Action Limit Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРИНЦИПУ ВЕРХОВЕНСТВА ПРАВА У ПОДАТКОВИХ ВІДНОСИНАХ

The article describes the concepts of “legal system” and “tax system”. The expediency of drawing parallels is explained by the determination of legal, political, and social prerequisites for the rule of law in the field of taxation. Attention is drawn to the national and international aspects of the recognition of the rule of law. The relationship between the rule of law, democracy and human rights is determined. What does the rule of law mean in the tax system? The answer to this question is given thanks to the characteristics of individual elements of the rule of law in the tax system. The signing and ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union opened opportunities for the Ukrainian state to develop on its sovereign territory the components of the European public order with its legal values, and, first of all, the rule of law. The study presents a number of factors that influence the implementation of the rule of law in the tax system of Ukraine. The rule of law in the tax system determines the permissible limits of actions of the legislator in setting taxes and fees and of the law enforcer in the process of regulating tax relations. The rule of law includes substantive (recognition of a person, his life and health as the highest social value) and procedural (compliance of law-making and lawenforcement activities with the requirements of the quality of the law and equal application, etc.) components. The rule of law assumes that the content of laws does not go beyond the legal limits established for state intervention in the life of an individual and civil society. The rule of law means that laws apply not only to ordinary citizens, but also to public authorities and their officials. The assessment of the implementation of the rule of law in the tax system of Ukraine is demonstrated. The tasks of the modern state are to create conditions for the effective functioning of the tax system, which would meet the following conditions: 1) ensure the rule of law, democracy, and civil society; 2) creates a favorable legal regime for taxpayers with the aim of sustainable economic growth and stable development of society; 3) guarantees administrative efficiency of state authorities; 4) guarantees absence of corruption. The main problems of the rule of law in the tax system in Ukraine are identified and their reasons are named.

Experimental research of the influence of a ferromagnetic core on the speed of an induction-dynamic release with turning anchor type

Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection of semiconductor converters limit the duration and amplitude of the overcurrent at such a level that its thermal effect does not exceed the maximum allowable thermal protection index of the protected semiconductor device. The limitation of the thermal action of the short-circuit current is achieved by reducing the operation time of the circuit breaker. The design of the circuit breaker is changed in such a way that instead of the basic electromagnetic release is used an induction-dynamic release, which consists of an inductor with a ferromagnetic core and a rotary armature in the form of a copper disk. The electrodynamic force producing by the induction-dynamic release for quick operation is determined by the coefficient of mutual inductance of the inductor coil and the armature. Using of a ferromagnetic core entailed an increase in the coefficient of mutual inductance of the coil and armature, therefore, an increase in the electrodynamic force producing by the release, and a decrease in own tripping time of the circuit breaker. On a prototype, an experimental study of the proper operation time of the release was carried out at various values of the electrical parameters of the capacitor bank of the inductor power supply, the winding parameters of the inductor coil and the disk dimensions. The research results have proved both a decrease in the tripping time of the circuit breaker while conserving the energy of the capacitor bank of the inductor, and a decrease in the required energy of the capacitor bank to power the inductor while maintaining the minimum tripping time of the circuit breaker. Reducing the energy of the capacitor bank of the inductor made it possible to reduce the capacity and voltage of the capacitor bank of the supply of the release, and, consequently, its dimensions.

Evaluation of B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides in the primary production of fresh produce as a food safety hazard and risk

B. thuringiensis is a naturally occurring insect pathogen, genetically closely related to the human pathogen B. cereus. Commercial B. thuringiensis biopesticides have a long track record of safe use. Still, concerns are raised on the potential for enterotoxin production by biopesticide strains, especially since B. thuringiensis found in salad was a hypothesized cause of a foodborne outbreak in the EU. This review uses the basic steps of a risk assessment to collect available knowledge relevant to B. thuringiensis biopesticides and their impact on food safety of fresh produce. Subsequently, some directions for effective risk management strategies are provided, reflecting on various aspects that might impact decision-making on the use of B. thuringiensis as a biopesticide. Phylogenetic studies show that B. thuringiensis biopesticide strains are part of another clade compared to highly pathogenic B. cereus group strains. Although they contain enterotoxin genes, their ability to produce these toxins in the human gastrointestinal tract may be more limited. Furthermore, surveys show that it is unlikely to find elevated levels of B. thuringiensis on ready-to-eat fresh produce, higher than the established action limit of 105 CFU/g for presumptive B. cereus on foods. Finally, the B. cereus diarrheal syndrome is generally mild and self-limiting. Therefore, the use of B. thuringiensis biopesticides is expected to pose a low food safety risk.

A LC-MS/MS method with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source for analysis of pesticides in hemp

BackgroundPesticide testing for hemp has traditionally focused on techniques like QuEChERS with dSPE and SPE which demand time-consuming sample preparation, typically resulting in poor recovery rates for some pesticides, and requires the use of both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS based instruments to cover the analysis for all regulated pesticides. In this study, we describe a streamlined approach for working with LC-MS/MS featuring a dual electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources using solvent extraction for faster and easier sample preparation and with 80–120% recovery for the analysis of all of 66 pesticides (regulated by California state in cannabis) with low detection limits in hemp.MethodsA simple solvent extraction with acetonitrile was used to extract pesticides from hemp. A LC-MS/MS system with dual ESI and APCI source was used to determine sensitivity for the analysis of 66 pesticides in hemp matrix, 62 pesticides were analyzed using an 18-min LC-MS/MS method with an ESI source and the other 4 pesticides were measured using a 6-min LC-MS/MS method with an APCI source.ResultsThe limit of quantitation (LOQ) of all 66 pesticides in hemp was in the range of 0.0025–0.1 μg/g which was well below the California state action limits of these analytes in cannabis products. A simple, fast, and cost-effective solvent extraction method was used for sample preparation to get good recovery in the range of 80–120% with RSD less than 20%. The unique ionization mechanism of chlorinated pesticides such as pentachloronitrobenzene using the LC-MS/MS system with an APCI source was elucidated. The proficiency test report generated with the LC-MS/MS method showed acceptable results for all of 66 pesticides in hemp with all of th z scores less than 2 with no false positives and negatives. The stability data collected over 5 days showed RSD less than 20% for 66 pesticides in hemp, and this demonstrated the robustness of the LC-MS/MS system used in this work.ConclusionsA LC-MS/MS method with dual ESI and APCI sources was developed for the analysis of 66 pesticides in hemp. The recovery of all pesticides from a hemp matrix was in the acceptable range of 80–120% with RSD less than 20%.

Analysis of clinical patient-specific pre-treatment quality assurance with the new helical tomotherapy platform, following the AAPM TG-218 report

PurposeThis study presents patient-specific quality assurance (QA) results from the first 395 clinical cases for the new helical TomoTherapy® platform (Radixact) coupled with dedicated Precision TPS.MethodsThe passing rate of the Gamma Index (GP%) of 395 helical QA of patient-specific tomotherapy, acquired with ArcCHECK, is presented, analysed and correlated to various parameters of the plan. Following TG-218 recommendations, the clinic specific action limit (ALcs) and tolerance limit (TLcs) were calculated for our clinic and monitored during the analysed period.ResultsThe mean values ​​(± 1 standard deviation) of GP% (3%/2 mm) (both global and local normalization) are: 97.6% and 90.9%, respectively. The proposed ALcs and TLcs, after a period of two years’ process monitoring are 89.4% and 91.1% respectively.ConclusionsThe phantom measurements closely match the planned dose distributions, demonstrating that the calculation accuracy of the new Precision TPS and the delivery accuracy of the Radixact unit are adequate, with respect to international guidelines and reports. Furthermore, a first correlation with the planning parameters was made. Action and tolerance limits have been set for the new Radixact Linac.

Verification of an optimizer algorithm by the beam delivery evaluation of intensity-modulated arc therapy plans.

BackgroundIn the case of dynamic radiotherapy plans, the fractionation schemes can have dosimetric effects. Our goal was to define the effect of the fraction dose on the plan quality and the beam delivery.Materials and methodsTreatment plans were created for 5 early-stage lung cancer patients with different dose schedules. The planned total dose was 60 Gy, fraction dose was 2 Gy, 3 Gy, 5 Gy, 12 Gy and 20 Gy. Additionally renormalized plans were created by changing the prescribed fraction dose after optimization. The dosimetric parameters and the beam delivery parameters were collected to define the plan quality and the complexity of the treatment plans. The accuracy of dose delivery was verified with dose measurements using electronic portal imaging device (EPID).ResultsThe plan quality was independent from the used fractionation scheme. The fraction dose could be changed safely after the optimization, the delivery accuracy of the treatment plans with changed prescribed dose was not lower. According to EPID based measurements, the high fraction dose and dose rate caused the saturation of the detector, which lowered the gamma passing rate. The aperture complexity score, the gantry speed and the dose rate changes were not predicting factors for the gamma passing rate values.ConclusionsThe plan quality and the delivery accuracy are independent from the fraction dose, moreover the fraction dose can be changed safely after the dose optimization. The saturation effect of the EPID has to be considered when the action limits of the quality assurance system are defined.

Optimising health system capacity: A case study of community care staff’s role transition in response to the coronavirus pandemic

The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) increased the demand for critical care spaces and the task for individual countries was to optimise the capacity of their health systems. Correlating governance and health system capacity to respond to global crises has subsequently garnered the pace in reviewing normalised forms of identifying health priorities. Aligning global health security and universal health security enhances the capacity and resilience of a health system. However, weak methods of governance hinder the alignment necessary for controlling infection spread and coping with the increase in demand for hospital critical care. A range of qualitative studies has explored staff experiences of providing care in hospitals amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nonetheless, limited understanding of the influence of governance on health and social care staff experiences in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic exists. This case study aimed to explore the influence of health system governance on community care staff experiences of role transition in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic in England. We used criterion sampling to include community care staff initially recruited to deliver a community integrated model of dementia care at two facilities repurposed in March 2020 to optimise hospital critical care space. Six community care staff participated in the narrative correspondence inquiry. A lack of control over resources, limitations in collective action in decision making and lack of a voice underpinned staff experiences of role transition in contexts of current crisis preparedness, transition shock and moral dilemmas. Health system governance influenced the disposition of community care staff's role transition in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Staff's mere coping clouds the glass of wider issues in health system governance and capacity. The normative dominance that the control over resources and centrally determined health system priorities ordain require reviewing to enable optimal health and social care cross systems' capacity and resilience.

Study on the established customized limits for the daily quality assurance procedure.

Since there are no corresponding specification limits for some new daily quality assurance (QA) items in the TG-142, it is a compromise that the specification limits used in the monthly or annual QA procedures are used for the daily QA procedure in work. But there is no basis for whether this is feasible. The purpose of this article is to analyze QA results using SPC to determine the tolerance limits at our institution, and to present the usefulness of the analysis method using SPC. The data of three groups daily QA processes performed with Daily QA3 in three years were analyzed using statistical process control (SPC). For calculating capability indices (Cp, Cpk, Cpm and Cpmk) of processes, the appropriate number of calculation points was analyzed firstly. Then, in calculating the capability indices for output, limits ±3% of the daily QA in the TG-142 were used as the specification limit, while for flatness and symmetry, an annual QA limits of ±1% was used. For putting forward measures to solve the problem, customized tolerance and action limits were established for each process. And the process control charts calculated using data measured by the five therapists and a medical physicist were compared. At least six to eight weeks of control daily check data points (i.e. 30–40 points) should be used for calculating the individuals and moving range (I-MR) control chart to ensure the stability of control lines. Process capability indices of output were all ≥1, some were up to 3–4. While for symmetry, some processes failed to meet the requirements that capability indices were < 1. For different processes of the same daily QA items, the calculated customized limits were quite different. The range of upper control line (UCL) and lower control line (LCL) was smaller for output and the CL was closer to the target value of 0 for flatness and symmetry in the I-MR control chart calculated using data measured by one staff. For different quality control processes without management by the SPC method at our institution, calculated tolerance and action limits of the same measurement item were quite different. And in most measurement items, the specification limits used in the monthly or annual QA procedures in the TG-142 are not suitable to the daily QA procedure. So the analysis method using SPC is useful and necessary.

DATABASE – WEB INTERFACE VULNERABILITIES

The importance of information security in general, of managed information at the level of a database has increased with the expansion of the Internet. On the other hand, it has acquired new facets with the increase of the accessibility of the users to as many resources as possible. Large volume of private data in use and the limitation of unauthorized actions to information have brought new aspects to the issue of ensuring their protection. The scope of this field is wide and allows the operation in several directions: identification, description, creation, implementation and testing of mechanisms aimed at improving the working environment in which database management systems operates. Due to the importance of the information managed by a DBMS[1], it is necessary to define a framework safe and easy to use. The database fulfills not only the role of storage, but also of data provider to users. Thus, the information must be protected throughout the interaction process: generation, storage, processing, modification, deletion, etc. Therefore, the security of databases must not only be reduced to the protection of certain data considered sensitive, but also to the creation of a secure, authorized and controlled global environment through which information becomes available to users.&#x0D; &#x0D; [1] DBMS – DataBase Management System

Overview and analysis of occupational noise-induced hearing loss legislation in East Africa

Hearing loss is a major occupational injury that leads to workplace accidents, miscommunication, and loss of livelihood. Conventions and Recommendations provide frameworks for mitigation of this problem. This paper evaluates legislations related to noise control in East Africa, documented and implemented by the respective governments. The scope of noise control measures and exposure limits are qualitatively examined. Results show that the details of acceptable limits are covered in both environmental and Occupational Safety and Health laws. Lower action limit of exposure to continuous noise of 85 dB(A) is specified in all the countries, but the upper action limit of 90 dB(A) is only specified by Kenya, which also specifies that hearing protection must be worn when this limit is exceeded. Impulsive noise is capped at 140 dB(A) in all the countries. Only two of the seven noise types are considered in existing laws as contributing to occupational noise-induced hearing loss.

Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration in Commercial Heavy-Truck Driving in On- and Off-Road Conditions: Effect of Seat Choice.

Trucking is a key industry in Canada with around 180 000 professional drivers. As an industry it has a disproportionately high injury claim rate, particularly for back injuries. Whole-body vibration (WBV) can contribute to the onset and development of low back disorders, and is a well-documented exposure among driving professions. A widely adopted WBV mitigation measure focuses on hydraulic and/or pneumatic passive suspension systems both in the driver's seat and underneath the vehicle cab. Passive suspension 'air-ride' seats are the current industry standard but new technologies such as the electromagnetic active vibration cancelling (EAVC) seats offer potentially substantial improvements in WBV reduction. In this paper, we evaluate and compare four commonly used truck seats (three air-ride, one EAVC) for their vibration damping characteristics and WBV exposure attenuation in on- and off-road conditions. We recruited 24 professional truck drivers who drove 280 km (mixed on-road and off-road) in ore-haul trucks under four different seating conditions. Following the ISO 2631-1 WBV standard, vibration measurements were made on the cab floor and seat pad, and 8-h average weighted vibration (A(8)) and 8-h vibration dose values (VDV(8)) were calculated, as well as the Seat Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (SEAT), and daily vibration action limits (DVALs). These measures were compared between seat types, as well as road conditions. The EAVC seat gave best performance for both A(8) (0.27 m s-2) and VDV(8) (6.6 m s-1.75). The EVAC seat had the lowest SEAT tested (36.2%) and the longest DVAL. However, among the three passive air-suspension seats, two showed significantly reduced A(8) (0.43 and 0.44 m s-2) and VDV(8) (9.1 and 9.3 m s-1.75) exposures relative to the third passive air-suspension seats [A(8) (0.54 m s-2) and VDV(8) (11.1 m s-1.75)]. These differences in exposures among the three passive air-suspension seats resulted in varying DVAL times, with the worst performing seat reaching the DVAL after only 6.3 h of driving. There was also a seat by road type interaction; there were performance differences between the passive air-suspension seats on-road, but not off-road. The observed reduction of the WBV exposures measured from the EAVC seat was consistent with previous results. But we showed that there can also be substantive differences among seats that are the current industry standard. These differences were more evident on-road than off-road, which suggests that more work needs to be done to understand seat performance characteristics, and in matching the correct seat technology to the driving task. We demonstrated that WBV exposures in current industry conditions may exceed health-based exposure limits; this has policy relevance because WBV exposures are linked to prevalent and costly adverse health conditions in a working population that is ageing. Increased WBV measurement collection is recommended to ensure the anticipated exposure attenuations are achieved when seats are relied upon as an engineered control against WBV.

Administrative proceedings in Roman law

The article deals with the issues of administrative proceedings in Roman law. Its beginning was laid in the 5th century BC by the laws of ХII tables. They briefly deal with the issues of legal proceedings, which at that time was called court agreement. Free citizens gathered at the forum (city square), where the plaintiff presented claims to the defendant. In Roman law, the rule was established to make claims through claims, which the magistrate (praetor) had to support. The judges were elected by the people. Gradually, the praetors changed the formulas of claims, which contributed to the development of Roman law. Often they proceeded not from the law, but from the circumstances of the case, therefore they could instruct the judge to consider the case “in good faith.” Gradually, various forms of claims were formed, which contributed to the improvement of administrative proceedings. In Roman law, many concepts were laid that have remained in modern legal proceedings. This is the election and turnover of judges, the necessary defense, the writ of execution and the persons who monitored their execution; jurisdiction; corruption; search procedure; jurisdiction; privilege; appeal against court decisions; requirement for witnesses; consideration of cases by the police; torts; limitation of actions; and some others. This makes the study of Roman justice relevant.

The concept and content of the natural boundaries of positive law

The article examines the concept and content of the natural limits of positive law. It is emphasized that society uses natural norms that are evolutionarily created. The state in rule-making may take them into account or not, although they are attributes of positive law, determine the upper and lower limits of existence and action. Failure to take into account social and legal

Environmental Risk Assessment of Active Human Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Urban Rivers in Japan.

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have become a public concern owing to their possible adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan (MHLW) issued "Guidance on the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) in new pharmaceutical development" in 2016. To evaluate the validity of phase 1 in the MHLW's ERA guidance, we monitored the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of approved APIs in urban rivers and sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Japan and compared these MECs with the predicted environmental concentration (PEC). We collected water samples from urban seven rivers and three STPs during each season. Fifty-one APIs for human and veterinary use and the artificial sweetener sucralose were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forty-four APIs were observed in the rivers and 42 were found in the influent and effluent of STPs, with levels ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter. The action limit in phase I of the MHLW's guidance was set to 10 ng/L, and there was no API except for ketoprofen, for which PEC of the MHLW's guidance (PECjapan) was lower than 10 ng/L and the maximum MEC (MECmax) was 10 ng/L or greater. Almost all APIs also had median MECs that were lower than those of the respective PECjapan. These results indicate that the PECjapan values in phase I of the MHLW's guidance were appropriate. However, some APIs had MECmax values that were greater than those of the respective PECjapan due to overestimation of the dilution factor of river water and/or underestimation of API production.

Differences in the association between the 2018 ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity and carpal tunnel syndrome by gender and age

The recently revised ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (TLV2018) is a widely used tool for assessing risk for upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this analysis was to compare the strength of the exposure-response relationships between the TLV2018 and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) between men and women and across age strata. Heterogeneity of the effect size by sex or age would be important to specialists using the method for prevention of CTS among working populations. Data from two large prospective studies were combined to allow for stratification of exposure-response models assessing the association between the TLV2018 and CTS by gender and age. Results show greater risk for women than men and for younger workers than older workers for TLV2018 values above the action limit. Although the TLV2018 is an effective surveillance tool for estimating increased risk of CTS with increasing exposure, these analyses show that such increase are not homogeneous across sex and age.

Statistical process control in monitoring radiotherapy quality assurance program: An institutional experience

Introduction: Statistical process control (SPC) is a handy and powerful tool for monitoring quality assurance (QA) programs in radiotherapy. The potential reasons for an uncontrolled QA state monitored via SPC can be identified using the cause-and-effect diagram. This study explains the institutional experience in monitoring weekly output constancy of medical linear accelerator (Linac) and patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) using SPC and cause-and-effect diagram. Material and methods: Prospective monitoring of output constancy has been demonstrated by the simultaneous usage of Shewhart’s I-MR charts and time-weighted control charts. Two hundred and forty-one PSQA results were retrospectively analysed in a combined γ and dose volume histogram (DVH) based analysis using control charts and process capability indices. A PSQA analysis method has been illustrated in which the site-specific action limits (AL) and control limits (CL) for γ and DVH based analysis were obtained using SPC. Results: The simultaneous use of different control charts indicated a systematic error in the output constancy of Linac as successive measurement points fell above the CL. The reason for failure in output constancy was found using a cause-and-effect diagram due to a faulty monitor ion chamber. The obtained AL and CL for γ and DVH based analysis were used to decide pass or fail criteria in PSQA. Among the analysed treatment plans, four Head and Neck (HN), two Central Nervous System (CNS), four Gastro-Intestinal (GI), and four Gastro Urinal (GU) plans failed the PSQA analysis. Cause-and-effect analysis of these failed treatment plans in PSQA pointed out six primary potential sources of errors in the results. Conclusions: SPC tools can be adopted among institutions for consistent and comparable QA programs. If the QA process monitored using SPC falls outside the CL, cause-and-effect diagrams can be used to extract all possible contributing factors that lead to such a process state.

Intelectuales y compromiso en el antifascismo global: La Segunda República Española según Aníbal Ponce y Carlo Rosselli, 1935-1937

Aníbal Ponce, the highest figure of Argentine Marxism in the 1930s, was in Paris participating in the Antifascist Intellectuals Vigilance Committee, and was sent to Spain as a member of an international evaluation commission of the repressive events in the Asturias Insurrection. When he returns to Argentina after presenting a report and making an initiatory visit to Moscow, he speaks on the Spanish situation, on the political limits of the Second Republic and on the recent triumph of the Popular Front and its challenges. There he posits the idea of the events in Asturias as victorious defeat, as a prelude to the coming revolution. Since his Parisian exile, Carlo Rosselli, the leader of the Italian anti-fascist movement Giustizia e Libertà, reflected critically on the Spanish experience, eventually leading an Italian legion on the Aragon war front. Ideologically closer to the anarchists than to the communists, Rosselli warns of the limits of revolutionary action in Spain, but anticipates a similar opinion to Ponce on the momentary defeat of the working class. In both cases, the Spanish experience leads them to consider the transition from speculation to action as the greatest possible destination for the intellectual class.

Hikikomori : vivre sans son propre corps. Des effets du virtuel dans le retrait social

The Net can be interpreted as the last technical product through which imagery is overlapping reality : the relationship with the Net has led to some meaningful transformations in our way of living, thinking, forming emotional contacts with anyone. It can be assumed that, first of all, this change concerns younger generations and, in this logic, the social withdrawal can be seen as a symptom of contemporaneity, meaning that it seems to testify to the presence of a splitting between a virtual body and a real one, that affects us all. To fully understand what happened, it's necessary to refer to the narcissistic change in educational models, family systems, social contexts and the roles played by peer groups. Affective families have replaced the regulative ones; the lack of rules and shame on peers have replaced the guilt towards fathers. This has meant that many young people refuse to meet each one another in order to retire to an exclusively virtual world. In our contribution, we identify three ways in which these splittings between the virtual body and the imaginary one appears in social withdrawal: First, the sense of protection from the outside world, in relation to the shame resulting from social challenges, especially with regards to sexual intercourse or simply to its prefiguration. Second, the imaginary satisfaction, which offers the subject the opportunity to live an experience parallel to the real one. In this dimension, the risk of a depressive psychotic collapse greatly reduces as far as the imaginary construction holds up. Finally, the ethical indifference which entails a loss of the Super Ego, whereby the moral limits of imaginary action coincide with the possibilities offered by the technical tool. The use of violence is confined within the virtual world and does not receive a moral condemnation, so the Net becomes a sort of receptacle, similar to the Freudian Es where all the drives are expressed. Within the Net, the person living in social withdrawal without the proximity of a real body can’t reach that encounter with the other that is still capable of stimulating our empathy.

BUFFER SYSTEMS BASED ON AMINOMETANESULPHONATE AND MONOETHANOLAMMONIUM N-ALKYLAMINOMETHANESULPHONATES

The limits of the pH buffering action (pHbuff) of YNHCH2SO3H – NH2CH2CH2OH –H2O (Y = H, CH3, HOCH2CH2, t-С4H9 and C6H5CH2) were determined and their buffer capacity (p) for monoethanolamine (MEA) was estimated in the temperature range 293–313 K. For systems with aminomethanesulfonic acid (AMSA), its N‑methyl, N‑hydroxyethyl (HEAMSA) and N‑benzyl (BzAMSA) derivatives, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the pH values of the lower limit of the buffering action of their solutions with monoethanolamine; in the case of N‑tert-butylaminomethanesulfonic acid (t-BuAMSA) – to an increase in the specified characteristic. An increase in temperature for systems with the most hydrophobic t-BuAMSA and BzAMSA (in comparison with other studied aminomethanesulfonic acids) leads to a decrease in the pH values of the upper limit of the buffer action. A decrease in the YNHCH2SO3H and NH2CH2CH2OH concentration leads to a shift in the boundaries of the pH of the buffering action to a more acidic region. The nature of the influence of the empirical function, combining their acid-base properties and lipophilicity (рKа + lgPow), on the concentration dependence of the buffer capacity according to MEA was revealed. It is shown that the buffering effect of the studied systems is due to the presence, in addition to the systems N‑alkylammoniummethanesulfonate – N‑alkylaminomethanesulfonate and 2-hydroxyethylammonium – monoethanolamine, ionic associates (pairs and triples). The position of the extrema on the graphical π=f(CMEA)/QYAMSA) dependencies for systems with hydrophilic AMSA and HEAMSA coincides with the position of the first minima on the differential titration curves dpH/dV = f(CMEA)/QYAMSA). Substitution of MEA to potassium aminomethanesulfonate leads to a shift in the pH buffering action to a more acidic region and increases the buffer capacity of the resulting systems.

BUFFER SOLUTIONS BASED ON TAURINE

The acid-base interaction in the aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine, Tau) – potassium aminoethanesulfonate – water system was studied by pH-, redox- and conductometric methods in the temperature range 293–313 K. The ion-molecular composition of NH2CH2CH2SO3H –NH2CH2CH2SO3K – H2O system was calculated. It is shown aminoethanesulfonic acid in aqueous solutions to exist at the ratio CKOH/QTau &lt; 0.5 mainly in the zwitterion form similar to systems with glycine, aminomethanesulfonic acid and its N‑alkylated derivatives. The content of the aminoethanesulfonate anion is directly proportional to the CKOH/QGly ratio. The studied system ionic strength and acid-base dissociation constant for the second stage of the aminoethanesulfonic acid concentration and temperature dependences were determined. The ionic strength values at the isoelectric point (mi.p.)are directly proportional to С0Tau and practically do not depend on the temperature within the error for the same series С0Tau and С0KOH .The pH limits of the buffer action are determined and the buffer capacity of these systems is estimated. It has been established that effective buffer zones of Tau aqueous solutions can to maintain acidity in the higher then physiological pH range at temperature range 293–313 K. The buffer capacity of NH2CH2CH2SO3H – NH2CH2CH2SO3K – H2O system exceeds the analogous values of YNHCH2SO3H – YNHCH2SO3K – H2O (Y = H, CH3, CH2CH2OH, C(CH3)3 and C2H5C6H5) systems. The obtained data on the buffer capacity of the aminoethanesulfonic acid – potassium aminoethanesulfonate – water system can be used in chemical analysis, microbiological and biochemical studies, and the acidity data of the solutions studied can simulate the chemisorption of acid gases (carbon and sulfur dioxides).