symptoms 4 weeks after mechanical inoculation. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the coat protein showed 98% and 98.7% identities with those of Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV) nipplefruit strain. This is the first report in Japan of a viral disease on statice caused by GALV.

Productivity and quality of statice ( Limonium sinuatum cv. Soiree Mix) and cockscomb ( Celosia argentea cv. Chief Mix) under organic and inorganic fertilization regiments

Very little information is available on organic specialty cut flower production, especially fertilization requirements. In order to better understand organic fertilization requirements of two specialty cut flower crops, Limonium sinuatum and Celosia argentea, we initiated a field and greenhouse experiment to study the effect of compost (organic) and conventional (inorganic) fertilization treatments on the growth and productivity of these crops. Optimum yields in the field, expressed as fresh weight per plot, were achieved at compost applications of 98.8 t ha −1 for both Limonium and Celosia. However, when number of stems, height of the stems, and the environmental impacts of such compost applications are considered we concluded that the optimal organic fertilizer amounts were 12.4 and 24.7 t ha −1, for Limonium and Celosia, respectively. Limonium and Celosia plants in the greenhouse experiment were fertilized with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L −1 nitrogen, combined with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg L −1 phosphorus. The generation of response surfaces for total weight per pot, number of stems per pot, average weight per stem, and average stem length were attempted for each species. The results showed that nitrogen did not significantly contribute to any of the models, except for Celosia average weight and length per stem models. Total weights per pot on the other hand showed both a linear and quadratic relationship over the range of phosphorus applications we tested. Maximum number of stems and total weight per pot were observed between 30 and 46 mg L −1 P in both Limonium and Celosia. Our results suggest that organic fertilizer recommendations, in the form of animal manure composts should be based on phosphorus content of the compost rather than nitrogen content especially for soils high in initial phosphorous content.

Detection and Characterization of Phytoplasmas Infecting Ornamental and Weed Plants in Iran

AbstractDuring field surveys in 2004, ornamental and weed plants showing symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasmas were observed in Mahallat (central Iran). These plants were examined for phytoplasma infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using universal phytoplasma primers directed to ribosomal DNA (rDNA). All affected plants gave positive results. The detected phytoplasmas were characterized and differentiated through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified rDNA. The phytoplasmas detected in diseased Asclepias curassavica and Celosia argentea were identified as members of clover proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrVI group) whereas those from the remaining plants examined proved to be members of aster yellow phytoplasma group (16SrI group) (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’). In particular, following digestion with AluI, HaeIII and HhaI endonucleases, the phytoplasma detected in Limonium sinuatum showed restriction profiles identical to subgroup 16SrI‐C; phytoplasmas from Gomphocarpus physocarpus, Tanatacetum partenium, Lactuca serriola, Tagetes patula and Coreopsis lanceolata had the same restriction profiles as subgroup 16SrI‐B whereas Catharanthus roseus‐ and Rudbeckia hirta‐infecting phytoplasmas showed restriction patterns of subgroup 16SrI‐A. This is the first report on the occurrence of phytoplasma diseases of ornamental plants in Iran.

Burkholderia caryophylli . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for B. caryophylli (Burkholder) Yabuuchi et al. Hosts: babysbreath ( Gypsophila paniculata ), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ) and statice ( Limonium sinuatum ). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia), Asia (China, Jilin, India, Israel, Japan, Shikoku, Taiwan), North America (Canada, USA, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Uruguay).

A Novel PCR Method for Quantification of Buckwheat by Using a Unique Internal Standard Material

A novel quantitative and specific method for detection of buckwheat, a known food allergen, in diverse food materials was developed by using a unique internal standard to compensate for the variability in DNA extraction and amplification efficiencies. The method was based on a real-time PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of Fagopyrum spp. and was designed to detect both cultivated and wild buckwheat, because wild buckwheat might be potentially allergenic. As the internal standard material, ground seeds of statice (Limonium sinuatum) were added to food samples prior to DNA extraction, and the amount of statice DNA measured by real-time PCR was used to standardize the buckwheat content. Statice, an ornamental plant, was chosen as the internal standard material because it was readily available and was inferred to be least likely to be commingled in foods. The specificity of the PCR system was tested against commonly used food materials of plant origin. Quantitative results expressed in buckwheat protein concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) for various food samples prepared to contain 10 ppm (wt/wt) of buckwheat flour (corresponding to 1.2-μg/g [ppm] buckwheat protein) ranged from 0.7±0.2 (rice) to 0.9±0.4 (wheat) and for 100-ppm (wt/wt) samples (12-μg/g [ppm] buckwheat protein) from 7.7±1.0 (pepper) to 9.8±0.5 (wheat) μg/g (ppm). The method's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were considered sufficient for detection of buckwheat contamination at the level required for compliance with the Japanese Food Allergen Labeling Regulation.

First Report on the Witches' Broom in Annual Statice (Limonium sinuatum) in Korea

In 2003 typical phytoplasma symptoms of witches` broom and flower malformation were observed on statice (Limonium sinuatum) plants grown at commercial greenhouses in Busan, South Korea. The DNA extracted from the infected leaves was amplified using universal primer pair of Pl/P6 derived from conserved 16S rRNA gene of Mollicutes giving the expected Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of 1.5 kb. In the nested PCR assays, the expected DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was amplified with the specific primer pair 16Fl/Rl that was designed on the basis of aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences. The 1.1 kb PCR products were cloned and nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequences were identical to that of Onion yellows OY phytoplasma (GenBank accession no. D12569) isolated from Onion in Japan. Electron microscopy of thin sections of leaf veins showed phytoplasma bodies in the phloem. Statice witches` broom symptom occurred on statice in commercial greenhouses in Korea was confirmed as infection of AY phytoplasma by transmission electron microscopy observation, and by determination of 16S rRNA gene sequences of phytoplasma.

Predictive Model for Scheduling Fowering of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill ×Limoniumperezii(Stapf) Hubb.

Weekly records of plant development, daily average temperatures (DAT), and light integrals (DLI) were used to develop a predictive model for time to flower, from seven successive plantings of the new Limonium sinuatum x Limonium perezii hybrid `LSLP4' under two light regimes, full sun or 50% shade. Plantings occurred over the period covering fall through to late spring in a temperature-controlled glasshouse under long days. DLI was highly correlated with the time to visible flower, explaining in excess of 80% of the variation. When combined with the plant growth parameter describing the rate of increase in either leaf number (LNAR) or groundcover index (GCIR), a second model was developed that was able to predict the date of visible flowers of LSLP4 and account for more variation than DLI alone. As a result of the uniformity of temperatures between successive plantings, DAT did not significantly contribute to explaining time to visible flower, but was significant for the period from visible flower through to flower harvest maturity. It is recommended that growers of `LSLP4' for cut flowers can use historical records of DLI to determine planting dates to schedule flowering. Once planting has occurred, by measuring actual DLI, DAT, and leaf number per plant, growers can use the second model to modify the predicted date for visible flowers and flower harvest.

Evaluation of various species demarcation criteria in attempts to classify ten new tombusvirus isolates

The usefulness of various suggested species demarcation criteria was compared in attempts to determine the taxonomic status of ten new tombusvirus isolates. Five of them (Lim 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) were obtained from different sources of commercially grown statice (Limonium sinuatum), two (Gyp 1 and 2) from different sources of commercially grown Gypsophila paniculata and three from water samples, i.e. from a small river (Schunter) in Northern Germany, from a brook (near Dossenheim) in Southern Germany and from the groundwater in a Limonium production glasshouse in the Netherlands (Lim 4). The immunoelectron microscopical decoration test allowed a quick preliminary assignment of various isolates to several known tombusviruses. A more precise analysis of the relationships was achieved by comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of the coat proteins. Sequence as well as serological data suggested that eight of the isolates should be classified as strains or variants of either Carnation Italian ringspot virus, Grapevine Algerian latent virus, Petunia asteroid mosaic virus or Sikte waterborne virus, respectively, whereas the 9th isolate (Lim 2) appears to represent a distinct new tombusvirus species. The case of the 10th isolate (Lim 5) illustrates the classification problems experienced when the properties of a virus place it close to the more or less arbitrary man-made borderline between virus species and virus strains. The coat protein gene sequences were also determined for some viruses for which these data had not yet been available, i.e. Neckar river virus, Sikte waterborne virus and Eggplant mottled crinkle virus. The sequences of the coat protein gene and also of ORF 1 of the latter virus proved to be almost identical to the corresponding genome regions of the recently described Pear latent virus, which for priority reasons should be renamed. Criteria which have been suggested in addition to serology and sequence comparisons for tombusvirus species demarcation, i.e. differences in natural and in experimental host ranges, in cytopathological features and in coat protein size, appear to be of little value for the classification of new tombusviruses.

Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Limonium sect. Pteroclados (Plumbaginaceae), based on morphological data

Limonium Mill. sect. Pteroclados (Boiss.) Bokhari (Plumbaginaceae Juss.) was surveyed in this study. Morphology was used for investigating taxonomy as well as for making a cladistic analysis containing 18 ingroup taxa. The two previously recognized subsections Nobiles and Odontolepidae were found to constitute two sister groups. Limonium mouretii (Pit.) Maire shares synapomorphies with both subsections and is positioned as sister group of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. s.l. plus L. lobatum (L. f.) Kuntze but with weak support. Based on the results of the cladistic analyses, a single introduction of a common ancestor to Limonium sect. Pteroclados subsect. Nobiles into the Canary Islands is postulated. Comparisons with cladistic and biogeographical studies of other Macaronesian flowering plant groups were made. An identification key to the taxa, descriptions and discussions on the taxonomy is provided. Morphological differences were found to be minor between Limonium sinuatum, L. bonduellei (T. Lestib.) Kuntze, and L. beaumierianum (Maire) Maire and they are hence suggested to be recognized as subspecies under L. sinuatum. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 144, 461–482.

Beta-alanine N-methyltransferase of Limonium latifolium. cDNA cloning and functional expression of a novel N-methyltransferase implicated in the synthesis of the osmoprotectant beta-alanine betaine.

Beta-alanine (Ala) betaine, an osmoprotectant suitable under saline and hypoxic environments, is found in most members of the halophytic plant family Plumbaginaceae. In Limonium latifolium (Plumbaginaceae), it is synthesized via methylation of beta-Ala by the action of a trifunctional S-adenosyl L-methionine (Ado-Met): beta-Ala N-methyltransferase (NMTase). Peptide sequences from purified beta-Ala NMTase were used to design primers for reverse transcriptase-PCR, and several cDNA clones were isolated. The 5' end of the cDNA was cloned using a 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends protocol. A 500-bp cDNA was used as a probe to screen a lambda-gt10 L. latifolium leaf cDNA library. Partial cDNA clones represented two groups, NMTase A and NMTase B, differing only in their 3'-untranslated regions. The full-length NMTase A cDNA was 1,414 bp and included a 1128-bp open reading frame and a 119-bp 5'-untranslated region. The deduced amino acid sequence of 375 residues had motifs known to be involved in the binding of Ado-Met. The NMTase mRNA was expressed in L. latifolium leaves but was absent in Limonium sinuatum, a member of the genus that lacks the synthetic pathway for beta-Ala betaine. NMTase mRNA expression was high in young and mature leaves and was enhanced by light. NMTase cDNA was expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Protein extracts of galactose-induced recombinant yeast had Ado-Met-specific NMTase activities that were highly specific to beta-Ala, N-methyl beta-Ala, and N,N-dimethyl beta-Ala as methyl acceptors. NMTase activities were not detectable in comparable protein extracts of yeast, transformed with vector control. The NMTase protein sequence shared homology with plant caffeic acid O-methyltransferases and related enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that beta-Ala NMTase represents a novel family of N-methyltransferases that are evolutionarily related to O-methyltransferases.

Occurrence of Cercospora insulana on statice (Limonium sinuatum) in Italy

For the past 3 years, fields of statice (Limonium sinuatum) near Pompei, southern Italy have been affected by a previously unrecorded leaf spot disease, which was also found in 2002 near Pescia in central Italy. Infections first occurred in June and spread during the summer. Leaf spots were circular, brown with a darker edge, 3–6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by an orange or reddish halo. Lesions were also observed on the wings of the flower scapes, while scapes proper were not involved. Old lesions enlarged and merged, causing early yellowing and senescence of leaves; heavy infections resulted in severe defoliation and retarded growth or death of panicles. Microscopic inspection of lesions revealed the presence of dark brown stromata with pale brown conidiophores. Conidiophores were septate, unbranched, sinuous, bent at spore scars, averaging 59 µm long × 4·8 µm wide. They bore multiseptate hyaline conidia (95 µm long × 3·3 µm wide on average) which were slightly curved, with truncate bases and subacute tips. These features conform to the reported description of Cercospora insulana, a species recorded on Limonium and other members of the Plumbaginaceae (Chupp, 1953). The species C. insulana was originally described by Saccardo (1915) on L. sinuatum in Malta. Since then the pathogen has been reported from Russia, the USA, Canada, Guatemala, South Africa (Chupp, 1953), Taiwan, Argentina, Israel, Thailand, Myanmar and a number of African countries (J. C. David, CABI Bioscience, Egham, UK, personal communication). Cercospora leaf spot of statice was reported by Pesante (1956) in northern Italy, but the author claimed it had longer conidia (120–180 µm) and described it as Cercospora statices. This difference is questionable because the author measured conidia developing in a moist chamber. Longer conidia were also observed by Jackson (1961). However, as no further outbreaks of the disease have been reported since, and it is no longer possible to make a comparison with the specimens collected by Pesante, to our knowledge this is the first documented report of C. insulana in Italy. The authors thank Dr John C. David (CABI Bioscience, Egham, UK) for confirming the identity of the pathogen as C. insulana.

Angiosperm species that produce sperm cell pairs or generative cells with polarized distribution of DNA-containing organelles

We examined the distribution of DNA-containing organelles (plastids or mitochondria) in pollen from 115 angiosperm species (104 genera, 56 families) to determine whether there was polarized distribution of sperm cells (SC) and generative cells (GC). Using an improved method of fixation and squashing, we found polarization in the GC or SC pairs in mature pollen (obtained from the flower at anthesis) from five species (Abelia spathulata, Campsis grandiflora, Erythrina variegata, Limonium sinuatum, and Tecoma capensis). Including Plumbago, polarization is now known to occur in six genera representing four unrelated families. The results show that the production of pairs of dimorphic SC occurs in species other than those in the genus Plumbago, in which this phenomenon has already been well characterized. These results suggest that differentiation of SC and preferential double fertilization are not restricted to Plumbago and may occur in a variety of angiosperms. In species with significant polarization in GC or SC pairs, polarization of GC occurs at an especially early stage when GC are freed and become spherical, or just after microspore mitosis. This suggests that the distribution of DNA-containing organelles is strictly controlled during the early development of the GC.

High-temperature controlled atmosphere for post-harvest control of Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on preserved flowers.

High carbon dioxide atmospheres combined with high temperature were effective for controlling Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) pupae. Pupae were exposed to atmospheres of 60, 80, or 98% carbon dioxide (CO2) in nitrogen (N2), or 60 or 80% CO2 in air at temperatures of 26.7 degrees C or 32.2 degrees C and 60% RH. Controlled atmosphere treatments at 32.2 degrees C controlled pupae faster than the same treatments at the lower temperature. At both temperatures high CO2 concentration treatments combined with nitrogen killed pupae faster than high CO2 concentration treatments combined with air. Exposure to 80% carbon dioxide mixed with nitrogen was the most effective treatment causing 100% mortality in 12 h at 32.2 degrees C and 93.3% mortality in 18 h at 26.6 degrees C. High-temperature controlled atmosphere treatments had no adverse effects on quality of two preserved floral products, Limonium sinuatum (L.) and Gypsophila elegans (Bieb.), tested for 12, 18, and 24 h according to industry standards.

Efficient plant regeneration from cell cultures of ornamental statice, Limonium sinuatum mill.

A plant regeneration system from cell suspension cultures was established in an important ornamental crop, Limonium sinuatum Mill. cv. ‘Early Rose’. Friable callus was initially induced from leaf segments of in vitro-cultured seedlings on 0.25% gellan gum-solidified half-strength Murashige and Skoog [1/2MS] medium containing 1.0 mg l−1 (4.14 μM) picloram. These calluses were maintained as cell suspension cultures, which showed high proliferation ability with about 80 times increase in fresh weight during the 2-wk interval of subculture. Shoot regeneration from these cell cultures was achieved by cytokinins, especially zeatin, which was the most effective in producing normal shoots with reduced hyperhydration when used in combination with 0.5% gellan gum. Shoot regeneration ability was different among the cell lines originated from each different seedling. Shoot formation was observed at different frequencies on four of five cell lines whereas one cell line showed no shoot differentiation. Regenerated shoots detached from callus readily rooted 1 mo. after the transfer onto 0.5% gellan gum-solidified 1/2MS medium lacking plant growth regulators. The plantets were successfully transferred to the greenhouse after acclimatization. No ploidy changes were observed in the callus induced or in the regenerated plantlets. The regenerated plantlets that were transferred to the greenhouse after acclimatization grew normally and did not any morphological signs of somaclonal variation.

Transformation of Statice (Limonium sinuatum Mill.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer.

A successful transformation procedure using Agrobacterium has been established for the most important ornamental statice, Limonium sinuatum Mill. Cell suspension cultures derived from friable calli, which were originated from leaf segments, were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 (pIG121Hm) and co-cultivated for 2 days. The concentration of acetosyringone in co-cultivation medium and the growth stage of host plant cell used for infection were important factors for obtaining high transient GUS expression. After selection on medium with 75mgl-1 kanamycin, approximately 20 putative transgenic callus lines with kanamycin-resistance and GUS expression were obtained from 1g F. W. of cell cultures infected. Adventitious shoots were induced from 5 different putative transgenic callus lines on the regeneration medium containing 75mgl-1 kanamycin, and finally 16 transgenic plants which showed GUS expression in leaves were obtained. Presence of NPT II and GUS genes was confirmed by PCR analysis in the genomic DNAs of transgenic callus. Integration of GUS gene into the genome of transgenic plantlets derived from different transgenic callus lines was detected by Southern blot analysis.

Effect of plant density on growth, flowering and yield of Statice (Limonium sinuatum).

Effect of plant density on growth, flowering and yield of Statice (Limonium sinuatum).