Limited Situations Research Articles

A simplified fluid resuscitation formula for burns in mass casualty scenarios: Analysis of the consensus recommendation from the WHO Emergency Medical Teams Technical Working Group on Burns

BackgroundBurn fluid resuscitation guidelines have not specifically addressed mass casualty with resource limited situations, except for oral rehydration for burns below 40% total body surface area (TBSA). The World Health Organization Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB) recommends an initial fluid rate of 100 mL/kg/24 h, either orally or intravenously, beyond 20% TBSA burned. We aimed to compare this formula with current guidelines. MethodsThe TWGB formula was numerically compared with 2–4 mL/kg/%TBSA for adults and the Galveston formula for children. ResultsIn adults, the TWGB formula estimated fluid volumes within the range of current guidelines for burns between 25 and 50% TBSA, and a maximal 20 mL/kg/24 h difference in the 20–25% and the 50–60% TBSA ranges. In children, estimated resuscitation volumes between 20 and 60% TBSA approximated estimations by the Galveston formula, but only partially compensated for maintenance fluids. Beyond 60% TBSA, the TWGB formula underestimated fluid to be given in all age groups. ConclusionThe TWGB formula for mass burn casualties may enable appropriate fluid resuscitation for most salvageable burned patients in disasters. This simple formula is easy to implement. It should simplify patient management including transfers, reduce the risk of early complications, and thereby optimize disaster response, provided that tailored resuscitation is given whenever specialized care becomes available.

Impact Of Tibial Bypass Conduit On Long-term Patency And Survival In The Vascular Quality Initiative

Optimal conduit selection for tibial artery bypass in limited clinical situations remains controversial. We sought to characterize long-term patency and mortality of patients undergoing tibial bypass across conduit types in the VQI.

The Process and Influence of Implementing Korean Dual Language Diploma Programme of International Baccalaureate on the School Culture and Philosophy

The outstanding product of the MOC (Memorandum of Cooperation) between the IBO (International Baccalaureate Organization) and the DMOE (Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education), Korean Dual Language Diploma Programme of International Baccalaureate (IB), is the result of meeting bottom-up research and practices by teachers who’ve made efforts for classroom innovation by focusing on learners’ competences along with top-down actions by DMOE shifting its pedagogical paradigm towards a goal of developing future competences of students for future society. Although it is not easy to adopt pedagogical reform to improve the limited and rigid educational situation which has been geared toward the framework of college entrance systems, efforts to pursue the essence of education have taken form connected with IB, which has been internationally refined and verified over a significant period of time. Each part of the IB programmes has been used for college application worldwide by operating stable ‘criterion referenced assessment.’ This could suggest us a lot in solving such issues as student-centered learning, growth-oriented evaluation, and differentiated education, which are key factors for the full implementation of the high school credit system and its successful settlement. Here I provide the past two years of efforts and actions which Kyungpook National University High School has made from the phase of consideration up to the current candidacy phase of consultation visit with its overall influences on the school community.

Pandemic Totalitarianisms, Limit Situations and Forced Vaccinations

Pandemic Totalitarianisms, Limit Situations and Forced Vaccinations

Applicability of the Liability Convention for Private Spaceflight

While the era of private spaceflight is coming, it is getting urgent to have common understanding about the existing space legal systems, i.e., the Applicability of the Liability Convention (ALC) in handling with damage which might occur during space tourism. The applicability of the relevant articles about absolute liability, fault liability, and claimant State is systematically analyzed. The paper in turn analyzes the ALC in the situation of the participants suffering damage and in that of the participants causing damage, as a dichotomy methodology. The LC applies to a private spaceflight participant when they suffer damage on board during the spaceflight. As to the eligible claimant State, in the absence of the nationality State, the registry State, or the owner State of the space object may present the claim instead. If damage to the foreign participants on board happened on the surface of the earth, the nationality State of the participant could present claim to the launching State to protect its national’s interests under general international law rather than under LC. If the damage happens to the foreign participants on board happened elsewhere than on the surface of the earth, Article III of the LC could only apply in limited situations. Only when a spacecraft for private spaceflight of/or registered by one State is carried by the launching vehicle of another State, Article III applies. The best solution in such colaunching situation is to settle down the rights, obligations, and liabilities specifically in a binding international agreement between the launching States. The absolute liability should apply when a space object causes damage to a spaceship carried on by an aircraft before it separates from each other. After the separation, fault-based liability applies to the damage happening to spaceship. The registry State of a space object should be responsible for participants thereof who caused damage to the space object of a third-party State. The LC then applies when the damage is caused by the fault of the participant. If the spaceship is not registered, the launching State shall be responsible for the participants involved its “national activities,” no matter if the participant is its nationals or foreigners and the damage caused by them based on their fault, while the nationality State is not supposed to be responsible for its nationals in such case. At last, issuing a space visa to the participant of private spaceflight could be taken as a compliment measure for the State to implement its authorization obligation as to its national space activities, which could bring more legal certainties when defining the fault attribution.

Тема інклюзії у повісті Алана Маршалла "Я вмію стрибати через калюжі"

The article highlights the peculiarities of revealing the theme of inclusion in the story of the Australian writer. It is emphasized that inclusive literature is becoming a popular trend in the art of speech, aimed at revealing the image of a person with disabilities and acquainting the readership with the peculiarities of socialization and adaptation and the problems of self-realization. And from the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to choose the main character, and not a secondary or episodic character, as one that have special needs. It is emphasized that such works often focus on the personality of the protagonist, rather than his disability. It was found that A. Marshall's book is autobiographical and reveals the formation of a disabled child, the process of realizing his otherness and denying any restrictions due to illness. It is determined that the author avoids sentimentality and tragic pathos, does not put the character in the «limit situation», but rather emphasizes that everything is complicated for his main hero by adults who do not understand his inner state and do not seek to break their own stereotypes about people with special needs and their existence. Thus, the writer draws a contrast between the adult and children's perception of the disability. It is emphasized that for this reason all stages of formation of the protagonist of the story «I can jump puddles», starting from the moment of returning from hospital after operation, occur in contrary, and not thanks to support of adults. It is determined that the study of inclusive literature is a promising area of literary researcher, as it provides a comprehensive view of the problems faced by people with special needs, their relatives and friends.

Ritual Reception of Sea Alms on a Pandemic Situation as a Form of Maintaining Local Tradition at the Tegalsari Fishery Port, West Tegalsari District, Tegal, Central Java, Indonesia

The background of the research is about the culture of sea alms ritual which has been done for a long time in history of a fishery in Indonesia, especially in Tegal City. In 2020, the world has been impacted by a dangerous COVID-19 virus and increase the status into global pandemic. The writers do a research about how the pandemic changes the behavior and how pandemic affects the way of the ritual. The writers are doing cultural studies with field observation method including interview survey from 4 respondents. Sea alms ritual is giving a present to the sea guardian. The present itself shaped like a cone called ancak, consisting of fruits, foods, and alms with a buffalo head. The sea alms ritual is held in a day called 1 Sura in Javanese calendar. The result of this research is about how pandemic has influenced the behavior of the sea alms ritual, and how the people adapt with that situation. Reducing the number of people, doing social and physical distancing as a new normal protocol are a must. The sea alms ritual is held in a limited situation, but it does not diminish the solemnity of the ritual itself.

The spatial Lambda-Fleming-Viot process with fluctuating selection

We are interested in populations in which the fitness of different genetic types fluctuates in time and space, driven by temporal and spatial fluctuations in the environment. For simplicity, our population is assumed to be composed of just two genetic types. Short bursts of selection acting in opposing directions drive to maintain both types at intermediate frequencies, while the fluctuations due to ‘genetic drift’ work to eliminate variation in the population. We consider first a population with no spatial structure, modelled by an adaptation of the Lambda (or generalised) Fleming-Viot process, and derive a stochastic differential equation as a scaling limit. This amounts to a limit result for a Lambda-Fleming-Viot process in a rapidly fluctuating random environment. We then extend to a population that is distributed across a spatial continuum, which we model through a modification of the spatial Lambda-Fleming-Viot process with selection. In this setting we show that the scaling limit is a stochastic partial differential equation. As is usual with spatially distributed populations, in dimensions greater than one, the ‘genetic drift’ disappears in the scaling limit, but here we retain some stochasticity due to the fluctuations in the environment, resulting in a stochastic p.d.e. driven by a noise that is white in time but coloured in space. We discuss the (rather limited) situations under which there is a duality with a system of branching and annihilating particles. We also write down a system of equations that captures the frequency of descendants of particular subsets of the population and use this same idea of ‘tracers’, which we learned from HALLATSCHEK and NELSON (2008, [23]) and DURRETT and FAN (2016, [13]), in numerical experiments with a closely related model based on the classical Moran model.

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In the article �The Lemon Table� by Julian Barnes is analyzed from the point of view of �the mighthave-beens� plot functioning in this storybook. This plot is an essential part of the fundamental for this book plot of aging and associated with its physical and mental processes that heroes of these short stories are experienced. The analysis of the majority of the short stories makes it possible to talk about �the might-have-beens� as metaplot that ties separate short stories of this storybook with each other and forms the unity of the storybook as an artistic whole. A metaplot in prosaic text is understood as that invariant plot that permeates the texts of one or another writer, which is realized in these texts in various versions of event scenarios and expressed in a figurative-motive complex, at the ideological-thematic and narrative levels, at the level of stylistics and artistic tropes of writer�s works. �The might-have-beens� metaplot repeats and manifests itself in the short stories in its different event variations and with especial completeness and emphasis in such short stories as �Story of Mats Israelson�, �Hygiene�, �The Revival�, �Bark�, �The Fruit Cage�, �The Silence�. Thus each short story enters into dialogical relationships with other stories, due to the formed internal intertextuality of this storybook and made metatext of J. Barnes� fictional prose, as a consequence of the invariant plot of �the might-havebeens� as the source code of the generation of meaning in the artistic consciousness of the English writer evinced in many of his other works. So the main aim of this article is to discover and analyse the plot of �the might-have-beens� that becomes metaplot and metamotif of �The Lemon Table� by J. Barnes. The elements of motif, comparativetypological, receptive-interpretive, and intertextual methods of analysis have been used in this work, which helped to achieve our aim. In �Story of Mats Israelson� the invariant of �the might-have-beens� plot is presented in its fullest expression, and this plot in different variations will be repeated in other stories of the storybook. It will become its key motif, which will be related with other central motifs of other short stories of this storybook (the motif of loneliness, love, vanity of life, old age, death and immortality). �The might-have-beens� metaplot will determine the development of event situations of the short stories with a predictable culmination of misunderstanding and dissatisfaction and with the denouement of feelings or actions that have not found their embodiment, which reveals itself in a separation, alienation or death of the heroes. �The might-have-beens� metaplot will show the peculiarities of the heroes� characters and their reactions to life situations, which will be the result of their individual life fears and complexes, aggravated by the limit situation of imminent death. �The might-have-beens� metaplot is supported by specific chronotope, which becomes space and time of the unrealized and non-embodied. This plot and motif are evinced in the short stories of �The Lemon Book� with the help of artistic metonymy and a discourse of silence, that fully expresses the impossibility of embodying the heroes� feelings and their deepest desires. But in any event variations, �the might-have-beens� metaplot keeps structural and semantic core that is the life path of the short stories� heroes determined by non- embodiment of their innermost desires, intentions and expectations. However, the precise impracticability of dreams, the unfulfillment of aspirations cause the piercingly sad and universal meaning of life of the heroes of �The Lemon Table� by J. Barnes.

Literature text with the game aimed at the process

The aim of this paper is to examine some issues concerning the problem of game in postmodernist literature. The aesthetics of postmodernism has become not only a form of translation of ideas, but a form of cultural paradigm. The main ideas are not those of order and regularity, but of variety and game. Taking into account the variety of social and cultural content, we may view it not only as the spatiotemporal limited situation, but rather as a discourse. The postmodern spirit of game includes carnival peculiarity, as M. Bakhtin noticed it to be the universal power of culture. At the same time, the basic functions are preserved: in the context of postmodern poetics this versatility is being transformed into the impossibility to isolate the game, it all becomes soaked by it. Postmodernist author creates this mess by means of certain rules he invented himself. The author intends to replace one system with the help of a new one, and in the postmodern literature, the game itself becomes the center of a this newly formed system. Within the framework of the game implementation, irony, mimicry (imitation), parody, pastiche and intertextuality – are actualized. We should also bare in mind that the idea of creating the game-playing environment leads to the creation of a special game-playing text. The specific feature of the postmodern literary discourse is the existential definition of reality as a game of existence. A playing novelist creates playing narrators and characters, who perform certain functions, and sometimes even know them and tell the reader about them. Instruments of game orientation, used by postmodern authors is in close relation with parody on common genre traditions. It is expressed by the text constructed by means of the game kaleidoscope. The gaming kaleidoscope includes a mirror-like symmetry, symmetrical, gaming manipulation, character-actors are rearranged from one place to another, genre models are often combined, the role of the narrator is constantly changing all the time and the action is aimed to be of the theatrical nature.

ПРОБЛЕМА ТОЛКОВАНИЯ КРИТЕРИЯ ДОБРОСОВЕСТНОСТИ, ОГРАНИЧИВАЮЩЕГО СФЕРУ ДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕХАНИЗМА ПРИОБРЕТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ДАВНОСТИ

Based on the analysis of the current civil law, judicial practice and scientific literature, this article explores some of the problems of interpreting good faith as the requisite for acquiring ownership by prescription. The authors draw attention to the limited situations to which the rule on acquisitive prescription may apply, due to the existing official regulatory clarification of the good faith criterion. The work examines the latest practice of the judicial board for civil cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which formed a position on the interpretation of good faith, which seems to contradict the legitimate understanding of this condition. In this regard, some situations of life are examined, namely, the seizure of property by moving into an empty abandoned house, as well as the situation when the cohabitant (actual spouse) becomes an independent owner of the property of the owner. Using these examples, the authors show how the problems of interpreting the criterion of “good conscience” as part of acquisitive prescription investigated in the article affect the formation of ambiguous, and in some cases, illegal judicial practice.

Sieve Estimation for Mixture Cure Rate Model with Informatively Interval-Censored Failure Time Data

In biomedical and public health studies, interval-censored data arise when the failure time of interest is not exactly observed and instead only known to lie within an interval. Furthermore, the failure time and censoring time may be dependent. There may also exist a cured subgroup, meaning that a proportion of study subjects are not susceptible to the failure event of interest. Many authors have investigated inference procedure for interval-censored data. However, most existing methods either assume no cured subgroup or apply only to limited situations such that the failure time and the observation time have to be independent. To take both cured subgroups and informative censoring into consideration for regression analysis of interval-censored data, we employ a mixture cure model and propose a sieve maximum likelihood estimation approach using Bernstein Polynomials. A novel expectation-maximization algorithm with the use of subject-specific independent log-normal latent variable is developed to obtain the numerical solutions of the model. The robustness and finite-sample performance of the proposed method in terms of estimation accuracy and predictive power is evaluated by an extensive simulation study which suggest that the proposed method works well for practical situations. In addition, we provide an illustrative example using NASA’s hypobaric decompression sickness database (HDSD).

Regression analysis of censored data with nonignorable missing covariates and application to Alzheimer Disease

In this paper, we discuss regression analysis of censored failure time data when there exist missing covariates and more specifically, we will consider interval-censored data, a general form of censored data, and the nonignorable missing. Although many methods have been proposed in the literature for censored data with missing covariates, they only apply to limited situations and it does not seem to exist an established procedure for the situation discussed here. For the analysis, we employ the semiparametric linear transformation model and develop a two-step estimation procedure. In addition, the asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators are established and a Poisson variable-based EM algorithm is provided for the implementation of the proposed estimation procedure. Finally the proposed approach is applied to an Alzheimer Disease study that motivated this investigation.

EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E EDUCAÇÃO CTS NUMA PERSPECTIVA FREIREANA: A NECESSÁRIA SUPERAÇÃO DA CONTRADIÇÃO ENTRE CONSERVAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO

No cenário mundial atual, marcado pelas relações capitalistas de produção, se faz necessário que o ensino de ciências problematize as contradições socioambientais na direção do enfrentamento da crise civilizatória vivenciada. Este artigo tem o objetivo de discutir as contribuições da Educação Ambiental e da Educação CTS, numa perspectiva freireana, para o desvelamento da contradição entre conservação ambiental e desenvolvimento socioeconômico no contexto da Educação em Ciências. Para isso, refletimos sobre os obstáculos e desafios à humanização, com destaque para as ideologias e situações-limite que impedem a percepção das condições existenciais dos sujeitos. Diante desse contexto, ressaltamos os contributos da Educação CTS e da Educação Ambiental no processo de desvelamento e transformação da realidade capitalista opressora, por meio de um ensino de ciências que possa contribuir para a construção de uma nova forma de sociabilidade em que a conciliação entre desenvolvimento e conservação esteja finalmente materializada no seio das relações sociais.

FSS-2019-nCov: A deep learning architecture for semi-supervised few-shot segmentation of COVID-19 infection

The newly discovered coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia is providing major challenges to research in terms of diagnosis and disease quantification. Deep-learning (DL) techniques allow extremely precise image segmentation; yet, they necessitate huge volumes of manually labeled data to be trained in a supervised manner. Few-Shot Learning (FSL) paradigms tackle this issue by learning a novel category from a small number of annotated instances. We present an innovative semi-supervised few-shot segmentation (FSS) approach for efficient segmentation of 2019-nCov infection (FSS-2019-nCov) from only a few amounts of annotated lung CT scans. The key challenge of this study is to provide accurate segmentation of COVID-19 infection from a limited number of annotated instances. For that purpose, we propose a novel dual-path deep-learning architecture for FSS. Every path contains encoder–decoder (E-D) architecture to extract high-level information while maintaining the channel information of COVID-19 CT slices. The E-D architecture primarily consists of three main modules: a feature encoder module, a context enrichment (CE) module, and a feature decoder module. We utilize the pre-trained ResNet34 as an encoder backbone for feature extraction. The CE module is designated by a newly introduced proposed Smoothed Atrous Convolution (SAC) block and Multi-scale Pyramid Pooling (MPP) block. The conditioner path takes the pairs of CT images and their labels as input and produces a relevant knowledge representation that is transferred to the segmentation path to be used to segment the new images. To enable effective collaboration between both paths, we propose an adaptive recombination and recalibration (RR) module that permits intensive knowledge exchange between paths with a trivial increase in computational complexity. The model is extended to multi-class labeling for various types of lung infections. This contribution overcomes the limitation of the lack of large numbers of COVID-19 CT scans. It also provides a general framework for lung disease diagnosis in limited data situations.

The quarantine experience set off by the COVID-19 pandemic, seen from a phenomenological perspective

The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus has imposed changes to daily life in every social sphere. The ways in which we interact with each other have had to be reviewed, questioned, and readapted. The term “catastrophe” seems to be adequate to define this historical event, given the drastic, tragic changes experienced in every sphere of society, and particularly evident in daily events and interpersonal relationships. In defining the daily changes brought about by the quarantine situation as a catastrophic situation, we will focus on the shocks to be undergone by the structures of consciousness in their intention toward the world and, from a protentive possibility, their reconstruction after the crisis. For this analysis, the article has been split into five parts: definition of the concept of limit situation, as per Jaspers, with subsequent analysis of two limit situations experienced by individuals in quarantine; suspension of values and correlation between the temporal experience lived during this period and the concept of expectation, as per Minkowski; analysis of this experience, drawing on Blankenburg’s description of “loss of natural evidence”; possibilities of psychic reaction to this catastrophic event; and, finally, how phenomenological therapy can help individuals affected by this situation.

Study on the Relationship between Construction Technology and Project Quality, Cost and Time Limit and Current Situation Analysis

Study on the Relationship between Construction Technology and Project Quality, Cost and Time Limit and Current Situation Analysis

α-Asarone, β-asarone, and γ-asarone: Current status of toxicological evaluation.

Asarone isomers are naturally occurring in Acorus calamus Linné, Guatteria gaumeri Greenman, and Aniba hostmanniana Nees. These secondary plant metabolites belong to the class of phenylpropenes (phenylpropanoids or alkenylbenzenes). They are further chemically classified into the propenylic trans- and cis-isomers α-asarone and β-asarone and the allylic γ-asarone. Flavoring, as well as potentially pharmacologically useful properties, enables the application of asarone isomers in fragrances, food, and traditional phytomedicine not only since their isolation in the 1950s. However, efficacy and safety in humans are still not known. Preclinical evidence has not been systematically studied, and several pharmacological effects have been reported for extracts of Acoruscalamus and propenylic asarone isomers. Toxicological data are rare and not critically evaluated altogether in the 21st century yet. Therefore, within this review, available toxicological data of asarone isomers were assessed in detail. This assessment revealed that cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and mutagenicity as well as carcinogenicity were described for propenylic asarone isomers with varying levels of reliability. The toxicodynamic profile of γ-asarone is unknown except for mutagenicity. Based on the estimated daily exposure and reported adverse effects, officials restricted or published recommendations for the use of β-asarone and preparations of Acoruscalamus. In contrast, α-asarone and γ-asarone were not directly addressed due to a limited data situation.

Are Dalit Women Healers Allowed to Claim “Tradition”?

Abstract This essay uses Dalit women’s mediumship as a healing tradition that provides something of a “limit situation” from which to review basic assumptions about the varied ways in which we can understand what it is to “have” tradition—as an acquisition and inheritance that Dalit women enjoy like everyone else, but also as formal claims to value and recognition that are largely denied to Dalit women. Comparing Dalit women healers with male performers in ritual theater and more privileged healers in rural Tamil Nadu, the essay addresses dimensions of inequality comparatively neglected in studies of tradition as either constructed or invented within modernity. The essay moves us away from discussions of tradition that center on conscious claims to a consideration of the elements that mean that some traditions may never reach the level of being articulated as claims, let alone achieve recognition.

Digital Limit Situations

In the present age AI (artificial intelligence) emerges as both a medium to and message about (or even from) the future, eclipsing all other possible prospects. Discussing how AI succeeds in presenting itself as an arrival on the human horizon at the end times, this theoretical essay scrutinizes the ‘inevitability’ of AI-driven abstract futures and probes how such imaginaries become living myths, by attending how the technology is embedded in broader appropriations of the future tense. Reclaiming anticipation existentially, by drawing and expanding on the philosophy of Karl Jaspers – and his concept of the limit situation – I offer an invitation beyond the prospects and limits of ‘the new AI Era’ of predictive modelling, exploitation and dataism. I submit that the present moment of technological transformation and of escalating multi-faceted and interrelated global crises, is a digital limit situation in which there are entrenched existential and politico-ethical stakes of anticipatory media. Attending to them as a ‘future present’ (Adam and Groves 2007, 2011), taking responsible action, constitutes our utmost capability and task. The essay concludes that precisely here lies the assignment ahead for pursuing a post-disciplinary, integrative and generative form of Humanities and Social Sciences as a method of hope, that engages AI designers in the pursuit of an inclusive and open future of existential and ecological sustainability.