Limited Internet Access Research Articles

Cost-Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression Among Adults in Primary Care.

Approximately 1 in 5 adults are diagnosed with depression in their lifetime. However, less than half receive help from a health professional, with the treatment gap being worse for individuals with socioeconomic disadvantage. Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) is an effective and convenient strategy to treat depression; however, its cost-effectiveness in a sociodemographically diverse population remains unknown. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of clinician-supported CCBT compared with treatment as usual (TAU) in a primary care population with a substantial number of patients with low income, limited computer or internet access, and lack of college education. This economic evaluation was a randomized clinical trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis. The trial was conducted at the Departments of Family and Geriatric Medicine and Internal Medicine at the University of Louisville. Enrollment occurred from June 24, 2016, to May 13, 2019. Participants had mild to moderate depression and were followed up for 6 months after treatment completion. The last follow-up assessment was conducted on January 30, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed from August 2023 to August 2024. CCBT intervention was provided for 12 weeks and included 9 modules ranging from behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring to relapse prevention strategies, supported by telephonic sessions with a clinician, in addition to TAU, which included standard clinical management in primary care. The primary health outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), estimated using the Short-Form 12 questionnaire (SF-12). The secondary outcome was treatment response, defined as at least 50% improvement in the Patient Health Questionnaire. The intervention cost included sessions with mental health clinicians and the cost of the CCBT software, plus the cost of loaner computer and internet data plan for low-resource households. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was computed, while adjusting for baseline scores, age, and sex. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve presented the probability of CCBT being cost-effective for a range of willingness-to-pay values. Among the 175 primary care patients included in this study, 148 (84.5%) were female; 48 (27.4%) were African American, 2 (1.2%) were American Indian or Alaska Native, 4 (2.5%) were Hispanic, 106 (60.5%) were White, and 15 (8.6%) were multiracial; and the mean (SD) age was 47.03 (13.15) years. CCBT was associated with better quality of life and higher chance of treatment response at the posttreatment and 6-month time points, compared with the TAU group. The ICER for CCBT was $37 295 (95% CI, $22 724-$66 546) per QALY, with a probability of 89.4% of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000/QALY. The ICER per case of treatment response was $3623 (95% CI, $2617-$5377). In this trial-based economic evaluation, CCBT was found to be cost-effective, compared with TAU, in primary care patients with depression. As this study included individuals with low income and with limited internet access who are underrepresented in cost-effectiveness studies, it has important policy implications for addressing unmet needs in sociodemographically diverse populations.

QOL-12. ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS USING THE EORTC-QLQ-C30/ EORTC-BN20 AND THE PROMIS SYSTEM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Abstract BACKGROUND Patient reported outcomes are essential to guide patient-care and to maintain quality of life. We aim to further assess feasibility of computer adaptations of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaire in the clinical setting and compare it with outcomes of the EORTC- QLQ-C30 and EORTC-BN20 questionnaires. METHODS Newly diagnosed patients with GBM were enrolled to assess feasibility. The PROMIS modules were selected to reflect the HRQoL domains assessed in the EORTC- QLQ-C30 and EORTC-BN20 questionnaires. PROMIS modules selected included anxiety, depression, fatigue, physical function, sleep disturbance, sleep-related impairment, social satisfaction role, applied cognitive ability and global health. EORTC instruments as well as PROMIS was answered to patients in the outpatient setting. Descriptive analysis was performed RESULTS 43 patients with 124 PROMIS/EORTC responses were included in this analysis. 31 patients completed the survey prior to or within 14 days of start of radiation, 12 patients completed a survey outside of the radiation window, and a total of 60 completed surveys were obtained between both patient groups. The median times to complete the EORTC-QLQ-C30 and the EORTC-BN20 surveys were 4.77 (range=2.05-18.6) and 2.63 (range=1.17- 24.83) minutes respectively. For the PROMIS instruments except global health, the median times to complete different modules ranged from 0.6- 1 minute (range= 0.15-7.77). For global health, the median time was 2.35 minutes (range= 1.02-21.12). Average time to complete all PROMIS questions was 8.65 minutes (range=3.32-66.01). CONCLUSIONS Real-time prospective assessment of the EORTC tools is similar to the PROMIS measures. While most response times were short, the ranges suggest that select patients might struggle. Patients were offered to participate online from home for convenience, but low computer literacy, limited internet access and burden of disease might limit participation.

An Insight from Organizing CLImbing for CLImate GEOspatial School (CLIGEOS-2024) in Mountainous Regions

Abstract. This paper delves into the multifaceted experiences and insights garnered from organizing a short-term training programme aimed at professionals, students, academics, and climate enthusiasts. The programme, named CLImbing for CLImate GEOspatial School (CLIGEOS-2024), was a collaborative effort by the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and ISPRS Student Consortium (ISPRS-SC) alongside Center for space science and geomatics studies (CSSGS) Pashchimanchal campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Universita’ Degli Studi Di Udine, Italy and LJ University, India aimed at addressing environmental challenges, particularly in hill and mountain regions. Despite facing logistical and communication hurdles due to the geographical dispersion of organizing institutions, the event successfully brought together participants with backgrounds in GIS, remote sensing, agriculture, and forestry. The programme was structured to promote participatory learning and project-based learning methodologies, incorporating classroom teaching, hands-on activities, fieldwork, data collection, short projects, quizzes, and evaluation mechanisms. Through a meticulously planned sequence, participants engaged in theoretical lectures, practical sessions on drone technology, industry expert presentations, and a mountain trek to observe climate change phenomena first-hand. Despite challenges related to infrastructure, including limited internet connectivity and access to data, the programme served as a catalyst for raising awareness about climate change and promoting sustainable practices. Key takeaways highlighted the importance of spatial data analysis, interdisciplinary collaboration, and hands-on learning in advancing solutions for sustainable development. The paper concludes with lessons learned from the programme, providing insights for future initiatives aimed at capacity building and knowledge dissemination.

Tracing the Success of QRIS Policy Implementation in Surabaya City’s Parking Levy System

This research explores the effectiveness of the Surabaya City Government’s policy on parking levy payments via the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS). The study aims to analyze the policy’s success in increasing Regional Original Income (Pendapatan Asli Daerah or PAD) and enhancing community welfare by improving the payment experience for parking users and supporting efficient management by parking attendants. Using Van Meter and Van Horn’s policy implementation framework, which includes six critical factors—policy standards and objectives, resource allocation, characteristics of implementing organizations, inter-organizational communication, implementer disposition, and socio-political and economic environment—the study evaluates both the facilitating and hindering elements of the policy. A qualitative descriptive methodology was employed, with data gathered through literature reviews, field observations, and structured interviews with key stakeholders, including government officials, parking service providers, and users. Analysis revealed that QRIS implementation has been beneficial in promoting transparency and efficiency in revenue collection, supporting PAD growth. However, challenges such as varying levels of digital literacy among users, limited internet access in certain areas, and reluctance among some parking attendants to adopt digital systems were identified as barriers to optimal implementation. Key findings suggest that the policy’s long-term success hinges on consistent inter-agency coordination, community engagement initiatives to raise digital payment awareness, and ongoing training for parking attendants to improve digital proficiency. The study concludes that achieving sustainable success in implementing non-cash transactions for parking levies requires a holistic approach, integrating community awareness, inter-organizational support, and policy adaptability. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers seeking to improve public service delivery through digital transactions. It highlights the importance of adaptive management in fostering community welfare alongside regional revenue growth.

Implementation of Merdeka Learning Curriculum with Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project at State Primary School

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Merdeka learning curriculum and the Pancasila student profile strengthening project, as well as the obstacles and impacts that arise from its implementation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. The informants taken in this study were 5 people who were directly related to this study. The data collection techniques obtained were observation, interviews, and documentation in data analysis using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Merdeka learning curriculum and the Pancasila student profile strengthening project have been implemented in stages at SD Negeri 03 Rantau Alai and are running well as intracurricular and co-curricular learning. Problems that arise in the implementation of the Merdeka learning curriculum and the Pancasila student profile strengthening project are the lack of relevant reading books, teacher competence in the use of supporting technology, and limited internet access. All existing obstacles have been overcome by adding relevant reading books, conducting teacher training forming learning communities, and adding signal boosters (modems).

The Padlet Media Design Based on Bima Local Literature to Improve Student Writing Skills

This research aims to improve students' writing skills through the use of Padlet media which is integrated with local wisdom of Bima regional literature. The background of this research is based on the low writing ability of students caused by monotonous traditional learning methods and the lack of use of interactive media. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) development model. Local literature, such as folklore and poetry, is integrated into Padlet's platform as teaching materials to provide relevant cultural context for students. The participants in this study are 30 students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program at STKIP Harapan Bima. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in students' writing skills after the use of Padlet based on local wisdom. The average writing score of students increased by 25%, especially in the aspects of cohesion, coherence, and idea development. In addition, students also reported increased motivation and active involvement in writing learning through Padlet's collaborative features, such as writing sharing and feedback. However, there are several technical obstacles faced, such as limited internet access and lack of digital literacy among students. The results of this study have implications that the integration of digital technology and local wisdom can be an innovative strategy in improving students' writing skills, as well as fostering their cultural awareness.

Mathematics Teachers’ Experiences of Using Online Teaching Resources for Professional Learning in a Context of Disadvantage

This interpretative phenomenological study adopted the Community of Inquiry framework to explore 30 South African teachers’ experiences of the effectiveness of Grade 9 online mathematics teaching resources. A survey questionnaire with open-ended questions and a semi-structured interview guide were used to obtain data on the teachers' experiences. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic coding approach. The findings were that the teachers positively experienced the efficacy of online teaching materials for their professional development in terms of cognitive, social, teaching and learning presences. Using WhatsApp groups to share and discuss the online materials enhanced a common identity (social presence), deep engagement with the mathematical and pedagogical content knowledge of the materials (cognitive presence), (peer) teaching and (peer) learning from one another via WhatsApp (social media) chat groups (teaching and cognitive presences) that collectively eased curriculum implementation and enhanced student learning. However, limited facilitator teaching presence and limited internet access for both teachers and learners constrained the platform's benefits. Participating teachers reported spending at least three hours per week searching for online teaching resources, sometimes fruitlessly, indicating a need for more digital literacy training. The study makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the potential benefits of online resources for teaching complex mathematics topics such as fractions and familiarity with the obstacles that need to be overcome. The more teachers and students turn to online resources, the more the findings of this study can inform the development of such resources to improve mathematics learning outcomes for schools in contexts of disadvantage.

Impact of Virtual Learning on Student Performance and Engagement in Remote Hilly Areas of Uttarakhand

The rapid shift to virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic brought significant changes to the education system, especially in geographically challenging regions like the remote hilly areas of Uttarakhand, India. This study explores how these shifts affected high school students' academic performance and engagement in virtual classrooms, given the unique challenges posed by limited infrastructure and connectivity. This study investigates the impact of virtual learning on student performance and engagement in the remote hilly areas of Uttarakhand, India. With the sudden shift to virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic, schools in these regions faced unique challenges due to their geographic isolation, lack of internet access, and frequent power outages. The study aims to assess how these conditions have influenced the effectiveness of virtual learning and its impact on students' academic outcomes and engagement levels. A total of 51 high school students from 05 government schools in remote areas of Uttarakhand participated in this research. Data was collected through structured questionnaires, focusing on students’ experiences with virtual learning, their academic performance before and after the shift, and their engagement with online classes. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods, including descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and MANOVA, to analyze the data. Findings indicate that while virtual learning provided an essential educational lifeline during the pandemic, students in remote areas encountered significant barriers that hindered their learning experiences. Limited internet access and frequent electricity cuts were among the primary obstacles reported. Despite these challenges, a majority of students found virtual classrooms useful for maintaining continuity in their education. The study also reveals that virtual learning positively influenced student engagement, particularly in subjects that incorporated interactive content. However, the overall academic performance showed mixed results, with some students struggling due to the absence of traditional classroom interaction and practical learning opportunities. This research highlights the need for improved infrastructure and policy interventions to support virtual education in remote regions. It concludes that while virtual learning has potential, addressing technological and logistical barriers is crucial for ensuring equitable and effective learning experiences for all students in such areas.

Pelatihan Santripreneur Melalui Pengenalan Digital Marketing Untuk Santri Pondok Pesantren Darul Ulum Tragung Batang

This Community Service Program aims to empower students of the Darul Ulum Tragung Islamic Boarding School, Batang, through digital marketing training to develop their ultra-micro businesses. This training was conducted in three stages: introduction to digital marketing, case studies from other Islamic boarding schools, and creation and management of a marketplace. The results of the training showed an increase in students' understanding of digital marketing strategies and their ability to manage a marketplace. Several obstacles such as limited internet access and devices, as well as limited time in the Islamic boarding school environment, were successfully overcome with an adaptive approach. This program succeeded in providing strong digital-based entrepreneurial provisions for students while strengthening partnerships between Islamic boarding schools and universities.

The Role of Nursing Guidelines on Successful License Renewal for Nurses and Midwives in Ubungo District Public Hospitals in Tanzania

In the recent years, nurses and mid wives are struggling to keep their knowledge current knowledge and skills current and relevant through to changing requirements and situations. Through engaging in continuing professional development (CPD), care givers become updated knowledge and practice to provide quality care to patients. This study sought to unveil the role of CPD on license renewal of midwives and nurses with a special focus on Ubungo district as Ubungo has more health Centres as compared to other districts in Dar es Salaam. Specifically, the study sought to determine the role of nursing guidelines on successful license renewal for Nurses and Midwives in Ubungo District Public Hospitals, The study was guided by the Kirkpatrick Model as the theoretical framework. The study used descriptive research design while simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select members of sample size who were 99 respondents. The target population of the study included all public hospitals, dispensaries and health centres located in the Ubungo district. The data was collected using documents review, in-depth interview, and structured interviews, and then analyzed using content analysis, narrative analysis, and descriptive analysis. Findings revealed that the CPD acquisition and license renewal guidelines are available at the Tanzania nursing and midwifery council(TNMC) website, however, they require registration and login to access them. The license acquisition process was through paper document submission at the TNMC office and later on changed to online in 2022. Apart from insufficient computers and limited internet access, some challenges result from nurses and midwives negative attitude towards license renewal as they tend to not renew them until there is a tactical advantage such as a promotion. Management staff at the hospitals also does not focus on license renewal as they focus more on accomplishment of daily tasks, and only care when a malpractice occurs. CPD points determine the eligibility of the license renewal applicant. The study concludes that the online availability of CPD guidelines is a good way of reaching all stakeholders. The study recommends awareness raising activities regarding access to the guidelines, raise more awareness regarding the online license renewal system, and design more effective and efficient means of stakeholder outreach.

Perceptions of Yemeni EFL Students on the Use of AI Tools: Awareness, Frequency, and Preferred Applications

This study explores Yemeni EFL students' perceptions of using AI tools in their English language learning, focusing on awareness, frequency of use, and preferred applications. AI-powered tools like ChatGPT, Duolingo, and Grammarly offer personalized, interactive learning experiences that are especially valuable in regions with limited educational resources. The research utilized an online survey distributed via WhatsApp to gather data from Yemeni undergraduate students. Results indicate that while many students are familiar with AI tools and use them regularly for tasks such as vocabulary building and grammar checking, barriers like limited internet access and high AI tool costs remain significant. The study highlights the potential benefits of AI tools in accelerating learning, enhancing autonomy, and providing personalized feedback while addressing the need for improved infrastructure and support in under-resourced areas. The findings provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and AI developers to enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of AI tools in language learning, particularly in conflict-affected regions like Yemen.

OPTIMIZATION OF BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT WITH SIMPLE QUEUE LIMITATION USING MIKROTIK DEVICES IN SUKARAJAKULON VILLAGE

Optimization is an effort to improve an activity or job in order to minimize losses or maximize profits in order to achieve the best possible goals within certain limits. The aim of this research is to be able to make efforts to use devices such as computers, internet access so that they can be used more optimally. In this case, there is still less than optimal use of computers due to limited internet access in certain rooms, therefore this research is able to answer and provide benefits. The research methods used are literature studies and field studies. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis including analysis of the current system, analysis of hardware and software requirements. The results obtained were the addition of 2 access points, 100 meters of UTP cable, 1 unit of switch hub, and 1 unit of proxy. Such as the division of bandwidth management for computers UpTo 40 Mbps, special Ap UpTo 40 Mbps, and Ap for guests 10 Mbps. The conclusion obtained is that by placing the access point in the right area, the WLAN network will be optimal. Based on the results of the questionnaire, it was stated that use was more optimal and the difference was very noticeable

Enhancing Accessibility in Archives of Developing Countries: Strategies for Inclusive Information Access in Pakistani Context

ABSTRACTThis study explores these challenges, focusing on language diversity, literacy levels, and technological infrastructure. Sindh's linguistic diversity, with Sindhi, Urdu, and English as primary languages, creates barriers for users not proficient in multiple languages. The need for translation services, limited by financial constraints, further complicates access. Additionally, literacy disparities between urban and rural areas hinder engagement with textual materials, necessitating educational outreach programs that require substantial investment. Technological barriers, including limited internet access and digital devices in rural areas, exacerbate these challenges. This research proposes strategies to enhance accessibility in Sindh Archives, such as multilingual cataloging, audiovisual resources, community outreach programs, mobile libraries, user‐friendly digital interfaces, collaborative partnerships, and capacity‐building initiatives. These strategies aim to promote equitable access to archival resources, enabling broader participation in research and education. By implementing these approaches, the rich cultural heritage of Sindh can be preserved and made accessible for future generations. The Sindh Archives in Karachi, with its extensive collection of historical documents, serves as a case study to illustrate the potential impact of these strategies.

Improving Digital Literacy of Village Communities in Indonesia through Information Technology-Based Community Service Programs

This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to improve the digital Literacy of rural communities in Indonesia through information technology-based Training. This activity was conducted online and involved 50 participants with a varied basic understanding of digital technology. Interactive training methods using the Zoom application and mentoring via WhatsApp are carried out to ensure participants can understand and practice the training material, especially in social media and e-commerce. The Training results showed a significant improvement in the participants' abilities. Before the Training, only 20% of participants could use social media, and 15% could take advantage of e-commerce. After the Training, this figure increased to 85% and 70%, respectively. Although there are challenges in the form of limited internet access in some regions, the provision of materials that can be accessed offline helps participants in the learning process. This program increases digital Literacy and contributes to improving the local economy through digital marketing of village products. With positive results, this program can be replicated in other regions to empower the community through information technology. This study shows that the right digital training approach can significantly impact Literacy and economic empowerment in rural communities.

The Impact of Online Education on Gifted Mathematics Students from Different Family Backgrounds

Goal 4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasizes ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education to achieve sustainability. It is well known that gifted mathematics education is crucial, but teachers for gifted mathematics education are extremely scarce. The promotion of sustainability in gifted mathematics education on a large scale is an important issue to ensure equity and quality in education. Mathematical competitions have always been an important method for gifted education and have received widespread attention from students and parents. Many high school students prepare for these competitions through extracurricular gifted mathematics tutoring. With the advancement of science and technology and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, many tutoring courses have gradually turned to online courses. Online gifted mathematics education has become a model for developing gifted education. In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the learning patterns, grades, and family backgrounds of students participating in mathematics competitions in 10 key high schools in Liaoning Province from 2018 to 2024. The research results are as follows: (1) Before the COVID-19 pandemic, extracurricular gifted mathematics education primarily consisted of offline courses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, online learning resources developed rapidly and became prevalent, while offline education decreased. (2) Students from high-income families preferred offline courses when participating in extracurricular gifted education tutoring for mathematics. In contrast, students from middle- and low-income families were more inclined to choose online courses. Household registration and the place of residence had a weak correlation with the time spent participating in online gifted mathematics education. Among the influencing factors, material resources such as computers, smartphones, and broadband internet had a significant mediating effect. (3) With the advent of online education, the correlation between mathematics competition achievements and family income significantly decreased. However, students from rural families face challenges in accessing online education due to a lack of material resources consequent to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in lower mathematics competition achievements. The results show that online gifted education in mathematics breaks through the limitations of time, space, and resources; solves the problem of scarce teaching staff; and helps promote a comprehensive strategy for sustainable development in gifted education. At the same time, issues such as the digital divide, insufficient hardware, and limited internet access still need to be addressed.

Leveraging the ASSURE Model for Optimized Information Technology-Based Learning Media

The evaluation of technology-based learning media is crucial in modern education to ensure its effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes and addressing various challenges. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of information technology-based learning media in Class VI of SD Negeri 07 Angkasa using the ASSURE model. A case study approach was employed, involving 1 teacher and 10 sixth-grade students. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The analysis followed the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that the teacher used PowerPoint, Word Wall, and Quizizz Paper Mode, resulting in a 50% increase in student engagement and a 21.43% improvement in student performance. Key factors supporting the use of technology-based learning media included school facilities such as modems, WiFi cards, projectors, laptops, and speakers, as well as teachers' personal smartphones. However, challenges included limited internet access and unstable electricity. Solutions such as using offline technology, portable hotspots, backup power sources, and devices with sufficient battery life were suggested. The integration of information technology-based learning media showed positive effects on student engagement and performance. However, infrastructure limitations, curriculum alignment, and time management issues need to be addressed to optimize its use. This study concludes that the application of information technology-based learning media using the ASSURE model positively impacts student learning processes and outcomes. Overcoming infrastructural and logistical challenges is necessary to enhance its effectiveness in classrooms.

Digital-Based Learning in Lagging Area: Students' Problems and Expectations

Digital-based learning required by the government since the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 until mid-2022 is not fully implemented by teachers and students in lagging area. There are several problems and challenges faced by students in digital-based learning. This study aims to identify the causes of not implementing digital-based learning in the lagging area and analyze the expectations of students. This study was conducted by using quantitative methods. Data were obtained by giving questionnaires, conducting observations and interviews and then analyzed and explained narratively. The results of this study reveal that limited facilities and infrastructure, frequent power outages, limited internet access, there are still many students who do not have laptops and smart devices and lack of responsibility, understanding and teacher skills are obstacles for students in utilizing digital media. Students expect the government's attention to improve facilities, digital literacy of teachers and students and teacher professionalism. In addition, they also want teachers to be more creative in carrying out classroom learning such as the use of various digital media, learning videos, and various online learning technologies.

Cultural determinants of COVID-19 vaccines misinformation in Malawi

This study investigates how global misinformation and local cultural factors shape public perceptions of COVID-19 in Malawi. While misinformation about the pandemic often originates from global sources like the Internet and social media, its impact is influenced by religious and cultural narratives that resonate differently across various demographics, including gender. These ‘cultural determinants’ amplify the influence of misinformation, leading to widespread vaccine hesitancy. The paper draws on findings from a study conducted in the Malawian districts of Zomba, Dowa, and Nkhata Bay. The study reveals how religious prophecies and apocalyptic symbols, such as the ‘666’ mentioned in the biblical Book of Revelation, are used to frame vaccines as malevolent, distorting public understanding and fuelling fears about COVID-19. The role of social media in spreading misinformation is particularly significant, given its ability to quickly disseminate content and engage users as both consumers and creators of information. Despite limited internet access in Malawi, misinformation spreads effectively through offline spaces, where cultural beliefs and mistrust in political leaders further propagate it. This study highlights the need for culturally sensitive public health communication strategies to address the fears and beliefs that drive misinformation and vaccine hesitancy in Malawi and similar contexts. Although misinformation and vaccine hesitancy are global challenges, the study highlights that misinformation in Malawi is culturally specific, localised, and appeals to fears, with distinct resonance across the male-female gender divide.

Improving the Quality of Human Resources in Villages Through Empowerment and Managerial Training Programs

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to improve the quality of human resources in the village through empowerment programs and managerial training that are carried out online. This training focuses on three main aspects: leadership, financial management, and natural resource management. Thirty-five village officials and MSME managers participated in this training through the Zoom application for four sessions. The methods include material presentations, interactive discussions, case simulations, and post-training assistance via WhatsApp and follow-up webinars. The evaluation results showed that 75% of the participants experienced an improvement in managerial skills, especially in decision-making and financial management. In addition, participants' satisfaction with the training reached 85%, with a positive response to how the material was delivered and the relevance of the topic to the needs of the village community. Constraints such as limited internet access are overcome by providing session recordings and modules that can be accessed offline. This program fills the gap from previous research by focusing on economic aspects, leadership capacity building, and sustainable management of natural resources. The online approach in this training has proven to be effective in answering the needs of village communities and bridging geographical and technological limitations, which supports more competitive village development

Exploring the Use of Authentic Materials for Reading Activity at A Vocational School

This research explores teacher strategies in adapting authentic materials for reading instruction at vocational schools, identifying challenges faced by teachers and students. The study aims to investigate these strategies and challenges among tenth-grade AKL students at SMK Sangatta Utara during the 2023/2024 academic year. This qualitative case study examines the use of authentic materials in reading instruction at a vocational school. Data were collected through observations, semi-structured interviews, and field notes with one English teacher and six tenth-grade students. Techniques included purposive sampling and Creswell’s (2014) data analysis method for organizing, coding, and interpreting findings. The study found that teachers employed strategies for selecting and adapting authentic materials for reading instruction, such as advertisements and articles, that were relevant to students' interests. Challenges included limited internet access, insufficient learning media, and students' difficulties with vocabulary and engagement. Teachers mitigated these challenges through personal hotspots, group activities, and additional support. This study reveals effective strategies for using authentic materials in teaching reading, highlighting the benefits of relevance and collaboration. However, challenges like limited internet access and multimedia resources persist. Recommendations include improving technological infrastructure, providing teacher training, and fostering local collaborations to enhance the use of authentic materials and support student engagement and learning outcome