Limited Area Research Articles

Paleo-Depositional Systems in the Krishna Godavari Basin, East Coast of India

Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin is a continental passive marginperi-cratonic basin. It is located along the east coast of India. The basin got initiated through rift/syn-rift tectonics between Permo-Triassic to early Cretaceous periods. It consists of the deltaic plains of the Krishna and Godavari Rivers and the inter-deltaic regions. The areal extent of on land part is about 15,000 sq. km whereas the offshore area covers about 215000 sq. km up to 1,000 m isobath. The basin contains about 5 km thick sediments with several cycles of deposition, ranging in age from late Carboniferous to Pleistocene. The major geomorphologic units of the K-G basin are upland plains, coastal plains, Recent flood plain, and delta plain. Exploration for hydrocarbons in this basin was started in 1958 conducting geological mapping. Geophysical surveys using gravity and magnetic methods were started in 1964, and the seismic surveys were carried out from 1972 in the basin to identify the favourable sites of hydrocarbon accumulation. During the last four decades, 647 deep wells were drilled in different parts of the basin for exploration of oil and gas and their production activities of which 465 well are on landwhich include 85 development wells. More than 225 prospects were drilled out of which 83 are hydrocarbon bearing. 
 Cretaceous sediments having a thickness of about 6 km are known in the peri-cratonic K-G basin. Archaean basement consisting of khondalites, charnockites and some sedimentary rocks occur towards north and west of the basin. Lower Gondwana rocks overlie the basement and are exposed in a limited areas adjoining the Godavari Graben. There are several horsts and grabens in the basin. Many growth faults are also known here. The Pranhita Godavari Graben is a linear intra-cratonic rift that is in the south-central part of Peninsular India. The stratigraphic column of the basin includes older Talchir Formation of Permo-Carboniferous overlain by Barakar formations which in turn underlie the Chintalapudi sandstone of Permian age. The tectonic history of the K-G basin comprises of the Rift Stage, Syn-rift Stage, Drift Stage, and Late Drift Stage. A Petroleum System can be summarized as an independent stratigraphic compartment within which three primary requisites for hydrocarbon accumulation viz., the source, reservoir, and cap rocks occur. The basin has good hydrocarbon potential, and expletory efforts to locate oil and gas pools through seismic-stratigraphic analysis may enhance the discovery rate.

A Constructability Assessment Model Based on BIM in Urban Renewal Projects in Limited Lands

One of the most significant concerns in urban development today is the organization of areas of cities that have become run-down over time. In order to complete previous constructability studies in other fields of construction, the current study evaluates constructability based on BIM, specifically in the context of the Tehran limited land renewal project. The motivation for this study is the current difficulties facing renewal designs for limited lands, and the lack of a quantitative constructability model for urban renewal projects in Iran. This paper aims (1) to discuss the design elements that should be considered in the design phase of urban renewal projects; (2) to identify the factors that may affect constructability; and (3) to propose a framework for assessing urban renewal designs by considering constructability factors using building information modeling (BIM). To meet these needs, this paper investigates constructability factors and their relative importance, considering the design elements that should be acknowledged in limited land renewal, using a multicriteria techniques. Some 28 constructability factors are identified through a literature review, and based on 52 responses received from a questionnaire survey, the factors are ranked using pairwise comparisons of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The final constructability factors that are identified through the technique for order preference using the similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method are standard dimensions, safety, simplification of structure, resource intelligence and alignment, and skilled labor availability. The contribution of this research to the body of knowledge is, firstly, the development of constructability factors for measuring the constructability of urban renewal designs, and secondly, the introduction of BIM as a most beneficial tool for assessing the constructability of the proposed designs. In using the constructability assessment framework and identifying the trade-offs between the constructability of renewal projects in the limited areas of urban spaces, design alternatives become more feasible.

Multiple interannual records of young-of-the-year identify an important area for the protection of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus

The shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) is the second most fishery-exploited pelagic shark in the Mediterranean Sea, thus its conservation status is a cause for concern. Despite the species has been listed in fishery and trade regulations to hinder its population decline, the lack of knowledge on its distribution patterns and habitats essential for its persistence still hampers the implementation of sound conservation actions. Combining data from local expert knowledge, opportunistic catch records, and Baited Remote Underwater Videos, we show evidence of the interannual presence of young-of-the-year (YOY) I. oxyrinchus in the Pelagie Archipelago (Central Mediterranean Sea). A total of twenty-one individuals ranging 71–92.5 cm FL were incidentally caught (on average 2.3 YOY/1000 hooks) or documented on BRUVS in July and August over three consecutive years. These data coupled with questionnaires administered to longline fishers identify one specific area used by YOY in the summer months. Our study presents the most abundant record of YOY shortfin makos in the Mediterranean Sea within such a restricted time and limited area providing important information for improving the protection of this critically endangered species.

Efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine compound preparation combined with routine treatment in vitiligo: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Treating vitiligo in clinical practice is challenging. Furthermore, oral drugs used in Western medicine have considerable side effects and are unsuitable for long-term treatment. In contrast, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) are more suitable for long-term oral vitiligo treatment, but medical evidence of their efficacy and safety is lacking. Therefore, in this study, the efficacy and safety of CPMs were evaluated and ranked using a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Seven Chinese and English databases were searched for all relevant articles published up to February 2023. The Bayesian network meta-analysis method was used to analyze the extracted data to evaluate efficacy and safety. Six common CPMs for treating vitiligo were selected in our study, and 48 targeted articles and 4446 patients were included. This study showed that Qubai Babuqi tablets (QT) were the most effective for short-term treatment of vitiligo, and that vitiligo capsules or pills (VCP) were the most effective for long-term treatment, together with compound Quchong Banjiuju pills (QP). In terms of surface area under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values, the order of efficacy of each treatment was as follows: QT (92.18%) > Taohong Qingxue pills (TP) (63.81%) > VCP (55.53%) > QP (50.72%) > Bailing tablets or capsules (BTC) (49.01%) > Baishi pills (BP) (35.69%)>routine therapy (RT) (3.1%) in terms of total effective rate and QT (92.05%) > VCP (71.50%) > QP (66.60%) > TP (42.95%) > BTC (39.66%) > BP (36.60%)>RT (0.6%) in terms of improvement rate. In addition, the safety of the 6 CPMs did not significantly differ in terms of adverse effects. The SUCRA values indicated that QT performed slightly worse than other drugs. In treating vitiligo, QT is most effective but only suitable for short-term administration owing to its poor safety. VCP and QP could be used as first-choice long-term medications. TP may positively affect repigmentation in patients with limited lesion areas.

Recent Advances in Floating Photovoltaic Systems.

In recent years, floating photovoltaic (FPV) technologies have gained more importance as a key source of clean energy, particularly in the context of providing sustainable energy to buildings. The rise of land scarcity and the need to reduce carbon emissions have made FPV systems a cost-effective solution for generating electricity. This review article aims to explore the rapidly growing trend of floating PV systems, which can be a practical solution for regions with limited land areas. The article discusses the structure of the PV modules used in FPV plants and key factors that affect site suitability choice. Moreover, the article presents various techniques for cooling and cleaning FPV to keep optimal performance and discusses feasible trends and prospects for the technology. Finally, this paper proposes the potential integration of FPV systems with other technologies to enhance energy generation efficiency and discusses other research aimed at the advancement of the technology. By examining the various features of FPV systems, this review article contributes to understanding the advantages and challenges associated with using this sustainable energy technology in different regional contexts.

Measurement and factor analysis of carbon neutrality development level in eastern China.

The Chinese government has officially announced that China's carbon dioxide emissions will reach to peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Based on the carbon neutrality development of 12 provinces and cities in eastern China from 2010 to 2019, this paper constructs an evaluation index system, and it uses the entropy weight method and coefficient of variation method to measure the carbon neutrality development level in the eastern China. The results show that from 2010 to 2019, the changes of carbon source level in 12 provinces and cities in the eastern China are lower than the changes in carbon sink level, and the changes of carbon source and sink level in most provinces and cities show the increasing trend. Spatially, the carbon neutral development level shows the differentiation characteristics of "low in the middle, high in the north and south." The main factors affecting the carbon neutrality level of eastern provinces and cities include policy, economic development and industrial structure, energy intensity and structure, urban development, and population size ecological environment. High-value areas are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Fujian Province. Low-value areas are mainly distributed in Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province. Eastern China still needs to strengthen its emphasis on low-carbon policies. For Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, and Hebei Province, policies should be introduced to reduce carbon sources, accelerate their industrial upgrading, and optimize their energy use structure. For Beijing City, Shanghai City, Heilongjiang Province, and Jilin Province, policies should be introduced to develop carbon sinks while maintaining their low carbon source levels. For Beijing City and Shanghai City, policies related to green and low-carbon technologies should be introduced to promote the development of carbon sink capacity through low-carbon technologies in limited urban areas.

Comprehensive Introspection of Magnetoresistive sensors applied in biomedical diagnostics.

Over the recent years, magnetoresistive (MR) sensors in biosensing technologies have played a pivotal role in detecting and quantifying biomarkers. The article highly focuses on the potential implications of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), giant magnetoresistance (GMR), anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), and hybrid MR sensors over conventional prototypes. The study mainly elaborates on the sensor characteristics and their implementation in the biomedical domain. The encompassing evaluation reveals the findings that the TMR sensors are remarkably stable and sensitive, whereas the GMR sensors are highly robust and inexpensive, as determined by the detection level, accuracy, sensing distance, and sensitivity. In addition, it is stated that hybrid MR sensors have lower error rates than AMR sensors utilized in the limited research area.

Efficient coastal inundation early-warning system for low-lying atolls, dealing with lagoon and ocean side inundation in Tarawa, Kiribati

Tarawa is a low-lying atoll in the Gilbert Island group, capital of the Republic of Kiribati and home of nearly 70.000 inhabitants. With limited land area, rapid population growth and urbanization, strong interannual sea level variability induced by ENSO and sea level rise, Tarawa is highly vulnerable to coastal flooding. In this context, Early Warning Systems are a proven cost-effective climate adaptation measure to strengthen community resilience. In virtually enclosed atolls, the water level experienced at the shore is compounded by tides, sea level anomaly, storm surge and the contribution of waves. While wave setup and runup, are the primary components driving inundation along the ocean-facing shorelines, sea level anomaly, wind setup and wave pumping through the atoll rim contributes more inside lagoons. In this paper we present an efficient process-based approach to forecast flooding events along both, the ocean and lagoon coasts of atoll islands. With the intention of being highly scalable to other island countries, the system has been designed as a lightweight and accurate tool, that provides actionable and user-friendly water level predictions 7 days in advance. Publicly available global forecast products are ingested by a high-resolution wave model and tailor-made metamodels to translate ocean forcings to water levels at the shore. In absence of a comprehensive topography dataset, extreme value distributions of 27-year hourly water levels were evaluated every 500 m along the coast to define and communicate different levels of warnings according to the recurrence interval of the forecasted event. The long-term wave climate, nearshore wave transformation, and water levels produced under this work increase Tarawa's risk knowledge and support informed investments and future development strategies. While this system will significantly enhance ocean services in Kiribati, improving baseline data still remains a critical need for government and communities to support informed decision making to better cope with increased coastal hazards.

Cerebrospinal fluid solute transport associated with sensorimotor brain activity in rodents

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is crucial for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, providing nutrition, and removing metabolic waste from the brain. However, the relationship between neuronal activity and CSF solute transport remains poorly understood. To investigate the effect of regional neuronal activity on CSF solute transport, Sprague–Dawley rats (all male, n = 30) under anesthesia received an intracisternal injection of a fluorescent tracer (Texas Red ovalbumin) and were subjected to unilateral electrical stimulation of a forelimb. Two groups (n = 10 each) underwent two different types of stimulation protocols for 90 min, one including intermittent 7.5-s resting periods and the other without rest. The control group was not stimulated. Compared to the control, the stimulation without resting periods led to increased transport across most of the cortical areas, including the ventricles. The group that received intermittent stimulation showed an elevated level of solute uptake in limited areas, i.e., near/within the ventricles and on the ventral brain surface. Interhemispheric differences in CSF solute transport were also found in the cortical regions that overlap with the forelimb sensorimotor area. These findings suggest that neuronal activity may trigger local and brain-wide increases in CSF solute transport, contributing to waste clearance.

Curved grid‐scored foam core sandwich composites under low‐velocity impact loads: Effects of curvature, stacking sequence, and core finishing

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to experimentally investigate how material and geometric parameters, including face sheet layup, curvature, and core finishing, affect the contact force‐displacement behavior, absorbed energy, and damage modes of curved sandwich composites with grid‐scored foam under low‐velocity impact loads. An instrumented drop‐weight testing machine with a hemispherical impactor was used to perform low‐velocity impact tests at different energy levels. Angled‐ply stacking had the maximum contact force and impact resistance for low curvature radii. In the event of penetration, the impact energy absorption of all curved sandwich panels increased as the curvature increased. The core finishing influenced the contact forces of the curved and flat sandwich panels but not the penetration energy. The curvature and face sheet layups affected the delamination size and pattern. Angle‐ply and cross‐ply face sheets with the smallest and maximum radius of curvature, respectively, decreased penetration depth. The resin‐filled channels reduced foam cell impact damage and face‐core debonding. LVI penetration resistance was found to be highest for angle‐ply stacking and knife‐cut foam at small curvature radii. The proposed research will also provide naval designers with valuable insight into the impact response of sandwich structures used in curved parts of the hull and deck.Highlights The effect of curvature on the LVI responses varied due to face sheet layups. Core finishing affected contact forces, but not the absorbed energy. Curvature and face sheet layups affected the damage modes. Resin‐filled channels limited damage area and acted as stoppers for debonding.

Using the LSTM Neural Network and the UWB Positioning System to Predict the Position of Low and High Speed Moving Objects.

Automation of transportation will play a crucial role in the future when people driving vehicles will be replaced by autonomous systems. Currently, the positioning systems are not used alone but are combined in order to create cooperative positioning systems. The ultra-wideband (UWB) system is an excellent alternative to the global positioning system (GPS) in a limited area but has some drawbacks. Despite many advantages of various object positioning systems, none is free from the problem of object displacement during measurement (data acquisition), which affects positioning accuracy. In addition, temporarily missing data from the absolute positioning system can lead to dangerous situations. Moreover, data pre-processing is unavoidable and takes some time, affecting additionally the object's displacement in relation to its previous position and its starting point of the new positioning process. So, the prediction of the position of an object is necessary to minimize the time when the position is unknown or out of date, especially when the object is moving at high speed and the position update rate is low. This article proposes using the long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural network to predict objects' positions based on historical data from the UWB system and inertial navigation. The proposed solution creates a reliable positioning system that predicts 10 positions of low and high-speed moving objects with an error below 10 cm. Position prediction allows detection of possible collisions-the intersection of the trajectories of moving objects.

Unraveling the complex pressure propagation of two-time depressurization production in Shenhu hydrate reservoir: Insights for long-term exploitation

Depressurization serves as the primary method for exploiting marine hydrate reservoirs, and understanding the long-term pressure propagation efficiency and identifying the potential limiting factors are crucial for enhancing and optimizing this approach. In this study, we employed numerical modeling to simulate two-time depressurization exploitation in the Shenhu hydrate reservoir, aiming to predict the long-term gas production and pressure propagation efficiency under various depressurization schemes. Our simulation results indicate: 1) The pressure propagates rapidly near the wellhead and gradually decelerates with distance due to the impeding influence of the reservoir's low intrinsic permeability and groundwater seepage in the covering strata. 2) Pressure propagation in single-well systems exhibits substantial variation among sublayers, resulting in limited areas of hydrate dissociation. Long-term gas production depends on the hydrate dissociation. Consequently, the total 5-year gas production for single-vertical-well and single-horizontal-well systems are only 3.59 × 106 m3 and 5.04 × 106 m3, respectively. 3) Multi-horizontal-well systems can significantly extend pressure propagation, but the maximum increase in gas production is only 47.0%. This is due to the reservoir's low permeability (2.3 mD), which severely hampers hydrate dissociation pressure, limiting it to 8 MPa. Therefore, optimizing depressurization requires reservoir modifications to enhance reservoir permeability.

Phenological phases of <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> L. H. Bailey under conditions of humid subtropics in Russia

Weigela varieties of hybrid origin, known as Weigela hortensis (W. hortensis C.A. Mey) or <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> (W.wagneri L. H. Bailey) are cultivated on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar Krai. A current range of this beautifully flowering shrub includes more than 150 varieties. However, only 24 grow in the region and are predominately selected in the early XX century and are rarely used in the landscaping of the resort town. Ornamental varieties of Weigela grow mostly in limited use areas (Sochi Arboretum, Subtropical Botanical Garden in Kuban region, Friendship Tree Garden Museum). The study aims at investigating the phenological phases of <i>Weigela×wagneri</i> L. H. Bailey under humid subtropical conditions of the Black Sea coast, Krasnodar Krai, to be used for the design of gardens with continuous flowering plants, as well as for breeding. The study was conducted in the period from 2013 to 2019 in the Friendship Tree Garden Museum and Subtropical Botanical Garden in Kuban region. The study involved 15 varieties of W.×wagneri. The authors established differences in phenological phases, including the start/end of growing season and flowering, duration of these periods, as well as the sums of effective temperatures required for these phases. The start of the growing season was established to vary from February 12 (Arlequin) with an accumulated sum of effective temperature of 261.2℃ to March 14 (Brictol Ruby) and a sum of temperature of 376.9℃. Differences between varieties in this phenophase account for 30 days. On the basis of the long-term average annual data, the varieties were divided into groups according to the floral initiation: early flowering (from April 14 to April 21) group included Arlequin, Gustave Malet, Mon Blanc, Newport Red, Venusta, Madame Lemoine; medium-flowering (April 22 to April 30) group included Lacepede, Ballet, Pavillon Blanc, Brictol Ruby, Madame Lemoine; Eva Ratke, Kosteriana variegata, Red Prince, Augusta were included into a late-flowering (from May 01 to May 06) group. According to the dates of the start and end of growing season, the varieties were divided into the following phenological groups: EE – Early starting (before Feb 12) and Early ending vegetation (before Dec 05); EL – Early starting (before Feb 12) and Late ending (after Dec 19); LE – Late starting (after March 4) and Early ending (before Dec 5); LL – Late starting (after March 4) and Late ending vegetation (after Dec 19).

Household Waste Management Strategy in Upper Middle Housing

The growing volume of waste poses a significant challenge, with implications for environmental contamination, health, and aesthetics. While participatory waste management practices have been adopted in some areas, others resort to dumping on vacant land, leading to potential long-term repercussions. The focus on waste source management, particularly within households, becomes imperative. A descriptive study was conducted in the Sukabumi Sub-district, with the most residences. Targeting households with heads of families as respondents, the research encompassed a sample of 120 housing units selected through systematic random sampling. Instruments developed by the researcher were employed for data collection. Analysis was anchored on a univariate approach and the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) method. The community's education, knowledge, and occupation profiles were categorized as 'good'. Despite this, a gap in waste governance was identified. Community knowledge about waste management emerged as a strength, while the unrealized potential of converting organic household waste into compost was recognized as an opportunity. To address waste management effectively, it is recommended to prioritize community strengths and harness available opportunities, like independent composting through suitable technology for limited land areas. Emphasizing household waste reduction through the 3R+P model, tailored for upper-middle-class housing, and bolstering community waste management awareness through continuous campaigns is essential.

Effect of severe sulfate exposure on the bonding behavior of hybrid engineered composite systems

This article examines the sulfate resistance of composite concrete systems (CS) combining self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in compression and engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in tension, with special focus on the bonding properties at SCC/ECC interface. The effect of different fibers in the ECC tension area was investigated considering the use of PVA, steel and hybrid PVA/steel fibers at the same content. SCC and ECC layers were hot-jointed at fresh-to- fresh state and the hardened systems were tested under repeated cycles of concentrated sodium sulfate immersion and oven drying at a high temperature of 80 °C. Samples were assessed for physical, mechanical, and microstructural changes, including visual state, failure mode, mass, compressive strength, flexural properties and tensile bond strengths at different immersion-drying cycles. In addition, using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and backscattered electron imaging, sulfate profiles and phase assemblage methods were applied to investigate the concentration of reaction products of each SCC/ECC system. The long-term exposure results confirmed the advanced sulfate resistance of all CSs as compared to monolithic SCC. Considering the different degradation levels of CSs, the use of PVA demonstrated slightly enhanced physic-o-mechanical properties due to its greater interfacial effect at the SCC/ECC bond. Microstructural studies revealed that there were high concentrations of reaction products in the SCC layers that also affected a limited area near the interfacial bond with the ECC layers, particularly when steel fibers were included in CSs.

The heat transfer potential of compressor vanes on a hydrogen fueled turbofan engine

Hydrogen is a promising fuel for future aviation due to its CO2-free combustion. In addition, its excellent cooling properties as it is heated from cryogenic conditions to the appropriate combustion temperatures provides a multitude of opportunities. This paper investigates the heat transfer potential of stator surfaces in a modern high-speed low-pressure compressor by incorporating cooling channels within the stator vane surfaces, where hydrogen is allowed to flow and cool the engine core air. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were carried out to assess the aerothermal performance of this cooled compressor and were compared to heat transfer correlations. A core air temperature drop of 9.5 K was observed for this cooling channel design while being relatively insensitive to the thermal conductivity of the vane and cooling channel wall thickness. The thermal resistance was dominated by the air-side convective heat transfer, and more surface area on the air-side would therefore be required in order to increase overall heat flow. While good agreement with established heat transfer correlations was found for both turbulent and transitional flow, the correlation for the transitional case yielded decent accuracy only as long as the flow remains attached, and while transition was dominated by the bypass mode. A system level analysis, indicated a limited but favorable impact at engine performance level, amounting to a specific fuel consumption improvement of up to 0.8 % in cruise and an estimated reduction of 3.6 % in cruise NOx. The results clearly show that, although it is possible to achieve high heat transfer rate per unit area in compressor vanes, the impact on cycle performance is constrained by the limited available wetted area in the low-pressure compressor.

Local Topographic Rossby Modes Observed in the Abyssal Sea of Japan

Abstract The short-period current fluctuations (topographic wave fluctuations, TWFs) on the southern rim slope of the abyssal Sea of Japan were investigated using current meter datasets from closely spaced mooring arrays. The TWFs occurred almost continuously throughout the year with short periods in a narrow band (1.5–5 days), showing a seasonal modulation in their amplitude. The TWFs were attributable to alternate passage of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies on the rim slope, which propagated eastward at a speed of 0.15–0.23 m s−1. In addition, the TWFs showed a bottom-intensified characteristic, along with the two-layer structure consisting of an almost barotropic lower layer and a marginally baroclinic upper layer. The lowest topographic Rossby mode, which is a normal mode of the topographic Rossby waves prescribed by the two ridges on the rim slope, was considered as a cause of the TWFs because of its eastward-propagating eddy train structure along the rim slope and the eigenperiod (3–5 days) near the TWF band. In addition, the local time-dependent Sverdrup balance was considered as a mechanism of the TWF generation, since the TWFs significantly correlated with the wind stress curl variations over the observation area with time lags. That is, the current fluctuations near the eigenperiod were selectively amplified via the resonance between the lowest topographic Rossby mode and the Ekman pumping variations induced by the TWF-band wind stress curl. We concluded that the observed TWFs were a manifestation of the wind-induced lowest topographic Rossby mode prescribed by the bottom topography. Significance Statement The dispersion relation teaches us that short-period (<10 days) Rossby waves have a very long wavelength (>103 km). However, as atmospheric forcing with both such period and wavelength is absent, the short-period Rossby waves excited by a local forcing generally dissipate quickly in a limited area. Nevertheless, we observed short-period (1.5–5 days) current fluctuations occurring continuously throughout the year in the abyssal (>1000 m) Sea of Japan. The deep current fluctuations were attributable to the propagation of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy trains on the zonally extended slope. This is the wind-induced lowest topographic Rossby normal mode prescribed by the bottom topography. This study suggests that short-period current fluctuations can occur everywhere if appropriate topographic and atmospheric conditions were established.

Simulation of Multi-component Thermal Fluid Flooding in Horizontal Well of Offshore Heavy Oil Reservoirs

After many-turns of huff and puff of multi-component thermal fluid, only the heavy oil in a limited area near the wellbore is produced. However, the inter-well areas, namely the dead oil areas, are not influenced by multi-component thermal fluid. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the research on multi-component thermal fluid flooding. The facility of thermal recovery 3D physical stimulation is adopted to carry out simulation of flooding in various well spacing of pseudo-line well pattern, and producer-injector spacing and parameters are optimized with numerical simulation. The results of physical simulation and numerical simulation results show that the effect of the 250m spacing of well pattern with injectior-productor ratio 1:3 is better than other well spacing, with maximum recovery of 56.02%. The research results provide a technical support for the offshore multi-component thermal fluid flooding experiment.

A self-balanced electron-emissive double Langmuir probe drawing no electron loss from its diagnosed plasma

In this work, a new form of double Langmuir probe (DLP) system, an emissive double Langmuir probe (EDLP), which connects a collecting probe tip and an electron-emitting probe tip to form a DLP system, has been proposed as a replacement of the currently more common asymmetric double Langmuir probes (ADLPs). The EDLP was both computationally and experimentally investigated in this work. Using an emissive probe to provide an emission current I E to balance the electron collection current I C,e, the EDLP can obtain a full I–V trace when I E,TL > I C,es and be used in a similar manner to a single Langmuir probe with the exception that the EDLP, as with the ADLP, does not measure the local plasma potential. I E,TL ≫ I C,es can be realized on an EDLP without needing the much larger ion collection area required by the ADLP, and at I E,TL ∼ 2I C,es the relative error between the EDLP and a single Langmuir probe is ∼15% due to space-charge limited effects, which is better than that of the ADLP at ∼30% under similar conditions. The performance of an EDLP depends on whether its electron emission current sufficiently offsets its electron-collecting current, making it particularly fitting for scenarios where the plasma density is low but a large probe is difficult to employ due to the limited balancing ion current. This makes the EDLP potentially useful on satellites, which operate in very low temperature plasmas with a limited ion loss area to balance a Langmuir probe’s electron-collecting current. With the advances in highly emitting materials, EDLPs are expected to significantly remove the design barriers of Langmuir probes on satellites.

Comparison of Seismic Response of Multi-Storey Building Having Shear Walls Without Opening on STAAD-PRO and ETAB

In India’s main cities, high-rise reinforced concrete residential buildings with more than 15, 16, or 17 stories are widespread these days, which are aligned parallel to the Indian government’s “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna”. The development of an economical and eco-friendly R-C building by providing a limited area of shear walls at the diagonal corners of the structure is evaluated in STAAD-PRO and ETAB in this paper. This work also focuses on the location and minimal area of shear walls along with maximum strength, and its 3-D analysis gives conclusions. The paper concludes that the design of 20-story buildings in STAAD and ETAB with minimum shear walls gives safe results, and Horizontal forces increase the structure’s strength and stiffness requirements.