Limited Land Research Articles

Consumption of Energy and AB Mix Nutrition in A Controlled Verticulture Hydroponic Applications of Curly Red and Green Lettuce

The green lettuce and Curly red lettuce have a high potential to be developed as commercial crops on limited land with verticulture cultivation system. The use of this cultivation system must be supported by adequate nutrients and water in addition to optimal environmental conditions. By using the vertical hydroponic plant cultivation method will increase the growth of Curly red and green lettuce plants. The method used is an experimental method and the data is processed using polynomial analysis method and descriptive method. The observation parameters in this study consisted of main parameters (flow rate, power requirement, energy requirement, and water pressure calculation). In addition, supporting parameters were evaluated including plant height, leaf count, fresh weight of plants, plant productivity, and harvest yield. Data were analyzed using descriptive and regression methods. The power requirement used from the initial stage of transplanting to harvest is 640.8 W. The total energy requirement used from the initial planting process to the harvest process is 2563.2 Wh. The average AB mix requirement of each stage of plant is 972.0 ppm; 1231.9 ppm; 1158.1 ppm; 1092.4 ppm. Flow rate is directly proportional to temperature; if the temperature increases, the flow rate for nutrients will increase, and if the temperature decreases, the flow rate will decrease for the fertigation system. Keywords: Energy, Hydroponic, Lettuce, Nutrition, Verticulture cultivation.

Effects of emissions caps on the costs and feasibility of low-carbon hydrogen in the European ammonia industry

The European ammonia industry emits 36 million tons of carbon dioxide annually, primarily from steam methane reforming (SMR) hydrogen production. These emissions can be mitigated by producing hydrogen via water electrolysis using dedicated renewables with grid backup. This study investigates the impact of decarbonization targets for hydrogen synthesis on the economic viability and technical feasibility of retrofitting existing European ammonia plants for on-site, semi-islanded electrolytic hydrogen production. Results show that electrolytic hydrogen cuts emissions, on average, by 85% (36%-100% based on grid price and carbon intensity), even without enforcing emission limits. However, an optimal lifespan average well-to-gate emission cap of 1 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)/kg H2 leads to a 95% reduction (92%-100%) while maintaining cost-competitiveness with SMR in renewable-rich regions (mean levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of 4.1 euro/kg H2). Conversely, a 100% emissions reduction target dramatically increases costs (mean LCOH: 6.3 euro/kg H2) and land area for renewables installations, likely hindering the transition to electrolytic hydrogen in regions with poor renewables and limited land. Increasing plant flexibility effectively reduces costs, particularly in off-grid plants (mean reduction: 32%). This work guides policymakers in defining cost-effective decarbonization targets and identifying region-based strategies to support an electrolytic hydrogen-fed ammonia industry.

Sustainable management of land use patterns and water allocation for coordinated multidimensional development

The sustainable and integrated management of resources is a crucial approach to achieving sustainable regional development in the face of limited land and increasingly scarce water resources. This paper proposes a multidimensional optimization model to jointly optimize land use patterns and water resource allocation under the conditions of maximizing economic benefits and minimizing social differences, ecological loads, environmental pollution, and carbon emissions. The optimization model is solved using the affiliation function method and then combined with random forest (RF) and cellular automata (CA) models to further obtain the optimal spatial layout of land use. This paper takes the Mid-Yangtze River City Cluster as an example and optimizes the land use pattern and water allocation in the region in 2020 and 2030. The results of the study show that the optimized water and land resource allocation scheme performs better than the status quo in all dimensions. The optimized economic benefits, social effects, ecological effects, environmental effects, and overall sustainability in 2020 are increased by 45.97%, 22.89%, 10.07%, 24.65%, and 42.73%, respectively. By 2030, overall sustainability reaches 0.69. The developed modeling framework helps to elucidate the internal linkages between land use and water allocation, and it provides decision-makers with diversified approaches to land and water resource management and adjustment for different cities in different periods, which promotes the sustainable development of urban agglomerations.

MARFISH and HYDRO : Pengembangan Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Kewirausahaan

This research proposes innovation in farming and animal husbandry by integrating hydroponic systems and catfish cultivation on limited land. With a focus on the North Aceh Utara, research created MARFISH AND HYDRO, a catfish farm using tarpaulin media in a hydroponic system. This research aims to produce satisfactory results, protect the environment from pollution, and provide multiple benefits on limited land. Through market survey steps, feasibility studies, production processes, and marketing, this research creates sustainable methods in fish cultivation and hydroponic farming. With competitive prices and promotions through social media and banner installation, MARFISH AND HYDRO is expected to be able to meet market demand and make a positive contribution to the local economy. This research also explores the potential for business development, including the production of processed catfish, such as catfish chips and catfish pecel. The research results show success in carrying out the cultivation process, marketing, and the potential for business expansion to achieve long-term goals.

Pelatihan Akuaponik Kepada Masyarakat Kampung Krasak Kota Baru, Gondokusuman, Yogyakarta

Aquaponics is a method for cultivating fish and vegetables at the same time. This method can increase family food security, such as by utilizing fish ponds or limited land. West Krasak Village is a residential area located in the center of Yogyakarta city with limited land conditions. Therefore, the village community needs to receive training on implementing aquaponics in their environment to utilize limited land and increase family food security. This training involved a team of lecturers and students from Universitas AKPRIND Indonesia. This training lasted for 3 hours, starting with introductions of team members, delivery of material, practice of aquaponic installation in front of the participants, distribution of chili seeds to the participants, and installation of aquaponic samples directly in one of the residents' ponds. This activity received extraordinary enthusiasm from residents and was able to increase public knowledge about this matter. Chili seeds measuring 10 cm can also be planted directly by the community. It is hoped that this activity can become a model for the community around West Krasak Village so that aquaponics can become a positive side activity for residents that produces positive results of fish and vegetables.

Implementation of Surakarta City Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2023 towards Fulfillment of the Rights to Housing and Settlement Areas in Surakarta City

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of Surakarta City Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2023 concerning the Implementation of Housing and Settlement Areas and to determine and analyze the challenges and obstacles faced by the Surakarta City Government in fulfilling the right to housing and settlement areas in Surakarta City. The research method used is a non-doctrinal research method or empirical research using descriptive research. The approach used is a qualitative approach. The types of data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data collection techniques through interviews with related parties to examine the problems that occur while secondary data through literature studies in the form of official documents or books. The results showed that the implementation of Surakarta City Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2023 concerning the Implementation of Housing and Settlement Areas has not fully reflected the fulfillment of the right to housing and residential areas as evidenced by the fact that there are still illegal settlements whose ownership legality is still not guaranteed. The cause of the unfulfillment of the right to housing and residential areas is the limited land in Surakarta City which is increasingly limited while the need for housing is increasing and the price of land is increasing as well as the limited budget of the Surakarta City Government to meet the housing needs of residents who are still affected by illegal settlements and residents' awareness of maintaining settlements so that they do not return to slums after the instrument from the government. Therefore, there needs to be a deep seriousness given by the Surakarta City Government regarding the implementation of Surakarta City Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2023 concerning the Implementation of Housing and Settlement Areas in order to uphold the fulfillment of rights for low-income people and people affected by illegal settlements.

MODEL KONTROL OTOMATIS PENGAIRAN HIDROPONIK DENGAN METODE FUZZY

Recently, many hydroponic farms have emerged. This is due to the increasingly limited agricultural land and also as a way to fill time during the Covid-19 pandemic. In hydroponics, the role of water as a planting medium plays a very dominant role. This is because air is a solvent for the nutrients that plants need. So air is a key factor in poverty in the Hydroponic farming system. That need to be considered when choosing water for hydroponic cultivation is that it is based on the air acidity value. The air acidity value is important as a parameter that influences plant growth in the hydroponic cultivation method. The ideal temperature value ranges between pH 5.5-6.5. In Cangkringsari Village, Sukodono District, Sidoarjo Regency, Karang Taruna Tunas Cangkring has tried to develop hydroponic farming, but because the supply of acidic air with a pH that is not ideal causes plant growth to be poor. Therefore, an automatic control model for hydroponic irrigation is needed. The method developed uses the Fuzzy method. The Fuzzy method applied functions to control the air pump automatically, so that the Arduino Uno microcontroller and the 4502c pH sensor combined can detect the pH of the nutritious air that will be given to hydroponic plants in the range of 5.5 to 6.5. The application of the Fuzzy method can be applied to drive the nutrient pump perfectly so that with its application it can maintain the air pH in the specified range.

MAPPING OF SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON FOOD SECURITY AMONG MALAYSIANS USING SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS

The study investigates the spatial distribution of sentiment in food securityrelated tweets among Malaysians, aiming to identify hotspots of positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. Note that data collection involved gathering 2,218 tweets on basic necessity products from January 2019 to August 2022, capturing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pre-processing and content analysis techniques identified the main themes in the tweets, while sentiment analysis categorised them using Valance Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER). ArcGIS and hotspot analysis visualised and analysed tweet density. Regional trends were observed, with the East Coast states and certain West Coast states having the highest number of tweets. Urban areas expressed concerns about food security and living costs due to urbanisation and limited agricultural land. Here, sentiment visualisation revealed negative sentiments prevalent in developed cities (46.8%) and positive (33.9%) or neutral (19.4%) sentiments in suburban areas. This study emphasises the growing use of social media platforms and the integration of social media data in spatial analysis, highlighting the importance of uncovering hidden patterns for increased social awareness and meaningful dialogue. Understanding the sentiments expressed by Malaysians on social media regarding rising food prices can provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address these challenges effectively.

An Optimization Algorithm for Embedded Raspberry Pi Pico Controllers for Solar Tree Systems

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems stand out as a promising solution for generating clean, carbon-free energy. However, traditional solar panel installations often require extensive land resources, which could become scarce as the population grows. To address this challenge, innovative approaches are needed to maximize solar power generation within limited spaces. One promising concept involves the development of biological tree-like structures housing solar panels. These “solar trees” mimic the arrangement of branches and leaves found in natural trees, following patterns akin to phyllotaxy, which correlates with the Fibonacci sequence and golden ratio. By adopting an alternative 1:3 phyllotaxy pattern, three solar panels can be efficiently arranged along the stem of the solar tree structure, each rotated at a 120-degree displacement. Optimizing the performance of solar trees requires effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a crucial process for extracting the maximum available power from solar panels to enhance the overall efficiency. In this study, a novel metaheuristic algorithm called horse herd optimization (HHO) is employed for MPPT in solar tree applications. Moreover, to efficiently manage the generated power, a cascaded buck–boost converter is utilized. This converter is capable of adjusting the DC voltage levels to match the system requirements within a single topology. The algorithm is implemented using MATLAB and embedded within a Raspberry Pi Pico controller, which facilitates the generation of pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to control the cascaded buck–boost converter. Through extensive validation, this study confirms the effectiveness of the proposed HHO algorithm integrated into the Raspberry Pi Pico controller for optimizing solar trees under various shading conditions. In essence, this research highlights the potential of solar tree structures coupled with advanced MPPT algorithms and power management systems to maximize solar energy utilization, offering a sustainable solution for clean energy generation within limited land resources.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani Cendawan 31 Melalui Peningkatan Produksi Sayuran Dan Pendapatan Di Kota Pangkalpinang

The concept of urban farming refers to the practice of farming in urban areas, which is usually done on limited land such as house yards, rooftops or vacant lots in the city. Urban farming aims to meet the very high food needs of urban communities when there is a scarcity of land for food production in urban areas. The demand for vegetables is not matched by vegetable production, resulting in inflation. Some of the obstacles faced by KWT Cendawan 31 include: vegetable farming is not yet commercially oriented, management is still simple, motivation and awareness of members are still low, production patterns are not well planned, vegetable price information is still limited, marketing channels are not efficient and simple and limited promotion of vegetable products. This farmer women group empowerment program aims to increase vegetable production & income. The methods used in this program are active participatory methods, mentoring and counseling on vegetable production processes from upstream to downstream. The success of the work program carried out was able to overcome the problem of the lack of creativity and innovation of the Cendawan 31 Women Farmers Group (KWT) in developing the planting of types of vegetables, the low production of vegetables in the area of the Cendawan 31 Women Farmers Group (KWT) and being able to arrange a planting schedule, choosing the right type of plant and rotating the planter.

Application of tiered human health and environmental risk assessment to develop safe and sustainable by design perovskite-based devices

Metal halide perovskite materials have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential energy and lighting applications. They are potentially vital materials for the current energy transition which aims to minimize the dependence on fossil fuels and limited land resources by the increased use of cost-effective and efficient renewable energy sources. The European Green Deal policy, which sets out its ambitions in the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, can help its transition to a Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) development. In this context, we applied the SSbD approach to selected perovskite-based devices which are still in their development state, by assessing potential human health and environmental risks along their life cycle. We applied the SSbD approach in a tiered manner so that it aligns with successive Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) to help the innovators ensuring safety and sustainability aspects throughout the various stages of their product development. Thus, the SSbD assessment began right from the start of the development (TRL 1–2), when there can be (huge) gaps and uncertainty in the product knowledge, up to the later stages of higher TRL when the product knowledge is more abundant and certain. In our assessment, we mainly focused on the human health risk of the perovskite-based devices and considered the implications of environmental emissions of hazardous substances on the human health. We further bring attention to the alternatives which could help mitigate concerns over their safety and sustainability for a responsible technology development and deployment. Results of this study are important to understand the detailed sustainability assessment in which we look at multiple sustainability aspects and its potential future impacts due to technology scale-up in the future.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tepung Tulang Sebagai Pupuk Organik Terhadap Produktivitas Hidroponik Fodder Jagung

Abstract. Livestock productivity is influenced by three factors namely breed, feed and management. Animal feed costs on average reach 70% of production costs, so feed management must be done as well as possible. A common problem faced by farmers in Indonesia is limited land for planting forage, so an alternative is needed to fulfill forage by minimizing land use, namely one way with a hydroponic system. In recent years there has been increasing interest in using short growing duration feed cultivation technology known as fodder. Based on this, the purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of bone meal waste as organic fertilizer on productivity fodder corn. The materials in this study included corn seeds, bone meal and water. The method used is a field experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment in this study was the use of bone meal as organic fertilizer, where P0 (0%), P1 (5%), P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The research variables included germination percentage, normal sprout percentage, fresh forage production, and dry matter production. The data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was shown that the use of bone meal as organic fertilizer had a very significant (P<0.01) effect on germination percentage, normal sprout percentage, fresh forage production and dry matter production. Germination percentage, normal germination percentage, fresh forage production and dry matter production were highest in P2 treatment. The values of each variable in P2 are sequentially as follows: 97.75%, 91.35%, 709.60 grams and 140.93%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of 10% cast flour as organic fertilizer gives the best value to the productivity of corn fodder hydroponically.

Assessing land resource planning for agrivoltaics development: Examining synergies approaches between government and farmers

In alignment with the global push for net zero emissions, solar energy stands out as a crucial renewable source. The International Energy Agency forecasts that by 2030, solar and wind energy will supply nearly half of the world's electricity, with solar energy growing at triple its current rate. Taiwan has set ambitious targets, aiming to achieve a solar panel capacity of 20 GW by 2025 and reaching 40–80 GW capacity as part of its goal for net zero emissions by 2050. However, this pursuit impacts limited land resources, particularly agricultural land and food security. This study delves into “Agrivoltaics,” a symbiotic solar-crop relationship, as a solution to balance energy development and agricultural needs in Taiwan. Using Taiwan as a case study, a bi-level programming model was developed, considering government subsidies and farmers' income. Challenges faced by the government in regional land planning were revealed, and recommendations for specific crop areas were made based on shading rates and land constraints. The study proposes a win-win situation, fostering cooperation between the government and farmers. Implementing solar panels on 10 %–30 % of available land can yield installation capacities from 12.87 GW to 39.27 GW, maintaining a 70 % harvest yield for crops and meeting objectives. This approach showcases the significant contribution of integrated solar energy to Taiwan's paddy field development, reducing net carbon emissions effectively.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Soil Quality Degradation and Emissions in the State of Iowa (USA)

The concept of soil quality (SQ) is defined as the soil's capacity to function, which is commonly assessed at the field scale. Soil quality is composed of inherent (soil suitability) and dynamic (soil health, SH) SQ, which can also be analyzed using geospatial tools as a SQ continuum (SQC). This study proposes an innovative spatiotemporal analysis of SQ degradation and emissions from land developments using the state of Iowa (IA) in the United States of America (USA) as a case study. The SQ degradation was linked to anthropogenic soil (SD) and land degradation (LD) in the state. More than 88% of land in IA experienced anthropogenic LD primarily due to agriculture (93%). All six soil orders were subject to various degrees of anthropogenic LD: Entisols (75%), Inceptisols (94%), Histosols (59%), Alfisols (79%), Mollisols (93%), and Vertisols (98%). Soil and LD have primarily increased between 2001 and 2016. In addition to agricultural LD, there was also SD/LD caused by an increase in developments often through urbanization. All land developments in IA can be linked to damages to SQ, with 8385.9 km2 of developed area, causing midpoint total soil carbon (TSC) losses of 1.7 × 1011 kg of C and an associated midpoint of social cost of carbon dioxide emissions (SC-CO2) of $28.8B (where B = billion = 109, USD). More recently developed land area (398.5 km2) between 2001 and 2016 likely caused the midpoint loss of 8.0 × 109 kg of C and a corresponding midpoint of $1.3B in SC-CO2. New developments are often located near urban areas, for example, near the capital city of Des Moines, and other cities (Sioux City, Dubuque). Results of this study reveal several different kinds of SQ damage from developments: loss of potential for future C sequestration in soils, soil C loss, and “realized” soil C social costs (SC-CO2). The state of IA has very limited potential land (2.0% of the total state area) for nature-based solutions (NBS) to compensate for SD and LD. The results of this study can be used to support pending soil health-related legislation in IA and monitoring towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) developed by the United Nations (UN) by providing a landscape-level perspective on LD to focus field-level initiatives to reduce soil loss and improve SQ. Future technological innovations will provide higher spatial and temporal remote sensing data that can be fused with field-level direct sensing to track SH and SQ changes.

Comprehensive comparison of integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) and AAO activated sludge methods: Influence of different operational parameters

Due to limited land availability in municipal wastewater treatment plants, integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) technology offers significant advantages in improving nitrogen removal performance and treatment capacity. In this study, two systems, IFAS and Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic Activated sludge process (AAO), were compared by adjusting parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrifying solution recycle ratio, sludge recycle ratio, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The objective was to investigate pollutant removal capacity and differences in microbial community composition between the two systems. The study showed that, at an HRT of 12 h, the IFAS system exhibited an average increase of 5.76%, 8.85%, and 12.79% in COD, NH4+-N, and TN removal efficiency respectively, compared to the AAO system at an HRT of 16 h. The TP concentration in the IFAS system reached 0.82 mg/L without the use of additives. The IFAS system demonstrated superior effluent results under lower operating conditions of HRT, nitrification solution recycle ratio, and DO. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed higher abundance of denitrification-related associated flora, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetota, in the IFAS system compared to the AAO system. Similarities were observed between microorganisms attached to the media and activated sludge in the anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks. q-PCR analysis indicated that the incorporation of filler material in the IFAS system resulted in similar abundance of nitrifying bacteria genes on the biofilm as in the oxic tank. Additionally, denitrifying genes showed higher levels due to aeration scouring and the presence of alternating aerobic-anaerobic environments on the biofilm surface, enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency.

Current Trends, Advancements, and Challenges in Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) Systems for Off-Grid Applications: A Review

Increasing energy demands and the pursuit of sustainable and clean energy sources have intensified interest in Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) systems, particularly for off-grid applications. FSPV technology presents a strategic alternative for countries with limited land but ample water bodies, contributing to energy diversification and conservation of arable land. This paper provides a comprehensive technological trends, advancements, and challenges in the deployment of FSPV systems, drawing from an array of highly regarded publications and extensive patent searches via the Derwent Innovation database and various publications. While large-scale FSPV deployments have been successfully integrated with existing hydroelectric power plants and grid systems, the application of FSPV technology for local community use remains underexplored. The paper identifies the lack of comprehensive literature on stand-alone FSPV systems that include battery charging capabilities and integrated monitoring and control systems to mitigate environmental risks. Moreover, the paper discusses the economic, regulatory, technical, cultural, and environmental barriers to FSPV deployment. It suggests that continuous research and development, backed by supportive policy frameworks, are crucial for overcoming these challenges. The aim is to pave the way for resilient, community-centric FSPV installations that can withstand extreme weather and cater to localized energy needs.

Assessing Production and Marketing Efficiency of Organic Horticultural Commodities: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis

Inefficiency is a problem in the production process, including in the organic farming sector. Over a long term period, this problem can disrupt the productivity of agricultural crops. This research aims to analyze the production and marketing efficiency of organic cabbage farming in the Kopeng agropolitan area, Indonesia. We utilized a Cobb–Douglas production efficiency analysis with the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach. The variables in this study include organic cabbage production, land area, seedlings, organic fertilizers, organic pesticides, and labor. We conducted in-depth interviews with 60 organic cabbage farmers in Kopeng, Indonesia, from January to August 2023. The research results showed that organic cabbage cultivation was economically inefficient in production, technical, and marketing. The use of organic fertilizers, the ability to diversify products on limited land, and the use of pesticides, have not been utilized optimally yet. The results of the marketing efficiency analysis showed that it was efficient. Organic plants were believed to have their market share and to have a higher selling value than non-organic ones. The implication was that the government needed to provide training in producing organic fertilizers and pesticides to reduce production costs so that organic farming could be technically and financially efficient. This research enriched the discussion regarding the need to analyze production and marketing efficiency to find strategies to increase organic cabbage productivity.

Global trends and spatial drivers of diabetes mellitus mortality, 1990-2019: a systematic geographical analysis.

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of death worldwide, and multiple risk factors associated with diabetes mortality. Employing spatial statistics, we characterized the spatial distribution and patterns of diabetes mortality, and revealed the spatial relationship between diabetes mortality and 11 socioeconomic and environmental risk factors at the country level, from 1990 to 2019. Globally, significantly high rates of diabetes mortality were primarily clustered in countries with limited land areas or located on islands, such as Fiji, Kiribati, Eswatini, and Trinidad and Tobago. Countries with weaker economic independence are more likely to have higher diabetes mortality rates. In addition, the impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors was significant at the country level, involving health expenditure, number of physicians, household and ambient air pollution, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Notably, the spatial relationship between diabetes mortality and ambient air pollution, as well as alcohol consumption, showed negative correlations. Countries with high diabetes mortality rates generally had lower levels of ambient air pollution and alcohol consumption. The study highlights the spatial clustering of diabetes mortality and its substantial variation. While many risk factors can influence diabetes mortality, it's also essential to consider the level of these factors at the country level. Tailoring appropriate interventions based on specific national circumstances holds the potential to more effectively mitigate the burden of diabetes mortality.

Unbundling tenure security and demand for property rights: Evidence from urban Tanzania

Rapid urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa occurs with little land registration, and government-led regularisation schemes often find limited uptake of title deeds by residents. In theory, there could be private and public benefits from land titling in cities. However, little is known about how landholders value the various dimensions of formal property rights in comparison to informal tenure. We address these questions by unbundling property rights into multiple functions of tenure security and by adopting an innovative combination of methods, including an incentivised willingness-to-pay exercise, a survey, and in-depth interviews conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Examining how landholders perceive dimensions of tenure advances our understanding of limited land formalisation in urban Africa and provides evidence for alternative policy approaches to address local demand for tenure security more effectively.

Land use and Europe’s renewable energy transition: identifying low-conflict areas for wind and solar development

Continued dependence on imported fossil fuels is rapidly becoming unsustainable in the face of the twin challenges of global climate change and energy security demands in Europe. Here we present scenarios in line with REPowerEU package to identify Renewables Acceleration Areas that support rapid renewable expansion, while ensuring minimal harm to places important for biodiversity and rural communities. We calculated the area needed to meet renewable energy objectives under Business-as-Usual (BAU) and Low-conflict (LCON) development scenarios within each country, providing a broad overview of the potential for renewable energy generation to reduce impacts when development is steered toward lower conflict lands. Our analysis shows that meeting renewable energy objectives would require a network of land-based wind turbines and solar arrays encompassing upwards of 164,789 km2 by 2030 and 445,654 km2 by 2050, the latter roughly equivalent to the land area of Sweden. Our results highlight that BAU development patterns disproportionately target high-conflict land cover types. By 2030, depending on the development pathway, solar and wind development are projected to impact approximately 4,386–20,996 km2 and 65,735–138,454 km2 of natural and agricultural lands, respectively. As renewable energy objectives increase from 2030 to 2050 impacts to natural and agricultural lands also increase, with upwards of 33,911 km2 from future solar development and 399,879 km2 from wind development. Despite this large footprint, low-conflict lands can generate substantial renewable energy: 6.6 million GWh of solar and 3.5 million GWh of wind, 8–31 times 2030 solar objectives and 3–5 times 2030 wind objectives. Given these patterns, we emphasize the need for careful planning in areas with greater impact potential, either due to a larger demand for land area or limited land availability. Top-emitting countries with large renewable energy objectives (Germany, Italy, Poland, France, Spain) and those with limited flexibility in meeting objectives on low-conflict land (Albania, Slovenia, Montenegro, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Finland, Greece, Portugal, and Norway) should be priorities for country-level customizations to guide low-conflict siting and avoid disproportionate impacts on high-value areas.