Limits Of Quality Standards Research Articles

Accumulation of heavy metals Pb and Hg in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) in Lekok Coastal Waters, Pasuruan Regency

This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to determine the heavy metal contamination of Pb and Hg. Sampling was carried out exploratively in the waters of Lekok Beach, Pasuruan Regency. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive analysis by comparing the quality standards of the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. And analyzed by correlation test to determine the relationship between the content of heavy metals Pb and Hg in seawater and sediment with feather shells. The results of this study indicate that shellfish (Anadara antiquata) can accumulate heavy metals Pb and Hg. The average accumulation of heavy metals Pb and Hg in Anadara antiquata was 2,315 ppm and 1,100 ppm. The average heavy metal content of Pb and Hg along the sea waters of the Lekok coast are 0.204 ppm and 0.073 ppm. In the sediment the average metal content of Pb and Hg is 5.318 ppm and 1.215 ppm. The heavy metal content has exceeded the quality standard limit that has been determined by the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 51 of 2004 and RNO, so that it can be harmful to human health who consume shellfish. The results of the correlation test showed that there was a positive correlation between the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in sediment and seawater and the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in shellfish.

PENGARUH KANDUNGAN UNSUR HARA LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK GULA TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA DAN FISIKA TANAH DI LAHAN SAWAH KECAMATAN BULULAWANG KABUPATEN MALANG

Pabrik Gula Krebet disposes of liquid waste into the nearest river, which can pollute the aquatic and soil environment. However, sugar factory effluent contains nutrients N and P as well as organic matter that is beneficial to plants (within a certain maximum limit). The study aims to determine whether there is an effect of the content of nutrients and organic matter of sugar factory wastewater on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the paddy fields Bululawang Malang. Parameters of soil properties that were analyzed included pH, CEC, N-Total, P2O5, Potassium, C-Organic, bulk density, soil porosity, and specific gravity, while water parameters included pH, PO4, and Potassium. Based on the results of soil analysis, it is known that the porosity value on the shaft criteria is in the range of 63-72%, pH on the acid criteria with a value of 5.8-6.4, CEC on low to moderate criteria with a value of 5.5-21.2 cmol/kg, organic matter on high criteria with a value of 4.3-6.2%, P2O5 on the high criteria of 52.6-70.0 ppm, bulk density is on the medium criteria of 0.66-0.96 gr/cm3, the total N value on the medium criteria of 0.23-0.28%, and potassium on the moderate criteria of 168.5-256.2 mg K/kg. The results of the water analysis showed that PO4 was within the quality standard limit of 0.51-0.83 me/l, the potassium content was within the water quality standard limit value of 0.25-0.28 me/l, for pH parameters is above the quality standard limit of 5.93-6.23. The coefficient of determination test results showed that the difference in distance from the waste source affected the bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, pH, CEC, total N, soil potassium. While on pH, PO4 and potassium water had no effect on soil P2O5 parameters. The results of the correlation coefficient test showed that distance differences were positively correlated with porosity, organic matter, CEC, total N, soil potassium, but negatively correlated with bulk density, soil pH and water pH.
 Keywords:sugar factory liquid waste, nutrients, soil properties

ANALYSIS OF CS-137 RADIONUCLIDE ON THE EAST JAKARTA FLOOD CANAL WATER SAMPLES USING GAMMA SPECTROMETER

Radionuclide Cs-137 is a radioactive element that is soluble in water, so its distribution in the environment is influenced by mixing and diffusion, so that Cs-137 radionuclide can cause harmful effects on biotic and abiotic components in the waters. The East Jakarta Flood Canal is a macro drainage system for the city of DKI Jakarta that drains water to Marunda beach, most of the water quality has been polluted with light to heavy levels of pollution. This study aims to determine the water quality of the East Jakarta Flood Canal including in situ and ex situ physical and chemical properties parameters (temperature, pH, salinity and TDS) and Cs-137 radionuclide concentration parameters and the distribution pattern of Cs-137 radionuclides at each sampling point. The samples used were water and kale, the samples were filtered and concentrated from the initial volume of 20 liter of water to 1 liter of water and 10 kilograms to 1 kilogram of Kale plant. The levels of Cs-137 were measured with a gamma spectrometer instrument for 3600 seconds, then data analysis was carried out. The results obtained are the concentration level of Cs-137 in Simplo KBT water ranging from 0-1.571 Bq/L, for duplo 0-0.424 Bq/L while for kale plant 0-3,228 Bq/Kg the overall results are within the quality standard limits set by regulations. the head of BAPETEN Number 7 of 2013 concerning the limit value of environmental radioactivity, which is 2.6×102 Bq/L.

Nutrients Uptake and Accumulation in Plant Parts of Fragrant Rosa Species Irrigated with Treated and Untreated Wastewater.

Water scarcity has critically augmented the need for the exploration of alternative irrigation sources mainly in water-scarce regions. This water scarcity has put tremendous pressure on the agri-based economy of countries such as Pakistan. The reuse of sewage wastewater has been appearing as the only alternative water source, which can lessen our dependence upon freshwater (FW). The current study aimed to scrutinize the influence of treated wastewater (TWW) and untreated wastewater (UTWW) irrigation on the nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Na) concentration in different plant parts, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, of four scented Rosa species (R. bourboniana, R. centifolia, R. Gruss-an-telpitz, and R. damascena) during the first week of 2018 to the last week of 2019. The experiment was arranged according to the two-factor factorial arrangement i.e., factor I was the irrigation source, while factor II was the Rosa species. The experimental water analysis showed that mineral and chemical concentrations in FW and TWW were within permissible limits of national environmental quality standards (NEQSs) for wastewater. The UTWW of this study possessed a higher electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and metals (Cd, Co, and Pb) than recommended levels. The results revealed that P, K, Ca, and Na contents significantly increased in all studied plant parts of Rosa species as the duration of irrigation with TWW and UTWW increased and vice versa in the case of N contents, while the ratio of N content elevation by applying TWW and UTWW were also not increased compared to other studied nutrients. The nutrients (except Ca) were found as maximum in all plant parts with UTWW compared to FW and TWW irrigation in roses. These stimulations were accredited to the presence of higher essential nutrients and some metals in UTWW. This experiment confirmed the disparities in nutrient contents of scented Rosa species due to the different absorbability of each element in every plant part. Regarding the nutrient accumulation in rose plant tissues, the results of the present study confirm that untreated wastewater must be treated to some extent to grow scented roses where water is scarce.

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR DI HUTAN MANGROVE PESISIR NEGERI AMAHAI KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This study aims to analyze the air quality of mangrove forests on the coast of Amahai, Central Maluku Regency, including DO, salinity, temperature, pH, TDS, BOD and NH4. Data were analyzed directly in the field and in the laboratory. Measurement of air quality is divided into 3 (three) research locations. Each location represents the condition and character of the environment, namely near the estuary, middle and far from the estuary. The water quality of each location was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the condition of the coastal waters of Amahai State at high tide had a range (DO between 101.8 – 109.2 mg/l, TDS between 101.8 – 109.2 mm/l, temperature between 29.5 – 30.0 OC, salinity between 3.9 – 4.5, pH between 6.3 – 6.7, NH4 between 0.005 – 0.008 mg/l and BOD between 3 – 3.9 mg/l) compared to low tide conditions with DO quality range between 5.7 – 6.3 mg/l, temperature between 29.0 -29.5 OC, salinity between 3.2 - 4 , pH between 6.3 - 6.9, NH4 between 0.006 - 0.008 mg /l and BOD between 3.2 – 3.7 mg/l). Overall the measurement results are still within the permitted quality standard limits. The air quality index calculation shows DO and TDS parameters in good category, pH and BOD in fairly good category, while DO and salinity parameters are in poor condition. The calculation of the Pollution Index for each parameter is based on the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 51 of 2004 at three sampling points, Mangrove Tourism Places, Estuary/River and Amahai Settlement. for each parameter Good Status for parameters DO, salinity, temperature, pH, TDS, BOD and NH4.

Pemetaan Kebisingan Menggunakan Software Golden Surfer 11 di Kawasan Universitas PGRI Palembang

Research about noise mapping in University of PGRI Palembang area using Surfer 11 has been done on march 2021. Purposes of this research are to determine the noise level and mapping noise level using software golden surfer 11. Method purpossive sampling and metod of frequency distribution are used on this research. So that the noise level L eq obtained. The results obtained indicate that at each measurement point the noise level has passed the quality standard limit except when the measurement is carried out in the morning. Parking zone and the main campus entrance are exceed the limits of noise levels and shown by contour maps.

Influence of Vehicle Traffic Emissions on Spatial Variation of Ozone and its Precursors in Air of Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

This study aimed at assessing the influence of vehicle traffic on spatial variation of ozone (O3) and its vehicular emission precursors in the air of Port Harcourt city. Sampling was carried out in ten (10) sites, eight (8) located within the high traffic density area (study sites) and two (2) located within the very low traffic density area (reference sites). The precursor pollutants measured were nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCSs). Ozone and the precursor pollutants were measured in situ using AeroQUAL 500 series portable ambient air analyzer while traffic flow survey was achieved by direct counting. Measurements were carried out at morning, evening and off-peak traffic periods respectively. The mean concentrations of ozone and the precursor pollutants were significantly higher (p = 0.05) in the study sites than in the reference sites. Mean concentrations were higher at peak traffic periods than at off-peak traffic periods except for ozone that was higher at off-peak than at morning peak. There was significant correlation between traffic density and each of the pollutants including ozone. The spatial variability in concentration of pollutants was influenced by vehicular traffic. VOCs and NO2 levels were higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limit of 0.05 ppm and 0.04 – 0.06 ppm respectively, O3 concentration was below the standard limit (0.06 ppm) but was at the verge of exceeding. Traffic emission within the city was significant and could be mitigated through regular monitoring and control.

Particulate matter exposure and non-cancerous inhalation health risk assessment of major dumpsites of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria

Numerous particulates are released from the dumpsites in Owerri metropolis and later dispersed to other areas in the environment where they cause adverse health challenges to the inhabitants. To analyze the PM concentrations, field measurements were carried out at seven major dumpsites in Owerri Metropolis. Estimates of the possible health risks as the result of exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, etc.) were performed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) human health risk assessment framework. A scenario assessment approach in which normal exposure and worst-case scenario were adopted for acute and chronic exposure periods for infants, children, and adults were carried out. The concentrations of PM2.5 which ranged from 122.30–501.76 μg/m3 at the dumpsites exceeded the WHO 24 hr annual mean maximum exposure limit. The Nigerian National Ambient Air Quality Standard allowable limit for PM10 was exceeded by most of the dumpsites. Hazard quotient > 1 was exceeded for PM 2.5 by nearly all dumpsites and is therefore likely to cause health challenges to people in the vicinity of the dumpsites. The results showed that under monthly conditions, both PM2.5 and PM10 concentration levels at the dumpsites have the potential to cause adverse health effects for infants, children, and adults on acute or chronic bases. Actions should be taken to regulate such PM exposure and to raise public awareness for the inhabitants of the affected areas. In conclusion, regular monitoring is therefore recommended to decrease the ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the study area.

Investigating the Effect of Leaching from an Active Landfill on Groundwater Quality Using Geophysical and Geochemical Approach in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria

Investigation of groundwater contamination from an active landfill was carried out in Saje, Abeokuta Ogun state, Nigeria using geophysical and geochemical methods. Four resistivity traverses picked up within the landfill. Wenner array electrode configuration was adopted and the data were interpreted using RES2DINV program. Quantitative valuations were accomplished by geochemical and hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater samples collected from ten dug wells in the arcade of Saje landfill. Fifteen parameters were analysed in the groundwater samples. The results of the 2D resistivity analysis showed that there is a constant and progressive increase in the depth of migration of the contaminants generated from this landfill site into the subsurface environment as its ages. The results of both physical and chemical parameters of the water analysis revealed that all the parameters were 100% in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standard permissible limits for drinking, water except for pH (90%), Calcium (80%) and Lead (80%). The classification of water samples of the study area using Piper Trilinear diagram revealed that 70% of the analysed water samples are of CaHCO3 (fresh water) type, 20% are of CaCl2 type and 10% are CaMgCl type. The calculated values of irrigation parameters such as; Magnesium Absorption Ratio, Sodium Absorption Ratio, Total dissolve solid, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Kelly's Ratio and Permeability Index for most of the groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation. The groundwater quality index evaluation acquired for the study area ranges from 3.8 – 18.1. This study established that the groundwater around this region is 100% suitable for drinking purposes.

Significant but Spatiotemporal-Heterogeneous Health Risks Caused by Airborne Exposure to Multiple Toxic Trace Elements in China.

Airborne trace elements (TEs) pose a notable threat to human health due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity, whereas their exposures and associated health risks in China remain unclear. Here, we present the first nationwide assessment of spatiotemporal exposure to 11 TEs in China by coupling a bottom-up emission inventory with a modified CMAQ model capable of TE simulation. Associated health risks of 11 TEs are then evaluated using a set of risk assessment models. Our results show that the CMAQ model could reasonably reproduce the spatiotemporal variations of 11 TEs in China compared to observations. We find significant but spatiotemporal-heterogeneous cancer risks associated with high-level exposure of TEs in China. Gridded cell concentrations of hexavalent chromium, arsenic, and nickel in eastern and central China usually exceed China's air quality standard limits, resulting in significant cancer risks that affected over 85% of the entire population in China in 2015. National annual mean population-weighted concentrations of 11 TEs decrease by 9.8-35.6% from 2012 to 2015, largely attributed to emission reduction from coal combustion. Our study provides critical insights for policymakers to implement stricter measures to alleviate health burdens and benefit relevant epidemiological research on airborne TEs.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Pollution Evaluation of Soluble Heavy Metals in Liujiang River Basin

In the Liujiang River, soluble heavy metals Zn, Al, Co, As, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Hg, and Cd were monitored day and night to determine their temporal and spatial distribution as well as the sources of this pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method was then used to evaluate the environmental quality of the Liujiang River water body. The results showed that: ① For each river section (Lutang and Luowei), the amounts of soluble Al, Co, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Cd all met the Class Ⅲ water quality standard limit, as defined in the National Surface Water Quality Class Ⅲ Standard. The concentration of Zn and Cu was far below the standard limit, while the Hg content slightly exceeded the standard; the concentration of heavy metals in Liujiang River basin was highest in the normal season and lowest in the wet season. In terms of spatial distribution, the Luowei section had a higher heavy metal concentration. ② The single factor pollution indexes for elemental Hg, Cd, and As were higher in the Liujiang River basin. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index evaluation shows that the risk of heavy metal pollution in the water body exhibits certain seasonal variations (March > November > June), indicating that rainfall in different seasons may result in reduced drinking water safety in the study area. The water of the Lutang and Luowei sections generally exhibited a moderate level of heavy metal pollution. The comprehensive pollution index of the Luowei section was higher than that of the Lutang section, and the pollution level was relatively severe. Therefore, the Luowei section should be listed as a priority control section of the Liujiang River basin by the water environment management department; ③ After assessing the difference in heavy metal pollution between annual and monthly rainfall periods, it was found that the selection of rainy season or conventional season has no significant impact on the assessment of heavy metal pollution in rivers, when the mass concentration of Cu in the river is used. However, the presence of As, Mn, Pb, Al, Cr, and Ni elements in the river will cause significant differences in the evaluation of heavy metal pollution on an interannual scale; ④ Multivariate statistical analysis results show that Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, and Pb in the Liujiang River are mainly derived from industrial production activities; As and Zn are mainly derived from rainwater leaching of domestic pollution waste; Mn, Al, and Cu are mainly derived from the application of pesticides and fertilizers.

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND POLLUTION LOAD CAPACITY OF RIVER KAPUAS IN MUKOK DISTRICT, SANGGAU REGENCY

The Kapuas River in Mukok District is a 22-kilometer-long branch of the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan Province. Various activities in Mukok District, Sanggau Regency, contribute to a decrease in the water quality of the Kapuas River. The purpose of this study is to inventory and identify pollution sources, calculate the Pollution Index, determine the potential pollutant load, and calculate the pollutant load capacity. The water quality standard used is class II, as defined by Government Regulation (PP) No. 28 of 2001. According to the findings of the identification and inventory, the sources of pollution on the banks of the Kapuas River in Mukok District, Sanggau Regency, are settlements, livestock, industry, rice fields, and oil palm plantations. The water quality standard of the Kapuas river in Mukok District, Sanggau Regency, based on the class II water quality standard, has exceeded the class II quality standard limit for parameters BOD, COD, DO, and Nitrate. The pollutant originating from oil palm plantations is the source of the potential pollutant load that enters the Kapuas river, Mukok District, Sanggau Regency. Overall, the Kapuas River in Mukok District, District is classified as lightly polluted, with pollution index values ranging from 2,082 to 3,231. The capacity of the pollutant load of the BOD and COD parameters exceeds the capacity, so it can no longer accommodate the load polluter. Meanwhile, the Kapuas River TSS parameter in Mukok District, Sanggau Regency can still handle a pollution load of 6.733.352,358 kg/day.

Lead Metal in Water and Sediment: A Case Study of Rumbia River

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the levels of leadcontained in the water and sediments of the Rumbia River. This research was conducted in a quantitative manner. Lead levels were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SSA) of Simatzu AA 500. The results showed that the leadcontent in Rumbia River water for point A1 was undetectable whereas point 2 and 3 were 0.001 mg/kg. In sediments, at point A1 is 1.8 mg/kg and at points 2 and 3 were 0.9 mg/kg. The level of Pb in Rumbia River water is still below the water quality standard limit for marine biota determined by the Ministry of Environment No. 51 of 2004. Similarly, lead levels in sediments are below the threshold standard for sediment quality based on sediment quality guidelines for metals and associated levels of concern to be used in doing assessments of sediment quality. In general, it can be said that the concentration of lead in the Rumbia River is still at a harmless level. However, socio-economic conditions that continue to change over time can cause changes in the level of water pollution. So there needs to be an effort and public awareness in maintaining the occurrence of increased levels of pollutants in the Rumbia River.

The Effects of Chronic Exposure to Ambient Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes in Wildtype and Genetically Predisposed Male and Female Rats.

Background:Epidemiological data link traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) to increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Preclinical data corroborating this association are largely from studies of male animals exposed acutely or subchronically to high levels of isolated fractions of TRAP. What remains unclear is whether chronic exposure to ambient TRAP modifies AD risk and the influence of sex on this interaction.Objectives:This study sought to assess effects of chronic exposure to ambient TRAP on the time to onset and severity of AD phenotypes in a preclinical model and to determine whether sex or genetic susceptibility influences outcomes.Methods:Male and female TgF344-AD rats that express human AD risk genes and wildtype littermates were housed in a vivarium adjacent to a heavily trafficked tunnel in Northern California and exposed for up to 14 months to filtered air (FA) or TRAP drawn from the tunnel and delivered to animals unchanged in real time. Refractive particles in the brain and AD phenotypes were quantified in 3-, 6-, 10-, and 15-month-old animals using hyperspectral imaging, behavioral testing, and neuropathologic measures.Results:Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in TRAP exposure chambers fluctuated with traffic flow but remained below 24-h PM with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers () U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards limits. Ultrafine PM was a predominant component of TRAP. Nano-sized refractive particles were detected in the hippocampus of TRAP animals. TRAP-exposed animals had more amyloid plaque deposition, higher hyperphosphorylated tau levels, more neuronal cell loss, and greater cognitive deficits in an age-, genotype-, and sex-dependent manner. TRAP-exposed animals also had more microglial cell activation, but not astrogliosis.Discussion:These data demonstrate that chronic exposure to ambient TRAP promoted AD phenotypes in wildtype and genetically susceptible rats. TRAP effects varied according to age, sex, and genotype, suggesting that AD progression depends on complex interactions between environment and genetics. These findings suggest current regulations are insufficient to protect the aging brain. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8905

The mechanism of hydrating and solidifying green mine fill materials using circulating fluidized bed fly ash-slag-based agent

This study focused on classifying and disposing Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fly ashes from the level of its origin, and proposed an optimal formulation system for clinker-free cemented backfill materials. CFB fly ash-blast furnace slag (BFS)-based cemented backfill materials with unequal strength grades are used in different locations of the goaf that require more than 1 Mpa and 4 Mpa, respectively, and the leaching levels of all toxic components are lower than the underground III water quality standard limit when the additional amount of CFB fly ash does not exceed 60 wt.%. The stable S/S of Cl− is due to the combined effect of chemical fixation of HCC and physical adsorption of the C-S-H/C-A-S-H phase. B2(20 wt.% CFB fly ash) exhibits more functional hydration products and higher degree of polymerization with the hydration age extension. Ettringite is the major effective product of CFB fly ash-BFS-based cemented system due to low level of chlorine environment and HCC transformation. CFB fly ash with appropriate active Al2O3 can dissolve and promote [AlO4]5- to substitute [SiO4]4- to form the C-A-S-H phase with longer chains and higher degree of polymerization with increase in Al/Si ratio of C-A-S-H/C-S-H phase.

Spatial distribution of water quality in Belawan River, North Sumatra

Belawan river is one of the rivers in North Sumatera Province. Belawan river which crosses Deli Serdang District and Medan City is used for the activities of plantation, agriculture, livestock, sand mining, a place for bathing and washing as well as serving as a lavatory, hospital, hotel, settlements, and industry. Utilization of the river as a wastewater disposal site can cause a decrease in the quality of river water. The purpose of this research was to analyze the Belawan river water quality spatially. Water sampling was taken at nine points which included three upstream segment points in Deli Serdang District, three middle segment points in Deli Serdang District and Medan City, and three downstream segment points in Deli Serdang District. Based on the results of the research it can be concluded that the value of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) at several monitoring points in Belawan river has exceeded the water quality standard limits of class I Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia Number 82 the year 2001 and North Sumatera Governor Regulation Number 21 the year 2006.

Cadmium (Cd) concentration in the carp (Cyprinus carpio) organs at Lau Kawar Lake, Karo Regency, North Sumatra

Cadmium is a metal that has high toxic effects in high and low concentrations. The presence of cadmium will adversely affect the biological processes of aquatic organisms, mainly carp, which can threaten the sustainability of their lives, including humans, through the food network. Lau Kawar Lake was formed several thousand years ago when lava flowed from the Sinabung volcano and covered the Tupin River. This study aims to analyze the level of cadmium in carp organs at Lau Kawar Lake, Karo Regency, North Sumatra. The samples were taken by purposive sampling three times. Metal tests were conducted by using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method. The data were analyzed through the F—test using one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence interval. The test results showed that the highest and lowest average cadmium levels were found in the kidneys and liver. The statistical data analysis obtained that the average Cd levels in each sample were not significantly different in the gills, kidneys, liver, and muscles. The results showed that cadmium was detected in organs of carp but was still in low levels because it had not passed the quality standard limit set by the FDR New Zealand, FAO, and FDA RI Regulations.

The Spatial Variation of <em>Mugil cephalus</em> in the Negombo Estuary in Relation to Physico-chemical Parameters

Analysis of physico - chemical parameters gives an insight to the spatial distribution of Mugil cephalus in Negombo estuary. The present study was carried out to the spatial distribution of Mugil cephalus that is governed by the physico - chemical parameters in bottom overlying surface water in Negombo estuary, Sri Lanka. Samplings at selected sites were done during one year study period from January 2017 to December 2017. During this study, fish (Mugil cephalus) and water samples were collected at Sea mouth, Duwa, Pitipana, Munnakkaraya, Dungalpitya, Dandugam Oya and Katunayake sites. Physico - chemical parameters such as the water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, electrical conductivity, BOD, COD and nutrients levels in the bottom overlying water were measured and analyzed using employing standards methods. The results revealed that salinity, pH, EC, BOD and nutrient levels were below the maximum permissible limits of the discharge industrial wastewater quality standards of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Sri Lanka. The COD levels were higher than the permissible threshold limits. The seasonality in the physico - chemical levels of water were observed with a peak period from May/June and October/November, which apparently coincided with the inter monsoonal periods of the island.

Neural Network Implementations on the coastal water quality of Manora channel for the years 1996 to 2014.

Neural Networks is an Important Part of Computational Intelligence, Systems Theory and Signal Processing and finds numerous important applications in Science and Engineering. Sea water quality contaminates due to the severe untreated domestic, sewage and industrial pollutants. Presence of ammonia in seawater causes the deterioration of coastal water in terms of diminution of oxygen levels which suffocates the marine lives, fishes and mangroves. Industrial, sewage and domestic effluents carried by Lyari River contaminate the Manora channel, Karachi. The aim of study is to make the clear and transparent step-wise use of Artificial Neural Networks for the data driven water quality parameters models of Manora channel (Lyari river outfall zone N 24-51-26, E 66-58-01), Karachi (Pakistan) as well as to compare the pollutant contaminant ratio with the national environmental quality standard limits and other sampling sites of Manora channel and southern east Karachi coast. In this study, Manora channel Physico-chemical water quality parameters are assessed by using Artificial Neural Network taking Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), chemical oxygen Demand (COD), Bicarbonates, potential Hydrogen(pH) , Chloride(Cl) as input and Ammonia(NH3)as output. Mean Square Error and R square are used for the model assessments statistical metrics. The computational work has been done by using R-studio. This is also found that Manora channel has the contaminated level of ammonia along the other sampling stations of both southern Karachi coast (N 24-47-03 E 67-08-39) as well as the other sampling site of Manora channel Karachi coast (N 24-50-15, E 66-58-01). In spite of all contamination Ammonia is found to be within National Environmental Quality Standards limits of Pakistan.

Environmental risks for application of iron and steel slags in soils in China: A review

Iron and steel slags are smelting wastes, mainly including blast furnace slag (BFS) and steel slag (SS) produced in the iron and steel industry. Utilization of iron and steel slags as resources for solving the problem of slag disposals has attracted much attention with increasing iron and steel smelting slags in China. Because the iron and steel slags contain calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si), some have tried to use them as Si- and P-fertilizers, for producing Ca-Mg-P fertilizers, or as soil amendments in agriculture. However, in the iron metallurgical process, several pollutants in iron ores can inevitably transfer into iron and steel slags, resulting in the enrichment of pollutants both in BFS (mainly nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), mercury, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic, lead, selenium, fluorine (F), and chlorine (Cl)) and in SS (mainly Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, F, and Cl), in which some of pollutants (especially Cr, Ni, F, and Cl) exceed the limits of environmental quality standards for soils and groundwater. The elements of manganese, barium, and vanadium in iron and steel slags are higher than the background values of soil environment. In order to ensure soil health, food safety, and environmental quality, it is suggested that those industrial solid wastes, such as iron and steel slags, without any pretreatment for reducing harmful pollutants and with environmental safety risk, should not be allowed to use for soil remediation or conditioning directly in farmlands by solid waste disposal methods, to prevent pollutants from entering food chain and harming human health.