Limit Laws Research Articles

Potential Conflict of Interest President Director PT Pacific Furniture from an Overseas Company at the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders

Actions that contain conflicts of interest are prohibited in the limited liability company law because they have a negative impact on the company and shareholders. One of the actions that is prohibited because it has the potential to cause a conflict of interest is representing the votes of shareholders in voting at other general meetings of shareholders by members of the board of directors, members of the board of commissioners, and employees of the company. However, the managing director of PT Pacific Furniture actually carried out the act of representation on the grounds that the represented party was a company established abroad so that it was not obedient and subject to Indonesian law. In fact, the managing director of PT Pacific Furniture held multiple positions because he declared himself a legitimate representative because he was the president director of a company established abroad. This becomes a problem because whether the actions of the managing director who votes for himself and represents a company established abroad meet the qualifications of a conflict of interest and what are the legal consequences of the decision of the Other GMS which contains a conflict-of-interest Research using normative juridical methods with analytical descriptive specifications through literature study data collection techniques and qualitative normative analysis methods. The purpose of this research is to find out the qualifications of conflict of interest and its consequences on the decision of the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders containing conflict of interest so as to provide a basis for determining criteria regarding conflict of interest.

The Role of ward Police staff in Enhancing Rural Human Security: Evidence from Moshi District Council

Rural districts in Tanzania face significant challenges in maintaining human security, with crime rates often exacerbated by limited law enforcement resources and community disengagement. This study addresses the critical role of Ward Police Staff (WPS) in mitigating these issues, focusing on their impact within the Moshi District Council. The primary aim is to examine the role of Ward Police Staff in Moshi District Council, Tanzania. A pragmatic research philosophy was adopted, allowing for the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics involved. Moshi District was selected for this study due to its unique human security challenges, including a higher crime rate compared to neighboring districts, making it an ideal case for exploring the effectiveness of community-police collaboration. The research involved 188 participants, including Ward Executive Officers (WEOs), victims, and community members, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, group discussions, and documentary reviews. A concurrent triangulation nested explanatory research design was employed, with quantitative data analyzed using SPSS software 26 version and qualitative data subjected to thematic analysis. The findings reveal the critical role of WPS in fostering community engagement and promoting security. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and local authorities in developing strategies to enhance human security in similar rural contexts. Recommendations include strengthening community engagement, customizing security initiatives, and providing continuous training for WPS to adapt to community needs effectively.

The limit law of maximum of discrete partial-sums distribution

The limit law of maximum of discrete partial-sums distribution

Tanggung Jawab Direksi Atas Keputusan Bisnis yang Merugikan Pihak Ketiga dalam Hukum Perseroan Terbatas Indonesia

This research aims: to find out the responsibility of the Board of Directors for business decisions that harm third parties in Indonesian limited liability company law; The problems in this research are: what is the responsibility of the Board of Directors for business decisions that are detrimental to third parties in Indonesian limited liability company law; The research method used is the normative juridical research method and the approaches used are the Conceptual Approach and Legislative Approach.. Analysis of the legal materials used in this research was carried out using descriptive analytical research methods, the data analysis used was a qualitative approach to primary and secondary data. The results of the research show that under Indonesian Limited Liability Company law, third parties can only hold the Directors' personal responsibility to the extent of the Directors' actions in making incorrect financial reports and the Directors' actions which caused the Limited Liability Company to go bankrupt. Apart from wrongdoing in preparing financial reports and causing the Limited Liability Company to go bankrupt, the Directors are not personally responsible for losses to third parties caused by legal violations committed by the Limited Liability Company, even if the violation originates from the Directors' business decisions.

Comparative perspective on the Marrakesh Treaty and China’s copyright law: Differences and similarities

With the rapid development of globalization and informatization, the role of copyright law in balancing the rights and interests of creators and the public interest is becoming increasingly prominent. This article delves into the similarities and differences between the Marrakesh Treaty and China’s copyright law, particularly in terms of protecting the rights and interests of people with reading disabilities. The Marrakesh Treaty, as an important achievement of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), provides convenience for people with reading disabilities worldwide to access published works through limited copyright law modifications and exceptions. As a signatory of this treaty, China’s revision and implementation of its copyright law have a significant impact on the international intellectual property protection system. This article provides an overview of the background, core concepts, and limitations of the Marrakesh Treaty, and introduces the basic situation of China’s copyright law. By comparing the similarities and differences between the Marrakesh Treaty and China’s copyright law, this paper explores the provisions of both in protecting the rights and interests of people with reading disabilities, and proposes suggestions for improving China’s copyright law. These suggestions include clearly defining the scope of application of the treaty, expanding the definition of beneficiaries, adding cross-border transaction clauses for accessible works, reasonably avoiding technical protection measures, and strengthening the construction of implementation mechanisms and supervision systems. Although there are differences between the Marrakesh Treaty and China’s Copyright Law in protecting the rights and interests of people with reading disabilities, their common goal is to ensure that people with reading disabilities have equal access to cultural and educational materials through legal means, promote their social participation and cultural enjoyment. The revision process of China’s Copyright Law actively absorbs and transforms the provisions of the Marrakesh Treaty, demonstrating China’s efforts and determination in fulfilling international obligations, promoting social equity and inclusiveness.

Limit law of rescaled hitting time functions for quadratic irrational rotations

Limit law of rescaled hitting time functions for quadratic irrational rotations

Transformasi Sosial: Pengabdian Masyarakat dalam Sosialisasi UU Batas Usia Perkawinan di Kecamatan Cilengkrang Kabupaten Bandung

Early marriage is a significant social problem in Indonesia, including in Cilengkrang District, Bandung Regency. In an effort to address this problem, the Indonesian government issued Law Number 16 of 2019 which sets the minimum age of marriage to 19 years for both men and women. Community service in socializing this law in Cilengkrang Sub-district aims to increase community understanding and compliance with the regulation. The program involves various educational activities, such as counseling, group discussions, and training for community leaders and educators. The methods used include direct approaches through village meetings and indirect methods through social and print media. The results showed that the involvement of community leaders and religious leaders was very effective in conveying messages and reducing resistance to legal change. The main challenges faced were changing entrenched mindsets and problems accessing information in remote areas. Recommendations to improve the effectiveness of this program include increasing the involvement of community leaders, optimizing the use of media, continuous training, inter-agency cooperation, periodic evaluation, and a culturally sensitive approach. With the implementation of these recommendations, it is expected that the socialization of the marriage age limit law in Cilengkrang Sub-district can be more effective, reduce the number of early marriages, and create an environment that supports the optimal development of children and improves the overall welfare of the community.

Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers Analogues for the Total Progeny in the Q-Processes

In this paper we are dealing with population size growth systems called Q-processes. The class of trajectories of these systems is a subset of the family of all possible trajectories of the ordinary Galton-Watson branching system, provided that they do not decay in the remote future. We observe the total progeny of a single founder-individual, generated by the reproduction law of the Q-process up to time n. By analogy with branching systems models, this variable is of great interest in studying the deep properties of the Q-process. Our main results are analogues of Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers for Sn, denoting the total progeny of a single founder-individual, generated by the reproduction law of the Q-process up to time n. We find that the total progeny as a random variable approximates the standard normal distribution function under a second moment assumption for the initial Galton-Watson system offspring law. We estimate the speed rate of this approximation. We also prove an analogue of the law of large numbers with an estimate of the approximation rate to the degenerate distribution.

Synchronization rates and limit laws for random dynamical systems

Synchronization rates and limit laws for random dynamical systems

Firearm ownership and suicide: Has the time come to discuss uniformity of health and social assessments in aid of regulation? Reflection from a retrospective study on a forensic case series.

Firearm-related deaths are an issue of ongoing public interest, from a health and economic perspective. Worldwide, firearm prevalence in suicides varies widely, depending on multiple factors including the availability of weapons in each country. Although several studies have shown that national laws about gun ownership, reducing legal access to guns, decrease the risk of suicide by firearm, the current situation clashes with widely differing legislations. Retrospective study on a forensic case series. Autopsy reports assessed at the Section of Legal Medicine of Milan (Italy) from January 2014 to December 2023 were retrospectively documented. Only firearm suicides were considered. For each case, a close analysis of the criminal offence reports has been performed to obtain information about the gender and age of the victim, as well as the legal possession of firearms, psychiatric disorders, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse. Among all the 1,164 suicides assessed at the Section of Legal Medicine of Milan over a 10-year-period, 101 cases (8.7%) were firearm-related. The male to female ratio was therefore about 13:1. No seasonal trends were observed. Most of the individuals owned the firearm license. Of the entire dataset, 35.6% suffered from psychiatric disorders, 4% of alcohol abuse and 2% of drug addiction. Among the owners of a firearm license, 42.3% had psychiatric disorders. Knowledge about firearm suicide and its relation to firearm legal possession is limited and current preventive laws should be reconsidered. Present administrative and clinical examinations required to obtain a firearm license in Italy and in some European territories are dealt with. The evaluation of the firearm-related risk of abuse is an essential but complex procedure, which requires not only clinic-anamnestic data but also in-deep psychiatric information. There is a need to develop and reinvigorate a debate that currently presents very heterogeneous solutions, but which would probably benefit from a common vision of the prevention strategies that can be implemented and enacted for the benefit of the entire community.

Transformasi Sosial: Pengabdian Masyarakat dalam Sosialisasi UU Batas Usia Perkawinan di Kecamatan Cilengkrang Kabupaten Bandung

Early marriage is a significant social problem in Indonesia, including in Cilengkrang District, Bandung Regency. In an effort to address this problem, the Indonesian government issued Law Number 16 of 2019 which sets the minimum age of marriage to 19 years for both men and women. Community service in socializing this law in Cilengkrang Sub-district aims to increase community understanding and compliance with the regulation. The program involves various educational activities, such as counseling, group discussions, and training for community leaders and educators. The methods used include direct approaches through village meetings and indirect methods through social and print media. The results showed that the involvement of community leaders and religious leaders was very effective in conveying messages and reducing resistance to legal change. The main challenges faced were changing entrenched mindsets and problems accessing information in remote areas. Recommendations to improve the effectiveness of this program include increasing the involvement of community leaders, optimizing the use of media, continuous training, inter-agency cooperation, periodic evaluation, and a culturally sensitive approach. With the implementation of these recommendations, it is expected that the socialization of the marriage age limit law in Cilengkrang Sub-district can be more effective, reduce the number of early marriages, and create an environment that supports the optimal development of children and improves the overall welfare of the community.

Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Era

This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods to examine the legal protection of intellectual property rights (HMI) in the digital era. The research results show that the legal protection of HMI in the digital era still faces various significant challenges. Even though regulations such as Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) exist, their implementation could be more effective. The leading causes are a need for more public knowledge and awareness about the importance of HMI, as well as limited law enforcement resources and technology. Collaboration between the government and digital platforms needs to be improved, while international cooperation is also crucial in dealing with cross-border HMI violations. This research recommends increasing public education and awareness, strengthening regulations, adopting advanced technology such as AI, closer cooperation with digital platforms, increasing law enforcement capacity and resources, and efficient dispute resolution mechanisms. With a more holistic and integrated approach, HMI protection in the digital era can be significantly improved, providing justice for rights owners and encouraging the development of a healthier and more innovative creative industry.

Vehicle Classification and Counting for Traffic Analysis based on Single-stage YOLOv8 Model

Intelligent traffic systems are emerging and becoming part of smart city infrastructure that requires computer vision applications to provide traffic information like vehicle classification and counting in real-time. Vehicle counting helps detect heavy traffic on roads, and vehicle classification helps enforce further processes like speed estimation to enforce speed limit laws based on the vehicle class. Deep learning computer vision-based systems provide automatic feature extractions that are robust to changes in lighting, shadows, and occlusions. This paper proposes a software solution for a real-time traffic monitoring system based on a cutting-edge single-stage deep learning model through the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 algorithm. YOLOv8 is the most recent model of the YOLO family, which provides object detection and classification through its CNN architecture. The proposed work detects vehicles and counts them based on their class. The four common vehicle classes are sedan cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles, and a counter for each class is displayed on the system’s output screen in real-time and recorded in a log file. The results of the proposed system running on the Nvidia GTX 1070 GPU show an average accuracy of 96.58% with an average error of 3.42% for vehicle detection and an average accuracy of 97.54% with a 2.46% average error for vehicle counting. For vehicle classification, the results for the four vehicle classes (car, bus, truck, and motorcycle) show an accuracy of (94.7%, 94.7%, 96.2%, 99.7%), precision (95%, 100%, 81.4%, 100%), recall (97.9%, 36.3%, 100%, 66.6%), and the f1-score (96.3%, 53.2%, 89.7%, 79.9%), respectively. Index Terms— Computer Vision, Deep Learning, Vehicle Detection, Traffic Analysis, YOLO.

Limit Law for Zagreb and Wiener Indices of Random Exponential Recursive Trees

The Wiener index is the sum of distances of all pairs of nodes in a graph; and the Zagreb index is defined as the sum of squares of the degrees of nodes in a rooted tree. In this note, we calculate the first two moments of the Wiener and Zagreb indices of random exponential recursive trees (random ERTs) from two systems of recurrence relations. Then, by an application of the contraction method, we characterize the limit law for a scaled Zagreb index of ERTs. Via the martingale convergence theorem, we also show the almost sure convergence and quadratic mean convergence of an appropriately scaled Wiener index that is indicative of the distance of two randomly chosen nodes.

The interaction of institutional quality, economic complexity, and carbon dioxide emission: An empirical examination for China and Pakistan

Environmental quality (EQ) emerged as a top priority for the governments of China and Pakistan as both countries are at potential risk of environmental degradation. Therefore, it is critical to identify the factors that adversely affect environmental quality and alleviate the detrimental consequences of global warming. To mitigate the negative consequences of carbon (CO2) emissions in complex environments, institutions play a critical role in sustainable economic development. Thus, this study made a pioneering effort to discover the integrated link between economic complexity (EC) and carbon emissions (CO2) with the interaction of institutional quality (IQ). Furthermore, the study is a unique effort in modeling China and Pakistan in a framework to treasure the better comparison for generalizability of outcomes. Time series analysis was conducted from 1996 to 2021 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The results revealed that EC raises emissions over time in China and Pakistan. Due to the disparity in IQ between China and Pakistan, IQ only lowers the risk of emissions in China. However, extremely high emissions evaporate the effect of interventions on environmental quality because both nations are major polluters, IQ has little influence on environmental quality and strengthens the relationship between EC and CO2 while used as an interaction term. Therefore, industries must exploit poor governance in complex countries with limited laws or regulations, resulting in greater carbon emissions. Thus, to reduce greenhouse gases while boosting economic development, policymakers should strengthen institutions, encourage environmentally friendly methods, and foster innovation in technologies with low carbon footprints.

Judicial Review of the Application of Corporate Legal Veil in Malaysia and Indonesia: A Legal Comparison

This study aims to find a comparison of the Legal Corporate Veil between Malaysia and Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research as a literature review. It is found that in corporate law both in Malaysia and Indonesia there is a principle of limited liability between shareholders and company directors known as Separate Legal Entity. This principle essentially asserts that a person's responsibility in a company is limited to their responsibility within the company and does not extend to personal liability. In Malaysia, this regulation is governed by Section 20 of the Companies Act 2016. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, this principle is scattered in the provisions of the Limited Liability Company Act (UU PT) applicable to shareholders, directors, and commissioners. However, this principle may become inapplicable in certain cases, known as Piercing The Corporate Veil. In Malaysia, this is regulated under the Companies Act 2016 as well as several judicial decisions. In Indonesia, this principle becomes inapplicable if shareholders act in bad faith by using the company for personal gain and are involved in legal actions undertaken by the Company. One form of protection from personal liability for Directors and Commissioners is implemented based on the Business Judgement Rule principle. Personal liability does not apply if Directors and Commissioners can prove that the company's loss is not due to their negligence, they have acted in good faith, have no conflict of interest, and have taken action to prevent losses. In this study, there is also corporate responsibility outside the existing Limited Liability Company Law based on business and economic developments decided by The Constitutional Court.

Branching processes in nearly degenerate varying environment

Abstract We investigate branching processes in varying environment, for which $\overline{f}_n \to 1$ and $\sum_{n=1}^\infty (1-\overline{f}_n)_+ = \infty$ , $\sum_{n=1}^\infty (\overline{f}_n - 1)_+ < \infty$ , where $\overline{f}_n$ stands for the offspring mean in generation n. Since subcritical regimes dominate, such processes die out almost surely, therefore to obtain a nontrivial limit we consider two scenarios: conditioning on nonextinction, and adding immigration. In both cases we show that the process converges in distribution without normalization to a nondegenerate compound-Poisson limit law. The proofs rely on the shape function technique, worked out by Kersting (2020).

Legal Protection for Shareholders of Dissolved Insurance Companies

The capital market is the meeting place between supply and demand in trading securities, including stocks, which is proof of ownership of a company in exchange for shareholders' rights to profits or dividends. Although there are two main groups of shareholders, namely majority and minority, both groups have equal status in company ownership. To protect shareholders, capital market and limited liability company laws provide legal protection, including in cases of dissolution of insurance companies. In this research, normative legal methods were used to analyze relevant laws. The results show that shareholders' legal protection is contained in capital market and limited liability company laws, which give shareholders the right to file a lawsuit or request a company inspection if they feel aggrieved. The case of the dissolution of an insurance company by OJK shows that the institution can carry out its supervisory role and guarantee legal protection for shareholders by ensuring the company is responsible for losses incurred.

Compensation for Establishing Transmission Line Easement: Parts of Land Affected and Persons Involved

Abstract The identification of the scope of the limited property law (that is transmission easement), as well as the taking of appropriate actions, has become difficult. The far from sufficient implementation of rules has led to numerous disputes, the resolution of which has been sought in court. Very generalized legal bases, interpretation of regulations and the acceptance of the rulings of common courts have made the development of operating procedures possible and have determined the persons participating in performing work related to transmission easement. The specifics and the multidimensionality of the subject requires cooperation from several experts. The methodological bases are limited, and the regulations unclear. The goal of the research is the standardization of designations of component parts and activities associated with transmission easement. The entire process is made easier by a set procedure proposed in the form of an outline. This study draws attention to individual activities and the order in which they are performed. This allows individual specialists to carry out the next stages of work, which in turn leads to sanctioning the rights of the grantee, while determining fair and satisfactory compensation for the grantor.

Wigner- and Marchenko–Pastur-Type Limit Theorems for Jacobi Processes

AbstractWe study Jacobi processes $$(X_{t})_{t\ge 0}$$ ( X t ) t ≥ 0 on $$[-1,1]^N$$ [ - 1 , 1 ] N and $$[1,\infty [^N$$ [ 1 , ∞ [ N which are motivated by the Heckman–Opdam theory and associated integrable particle systems. These processes depend on three positive parameters and degenerate in the freezing limit to solutions of deterministic dynamical systems. In the compact case, these models tend for $$t\rightarrow \infty $$ t → ∞ to the distributions of the $$\beta $$ β -Jacobi ensembles and, in the freezing case, to vectors consisting of ordered zeros of one-dimensional Jacobi polynomials. We derive almost sure analogues of Wigner’s semicircle and Marchenko–Pastur limit laws for $$N\rightarrow \infty $$ N → ∞ for the empirical distributions of the N particles on some local scale. We there allow for arbitrary initial conditions, which enter the limiting distributions via free convolutions. These results generalize corresponding stationary limit results in the compact case for $$\beta $$ β -Jacobi ensembles and, in the deterministic case, for the empirical distributions of the ordered zeros of Jacobi polynomials. The results are also related to free limit theorems for multivariate Bessel processes, $$\beta $$ β -Hermite and $$\beta $$ β -Laguerre ensembles, and the asymptotic empirical distributions of the zeros of Hermite and Laguerre polynomials for $$N\rightarrow \infty $$ N → ∞ .