Limited Number Of Colors Research Articles

Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Biology Research.

In chemical biology research, various fluorescent probes have been developed and used to visualize target proteins or molecules in living cells and tissues, yet there are limitations to this technology, such as the limited number of colors that can be detected simultaneously. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has been applied in chemical biology to overcome such limitations. Raman spectroscopy detects the molecular vibrations reflecting the structures and chemical conditions of molecules in a sample and was originally used to directly visualize the chemical responses of endogenous molecules. However, our initial research to develop "Raman tags" opens a new avenue for the application of Raman spectroscopy in chemical biology. In this Perspective, we first introduce the label-free Raman imaging of biomolecules, illustrating the biological applications of Raman spectroscopy. Next, we highlight the application of Raman imaging of small molecules using Raman tags for chemical biology research. Finally, we discuss the development and potential of Raman probes, which represent the next-generation probes in chemical biology.

Visualise the tastes from the label: A study on the taste-colour crossmodal association of crisp and dry.

Colour is an important guideline for selection and consumption. It also draws attention to the designers, as some modern design styles require them to illustrate the taste of the product with a limited number of colours. In this case, a precise description of the taste-colour association is required. The present study explored the colour-taste crossmodal association of two tastes, crisp and dry, which are normally found in beers and are the preferred flavours of Chinese consumers. Experiments were carried out to determine the characteristics of the colours associated with the two tastes. And the strength of the tastes perceived from the colours with different hue angles was investigated. The results of this study reveal that the hue and chroma can both affect the perception of these tastes. Both tastes can be perceived from the same colour, but the strength of the taste can be varied from different hues.

Semantic of color in the poetics of Vladimir Mayakovsky

This article analyzes the use of color in the poetic works of Vladimir Mayakovsky as a symbolic actualization of the most important aspects of both the reality surrounding the poet and the world of his inner experienceshe authors note that the poet's choice of a particular color palette in his literary works is often determined by a number of objective and subjective factors: personal sensual love experiences, including complicated and fairly long relationships within the love triangle "Lilya Brik - Osip Brik - Vladimir Mayakovsky"; events of the early twentieth century, rapidly replacing each other, in which not only Russia, but the whole world were immersed (World War I, revolution, civil war in Russia, new economic policy, etc.). And, although the poet constantly mentions in his works about the rich color palette of the surrounding world, including thousands of colors, the authors of the article substantiate the position that in reality Vladimir Mayakovsky uses a rather limited number of colors and shades (the most popular with him are gold, red, black and white).

Fast Screen Content Coding in HEVC Using Machine Learning

Screen Content (SC) videos require proper tools to handle their special characteristics since they include repeated regions, sharp edges, and limited number of colors. Therefore, SC extension to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard has been released for this purpose. SC extension has new tools such as Intra Block Copy (IBC) and Palette (PLT) mode. These tools improve the coding efficiency, but they come with a huge computation complexity. In this paper, we propose a scheme to reduce the encoding time of SC encoder. It has two algorithms based on the Decision Rule (DR) machine learning technique. The first algorithm, which is called Mode Skipping (MS), is used to skip the unnecessary SC mode checking. Early Pruning Termination (EPT), which is the second algorithm, is used to stop the partitioning process early. A small number of features has to be calculated for the trained models. The proposed scheme was implemented then simulated by using the standard software test model SCM-6. The experimental results show that the time complexity is reduced by 37.84% on average while the Bjontegaard delta bit-rate (BD-R) increases by 1.34% only.

DNA-Templated Timer Probes for Multiplexed Sensing.

Simultaneous analysis based on encoded fluorophores suffers from potential crosstalk between fluorophores and the limited number of colors that can be practically resolved. Inspired by nontrivial temporal patterns in living organisms, we developed a DNA-templated probe by utilizing DNA polymerase (DNAP) for multiplexed detection of nucleic acids. These probes use differential delay times of signaling by a DNAP-mediated extension to distinguish different targets, which serve as the primers. Taking advantage of the high processivity and the controllable kinetics of DNAP, we find that multiplexed detection can be achieved in homogeneous solution using a single fluorophore. As a proof of concept, we developed assays for genomic DNA from four different bacteria. In addition, we designed and implemented probes to undergo a single oscillation in signal as an alternative way for multiplexing. We anticipate this approach will find broad applications not only in sensing but also in synthetic DNA nanosystems.

THE VISUAL SECRET SHARING SCHEME BASED ON THE RGB COLOR SYSTEM

The visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme is a method to maintain the confidentiality of a se-cret image by sharing it to some number participants. A (k, n) VSS divides the secret images into n parts, that are called shadows ; to recover the secret back, k shadows should be stacked. Some methods have been developed to implement VSS for color images. However, the methods are only suitable for images with limited number of colors. When more colors are used, the resulted stacked shadow image becomes unclear. Besides that, the size of the shadows becomes bigger as more colors are used. We develop a new method implementing the VSS using the RGB color system. Using our method, the problem related to the unclear stacked shadow image can be overcome.

Automatic Detection of Surface Defects on Citrus Fruit based on Computer Vision Techniques

Taking inspiration from the fact that a human can distinguish only a limited number of colors, reducing the number of colors is an interesting task to be incorporated in image retrieval systems that is based on using only the most discriminative colors, which most of the time yields better results. Accordingly, the main goal of this paper is to study the influence on performance of reducing the colors number contained in images. Accomplishing this task poses an extra overhead on the system, which requires more computation time, but, on the other hand, can accelerate the comparison process. Due to their popularity and success, we specifically concentrate this study on histogram indexing methods, using both Euclidean distance and histogram intersection to assess consequently the distance and the similarity between images. Some simple, pertinent ideas related to the way we compare a pair of images using Euclidean Distance are given in the end of the paper, supported by preliminary obtained results.

THE TECHNIQUES FOR CREATING IMAGES OF PRINT PATTERNS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTISTIC TASTES OF STUDENTS-PAINTERS BY MEANS OF TEXTILE GRAPHICS

The character of textile images is closely linked with the specifics of the production technology and this largely determines some of the techniques and types of graphic organization. The textile graphics is continuously enriched with new techniques. Some of them were borrowed from easel graphic art, decorative art, design. This article describes some techniques used to create the images of print patterns in the process of studying the development of artistic taste of art students by means of textile graphics. The scenic effect may be obtained by spatial (additive) mixing of colors. This technique is reflected in the paintings of artists-pointillists. The picturesque effect of their works is explained by using different color strokes (mostly of pure hues), which created the effect of vibration of colors. However, the palette of painters was unlimited, and students-painters have usually a very limited number of colors. To create drawings of pointillistic nature, it is necessary to select carefully 3 - 4 saturated colors (but not additive ones to avoid achromatic effect). Patterns may be developed by dots, strokes, touches. The color change may be influenced not only by the neighboring tones, but also by the size, shape of spots and the distance between them. The main feature of drawings executed in pointillist technique is the general leading color shade, i.e. the prevalence of certain colors or combination of colors. The background color is not of less importance, because it actively effects the color combinations. As it can be seen, the techniques for creating image print patterns, textile compositions may be made by a variety of methods: graphical, pictorial, with a complex interconnection of their combinations. But with all originality of the artistic idea, clarity and conciseness of graphic techniques, careful reasoning of the selection of methods of expression will always enhance the development of artistic taste of art students in creating the images of print patterns.

AN IMAGE DITHERING VIA TCHEBICHEF MOMENT TRANSFORM

Many image display applications and printing device s allow only limited number of colours. They have limited computational power and storage to produce high quality outputs on high bit-depth colour image . A dithering technique is called for here in order to improve the perceptual visual quality of the limite d bitdepth images. A dithered image is represented by a natural colour in the low bit depth image colour fo r displaying and printing. This technique obtains low cost colour image in displaying the colour and pri nting image pixels. This study proposes the dithering tec hnique based on Tchebichef Moment Transform (TMT) to produce high quality image at low-bit colour. Ea rlier, a 2 ×2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has been proposed for better image quality on dithering . The 2 ×2 TMT has been chosen here since it performs better than the 2 ×2 DWT. TMT provides a compact support on 2 ×2 blocks. The result shows that 2 ×2 TMT gives perceptually better quality on colour image d ithering in significantly efficient fashion.

Extensions of Gallai–Ramsey results

AbstractConsider the graph consisting of a triangle with a pendant edge. We describe the structure of rainbow ‐free edge colorings of a complete graph and provide some corresponding Gallai–Ramsey results. In particular, we extend a result of Gallai to find a partition of the vertices of a rainbow ‐free colored complete graph with a limited number of colors between the parts. We also extend some Gallai–Ramsey results of Chung and Graham, Faudree et al. and Gyárfás et al. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory

A pointer device for TFT display screens that determines position by detecting colours on the display using a colour sensor and an Artificial Neural Network

Thin Film Transistor (TFT) screens are replacing traditional Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) screens and are becoming more common in the workplace. Traditional light sensing pens do not work effectively on a TFT screen, as the TFT screen does not generate a scan-line. A novel prototype computer system has been created that depicts where a user is pointing. The new sensor may replace the need for a touch-screen, mouse or keyboard. The system flashes a kaleidoscope of colours onto a TFT screen. A tri-colour photodiode detects these colours. A problem with this solution was the limited number of colours that could reliably be detected by the photodiodes and the time that the colours needed to remain on the screen. This paper describes a new system that includes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the future position of the colour sensor on a computer screen. This information was used to place the optimum colours closest to the sensor in order to increase the accuracy of the reported position.

Colour map design through optimization

Often in engineering systems, full-colour images have to be displayed on limited hardware, for example on mobile devices or embedded systems that can only handle a limited number of colours. Therefore an image is converted into an indexed map from where the indices point to specific colours in a fixed-size colour map generated for that image. The choice of an optimal colour map, or palette, is therefore crucial as it directly determines the quality of the resulting image. Typically, standard quantization algorithms are used to create colour maps. Whereas these algorithms employ domain specific knowledge, in this work a variant of simulated annealing (SA) was employed as a standard black-box optimization algorithm for colour map generation. The main advantage of black-box optimization algorithms is that they do not require any domain specific knowledge yet are able to provide a near optimal solution. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated by comparing its performance with several specialized colour quantization algorithms. The results obtained show that even without any domain specific knowledge the SA based algorithm is able to outperform standard quantization algorithms. To further improve the performance of the algorithm the SA technique was combined with a standard k-means clustering technique. This hybrid quantization algorithm is shown to outperform all other algorithms and hence to provide images with superior image quality.

Computer screen pointer using intelligent colour sensing systems

PurposeA novel sensor system is described that can replace the need to use a touch screen, mouse or keyboard for use with either a thin film transistor (TFT) or cathode ray tube (CRT) screen.Design/methodology/approachA tri‐colour photodiode in a colour sensor pen (CSP) is used as an input to depict where a user is pointing by detecting a dynamic kaleidoscope of colours flashed onto the screen. The most easily detected colours are placed around the predicted position of the sensor. The output from the sensor is filtered and transmitted to a computer where colour is translated into a corresponding co‐ordinate. An artificial neural network (ANN) ensures that optimum colours are placed closest to the sensor by predicting future pointer position.FindingsThe CSP successfully provided an input that depicted where a user was pointing. Sensors tested were not able to differentiate more than 28 colours on a TFT screen but an ANN system made them more accurate. Hue and Saturation were successfully used to model colour in a two‐dimensional colour grid as they were unaffected by brightness. The sensor output was successfully converted into a co‐ordinate and used to move a cursor. The kaleidoscope of colours was dynamic as it changed size and colour to increase accuracy. The ANN successfully predicted future positions to assist the sensor in making optimum colour detections. The best predictions of future positions were obtained with four and eight hidden neurons and there did not appear to be any significant advantage in training with more than 2,000 epochs. The system has performed satisfactorily for various inputs.Research limitations/implicationsThe novel light pen works on TFT and CRT screens. Problems included the time that colours needed to be left on a screen to be detected and the limited number of colours that could reliably be detected. These were overcome by using a dynamic kaleidoscope of colours to improve colour detection and an ANN to predict future pointer positions, based on previous locations. This prediction was used to place optimum colours closest to the sensor in order to increase accuracy. Further testing is taking place to confirm that the sensor can be used at any angle.Practical implicationsThe novel light pen type peripheral and intelligent colour sensing system can replace the need to use a touch screen, mouse or keyboard.Originality/valueThe new intelligent colour sensing system works on either a TFT or CRT screen. The use of the colour translation and sensor and the ANN to predict future pointer position are all novel.

Digital color halftoning

Digital color halftoning is the process of transforming continuous-tone color images into images with a limited number of colors. The importance of this process arises from the fact that many color imaging systems use output devices such as color printers and low-bit depth displays that are bilevel or multilevel with a few levels. The goal is to create the perception of a continuous-tone color image using the limited spatiochromatic discrimination capability of the human visual system. In decreasing order of how locally algorithms transform a given image into a halftone and, therefore, in increasing order of computational complexity and halftone quality, monochrome digital halftoning algorithms can be placed in one of three categories: 1) point processes (screening or dithering), 2) neighborhood algorithms (error diffusion), and 3) iterative methods. All three of these algorithm classes can be generalized to digital color halftoning with some modifications. For an in-depth discussion of monochrome halftoning algorithms, the reader is directed to the July 2003 issue of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. In the remainder of this article, we only address those aspects of halftoning that specifically have to do with color. For a good overview of digital color halftoning, the reader is directed to Haines et al. (2003). In addition, Agar et al. (2003) contains a more in-depth treatment of some of the material found in this work.

Preconceptions of Taste Based on Color

The authors examined preconceptions of taste based on color with a questionnaire administered to 45 college students. The questionnaire related 8 tastes with 10 colors. The results suggested that only a limited number of colors are positively associated with preconceptions of taste. However, certain colors (e.g., red and green) showed consistent patterns of association with taste. Implications for future research examining an indirect relationship between color and taste are discussed.

Limited color display for compressed image and video

Many display devices nowadays still allow a limited number of colors, called color palette, to be displayed simultaneously. Besides, images and videos in most World Wide Web databases are in compressed formats. Therefore, it becomes an important issue to retrieve a suitable color palette from compressed domain in order to have fast and faithful color reproduction for these devices. In this paper, the color palette design methods for compressed images and videos are presented. The proposed approaches use the reduced, rather than the whole, image for the color palette design to avoid the heavy computation in image or video decompression. Also, for compressed videos, a shifting-window scheme is proposed to smooth out color variations in the change of color palette. In these methods, we extend the dependent scalar quantization algorithm of a single image to accomplish the color palette design. Experimental results show that the output image quality of the proposed methods is acceptable to human eyes. In addition, empirical results show that the proposed shifting-window scheme can reduce the main problem of displaying quantized image sequences, screen flicker.

Filter Designs for Multiresolution Halftoning

Halftoning is used to create the illusion of new colors when only a limited number of colors is available for rendering. Many techniques for color halftoning are based on techniques taken from monochrome halftoning, but modified so that the algorithm is applied to each color component separately. These techniques work well if the palette is separable, but for the case of arbitrary palettes, only error diffusion has been widely used or studied, especially in the context of rendering true-color images on color indexed display systems. We present an alternative algorithm for color halftoning whether the color palette is arbitrary or image dependent. A systematic way of developing suitable filters for this multiresolution halftoning technique is described.

Coincident Antenna Three‐Dimensional GPR

Coincident antenna three‐dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) consists of making measurements over an area on the surface using transmitting and receiving antennas that are located very close together. Measurements may be made using antennas that are towed behind a vehicle, or in a fixed‐station (fixed‐trace) mode of operation. In either case, the accurate location of each trace is critical to producing accurate 3D displays. Obtaining a good three‐dimensional display is a critical part of interpreting GPR data. Targets of interest are generally easier to identify and isolate on three‐dimensional data sets than on conventional two‐dimensional profile lines. Simplifying the image by eliminating the noise and clutter is the most important factor for optimizing the interpretation. Image simplification may be achieved by: 1) carefully assigning the amplitude‐color ranges, 2) displaying only one polarity of the GPR signal, 3) using a limited number of colors, 4) decreasing the size of the data set that is...

Dependent scalar quantization of color images

Many image display devices can allow only a limited number of colors, called color palette, to be simultaneously displayed. In order to have a faithful color reproduction of an image, the associated color palette must be suitably designed. This paper presents a dependent scalar quantization algorithm to design the color palette effectively. The dependent scalar quantization algorithm consists of two procedures, bit allocation and recursive binary moment preserving thresholding. The experimental results show that the dependent scalar quantization can reduce the computation complexity and its output images quality is acceptable to the human eyes. A rule of the quantization order is also deduced under the MSE criterion to obtain a dependent scalar quantizer which has as good a performance as compared with some other algorithms. In addition, an adaptive neighborhood-clustering algorithm, which searches the neighboring color indices of input pixels iteratively, is proposed to further improve the performance of the dependent scalar quantization algorithm. Finally, we introduce a color mapping method to reduce the contouring effect when the color palette size generated by the dependent scalar quantizer is small. >

Quantization of color images for display/printing on limited color output devices

A large number of output devices in use today are either bilevel or can produce only a limited number of display levels (gray-scale or color). Most color graphics terminals conforming to Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), Professional Graphics Adapter (PGA), or Video Graphics Array (VGA) standards can display from 16–256 colors, whereas real-world (externally acquired) images constitute typically 16M colors. In this paper, a new color quantization algorithm has been proposed which maps an original image into an output image with a limited number of colors, while still preserving the image quality. The algorithm itself is based on the concepts of vector quantization where a color vector is defined by red, green, and blue components and, based on a random sampling of the input image, a color mapping table is generated. The random sampling provides an estimate of the color distribution of the input image, which is then further combined by a clustering technique to derive the desired number of output colors. A mapping process results in a limited-color output image which is optionally preprocessed (in cases where the number of output colors is very small) by a pseudo-random dithering algorithm rendering a high-quality output. This postprocessing step is particularly useful in images with very few output colors, e.g., 16. Through examples, it is shown that input images with over 16M colors can be easily displayed in as few as 16 colors, with negligible degradation in quality.