Doses Of Limestone Research Articles

The effects of calcium on stem lesions of silver birch seedlings

SummaryIn this study, we tested the hypothesis that decreased liming of growth medium has a role in the increase of stem lesions and top dying caused by Phytophthora cactorum in containerized silver birch seedlings (Betula pendula) in Finnish forest nurseries. The effect of limestone dose rates on growth and the nutrient status was also monitored. An index based on severity of symptom expression was used to compare the effect of different liming treatments on P. cactorum infection. Limestone amended into the sphagnum peat growth medium increased the amount of calcium in the seedling stems. Liming did not significantly decrease the disease severity although index values in most cases decreased with the increased limestone dose rates. In general, the lesions were restricted after out‐planting and the mortality of seedlings was low. Only inoculated seedlings on which the lesions had spread around the stem in the nursery died. Phytophthora cactorum appears to be a nursery pathogen, as it did not survive under conditions present in the field. Four years after out‐planting, the tallest birches were those grown in sphagnum peat amended with the highest limestone dose of 8 kg m−3.

Soil‐Liming Effects on the Development and Nutritional Status of the Carambola Tree and Its Fruit‐Yielding Capacity

Soil acidity is one of the most important factors limiting agricultural production in the tropics. For this reason, the objective of this research work was to evaluate the effects of soil liming on the performance of carambola (Averrhoa carambola) trees. The experiment took place at the Citrus Experimental Station in Bebedouro, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a Typic Haplustox (V=26% at the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer) between August 1999 and July 2003. The following doses of limestone were employed: 0, 1.85, 3.71, 5.56, and 7.41 t ha−1. During 40 months after the experiment was set up, soil chemical attributes were periodically examined. For a period of 2 years, the trees had their leaves analyzed for micro-and macronutrients; their trunk diameter, height, and crown volume measured; and the production of fruits determined. Liming improved in evaluated chemical attributes of the soil: pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), BS, V, and hydrogen and aluminium (H+Al) from the upper 60 cm of soil when the samples were taken from both the line and between the lines of plants. In the leaves, the levels of Ca and Mg also increased. The highest fruit yields were observed when soil base saturations reached 45% on the lines and 50% between the lines, as well as when foliar levels of 8.0 g of Ca and 4.7 g of Mg per kilogram of leaves were attained.

Limestone doses affecting mineral contents in tropical grass forage

Field trial was performed at the experimental farm of Southeast Embrapa Cattle, Sao Carlos - SP, Brazil, on a 16 year old Brachiaria decumbens pasture, grown on a distrophic Hapludox (Oxisol), recovered by the use of limestone and fertilizer. The experiments were carried out in random blocks, with 6 replications and 5 treatments. The 100 m2 blocks were established in the pasture. Each block received a sequence of limestone doses of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t/ha. The forage samples were taken one year after limestone application on soil surface. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) followed by gamma-ray spectrometry was the analytical method used to determine mineral contents. The statistical analysis showed a negative linear correlation of Br, Co, Cr, Mn and Zn contents in forage with the limestone doses, while the uptake of Mg was affected in a positive way.

Design Criteria for Limestone Neutralization at a Nickel Mine

Design criteria were developed for the construction of a full-scale limestone neutralization plant to treat leachate from the waste rock of a nickel mine, using data from laboratory studies, pilot-scale studies, and operation of a full-scale limestone handling and dosing facility. We learned that: limestone powder can be slurried to a constant slurry density of 60 g/L; Fe (II) can be oxidised at low pH (2.5) at a rate of 16.1 g/(L/d) using geotextile as a medium; and that the integrated Fe (II)-oxidation and limestone neutralization process allows neutralization, Fe (II)-oxidation, and gypsum crystallization to take place at the same time, provided that the solids concentration is high (greater than 30 g/L). A full-scale plant with a capacity of 50 m3/h was designed and constructed. The plant consists of the following stages: biological Fe (II)-oxidation, a fluidised-bed limestone neutralization reactor, a complete-mix gypsum crystallization reactor, and a clarifier.

Efeito do calcário dolomítico e nitrato de potássio no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas da bananeira 'Prata-Anã' (AAB), provenientes de cultura in vitro

Avaliou-se o efeito do nitrato de potássio e do calcário dolomítico no desenvolvimento, em viveiro, de mudas da bananeira 'Prata-Anã', provenientes de cultura in vitro. As mudas foram plantadas em sacos de polietileno (32 x 14 cm), contendo o substrato composto de 60% de solo, 20% de casca de arroz e 20% de areia grossa. O experimento foi desenvolvido em viveiro coberto com tela plástica (50% de insolação), adotando-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados completos, com 16 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 5 plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 4 doses de calcário dolomítico (0; 3; 6 e 9 kg.m³ de substrato) combinados com 4 doses de KNO3 (0; 5,1; 10,2 e 20,4 g.planta.aplicação). As aplicações em cobertura, a cada 12 dias, iniciaram-se após 20 dias do transplante, com 200 mL de solução de KNO3 por planta. Aos 95 dias de enviveiramento, observou-se efeito apenas do KNO3, principalmente na altura das mudas, na área foliar e no número de folhas. Nas doses de 5,1 g e 10,2 g de KNO3.planta.aplicação, as mudas atingiram 18,80 cm e 14,71 cm de altura, respectivamente. O diâmetro do pseudocaule das mudas foi superior na dose de 5,1 g de KNO3.planta.aplicação, atingindo 3,44 cm. A área foliar e o número de folhas foram influenciados significativamente pelo KNO3, nas doses de 5,1 g e 10,2 g.planta.aplicação, apresentando 246,03 cm² e 10,34 e 182,14 cm² e 9,36, respectivamente. Não houve efeito do calcário para as características avaliadas.

Lack of Response of Juvenile Walleyes to Increased Levels of Fertilization or Liming in Soft-Water Ponds

Abstract The growth, survival, and production of juvenile walleyes Stizostedion vitreum were not affected by increasing the rates of inorganic fertilization in earthen ponds by two and four times the originally proposed levels of 600 μg nitrogen/L and 30 μg phosphorus/L at each application. Fish growth and survival were both reduced in ponds stocked earliest in the season, regardless of the fertilization rate. This indicates that unpredictable spring weather is a more important factor than fertilizer nutrient levels in the pond production of walleye. We tested the hypothesis that fish production was carbon limited in these low alkalinity ponds by adding lime to some ponds as an experimental treatment. Ponds were stocked later in the spring to reduce variability due to weather. Total alkalinities increased in the limed ponds, but there was no effect on walleye growth, survival, or production. Additional large doses of limestone to all ponds further increased pond alkalinities but again failed to affect fis...

The effect of liming and correction fertilisation on heavy metal and macronutrient concentrations in soil solution in heavy-metal polluted scots pine stands

Two experiments were established in 1992 in Scots pine stands ( Pinus sylvestris L.) on relatively infertile sites at distances of 0.5 and 8 km to the SE of the Cu–Ni smelter at Harjavalta, SW Finland, in order to investigate the effects of liming, correction fertiliser and site-specific fertiliser treatments on heavy metal and nutrient concentrations in the soil solution. Liming decreased soil solution acidity at 8 km, but increased it at 0.5 km. At 8 km liming brought about a long-term increase in the Ca and Mg concentrations, and correction fertilisation a corresponding long-term increase in the K concentrations. The situation at 0.5 km was the opposite; despite the increase immediately after application, there was a long-term reduction in the Ca concentrations as a result of the liming, and correction and stand-specific fertilisation. At 0.5 km all the treatments containing varying doses of limestone clearly decreased the Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations in soil solution during 1993–1995 compared to the control.

Resposta do feijoeiro à aplicação de calcário em solos de várzea do sul de Minas Gerais

O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras (MG), no período de agosto de 1995 a junho de 1996. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de calcário em algumas propriedades químicas e na nutrição e produção do feijoeiro cultivado em amostras de quatro solos de várzea e comparar as doses estabelecidas como adequadas com as indicadas pelos métodos da saturação por bases e do Al e Ca + Mg. Utilizou-se um fatorial 6 x 4 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constando de seis níveis de saturação por bases (V%): saturação natural, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% e quatro solos: Aluvial, Glei Pouco Húmico, Glei Húmico e Orgânico. Após dois cultivos sucessivos, os resultados mostraram que, nos solos de várzea estudados em casa de vegetação, os níveis de saturação por bases e de pH em água para atingir 90% da produção máxima do feijoeiro variaram de 44 a 52% e de 5,1 a 5,3, respectivamente, valores abaixo dos indicados para a cultura em solos das partes mais elevadas. As doses de calcário necessárias para elevar o V e o pH aos valores estabelecidos aproximaram-se das indicadas pelo método da saturação por bases para V2 igual a 70%; o método do Al e Ca + Mg subestimou essas doses. A calagem foi importante para fornecer Ca e Mg e para neutralizar a toxidez de Al e Mn.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DO CAPULHO E PROPRIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DA FIBRA DO ALGODOEIRO EM FUNÇÃO DA CALAGEM E DA GESSAGEM

Em latossolo roxo ácido e de baixa fertilidade do município de Guaíra (SP), desenvolveu-se de 1986/87 a 1989/90 um ensaio de caráter permanente com o algodoeiro para estudar o efeito da aplicação de calcário (0,6; 1,8 e 3,0 t.ha-1) e de gesso (0, 2, 4, 6 t.ha-1) sobre as características do capulho e propriedades tecnológicas da fibra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi do tipo blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. O calcário elevou os valores de massa de um capulho e diminuiu o índice Micronaire e a maturidade da fibra, mas não afetou a massa de sementes, a porcentagem, o comprimento, a uniformidade de comprimento e a tenacidade da fibra. O gesso aumentou as massas de capulho e de sementes, especialmente quando associado a maior dose de calcário, assim como o índice Micronaire e a maturidade da fibra, no mais baixo nível de calagem.

Efeito de práticas de manejo sobre o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade industrial dos grãos em arroz irrigado

Foi desenvolvido um experimento a campo num gleissolo em Casemiro de Abreu, RJ, de outubro de 1993 a fevereiro de 1994, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do uso de calcário em linha de semeadura, de cultivares, densidades de semeadura e épocas de colheita sobre a produção e a qualidade industrial do arroz. Foram utilizadas duas cultivares de arroz (BR-IRGA 412 e BR-IRGA 409), duas doses de calcário aplicadas na linha de semeadura (0 e 200kg ha-1) e três densidades de semeadura (100, 200 e 300kg de sementes ha-1), colhidas aos 140, 147 e 154 dias após a semeadura. O uso do calcário proporcionou aumento de 25% no rendimento de grãos da cultivar BR-IRGA 409. A qualidade industrial do arroz foi influenciada pela época de colheita, sendo a mais indicada quando o teor de umidade do grão se encontra entre 17,5 - 22%.

Calagem e diagnose foliar em sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L. moench)

Os efeitos da aplicação de cinco níveis de calcário dolomítico (0 - 1,25 - 2,50-5,00 e 10,00 t/ha) foram estudados em um Latossol Vermelho Escuro textura média. A calagem aumentou a produção de colmos de sorgo sacarino, sendo que as produções mais elevadas foram obtidas quando a soma de cálcio e magnésio, saturação em bases e valor pH do solo eram, respectivamente, 2,93 meq/100 cm³, 59% e 5,71. Foram observados desequilíbrios na nutrição potássica com a aplicação de 10 t/ha de calcário dolomítico. Os níveis críticos de Mg nas folhas + 4e + 3, coletadas, respectivamente, aos 45e 83 dias, foram 0,19 e 0,31% A qualidade do caldo não foi alterada significativamente pelas doses de calcário dolomítico empregadas.

The effects of oxalate in tropical grasses on calcium, phosphorus and magnesium availability to cattle

SUMMARYCattle were fed four hays in mineral balance experiments. Two of the hays (Cenchrus ciliaris and Setaria sphacelala var. sericea) contained 1·8 and 1·3% total oxalates and provided above- and below-maintenance intakes of calcium respectively. These grasses contain calcium oxalate crystals. The other two hays (Aristida spp –Bothriochloa spp. mixture and Triticum aestivum) contained 0·1% oxalates, and also provided above- and below-maintenance intakes of calcium. The absorptions of calcium from the hays providing above-maintenance intakes were 51% for the high and 57% for the low oxalate hay. At below-maintenance intakes, the cattle were in negative calcium balance and calcium absorptions were 52% for the high and 64% for the low oxalate hay. While in negative calcium balance the cattle were given single doses of calcium oxalate, followed by single doses of either limestone or rock phosphate. The cattle fed S. sphacelata hay absorbed sufficient calcium from calcium oxalate to achieve positive calcium balance, although the amount absorbed was only 52% of that absorbed from limestone. The cattle fed T. aestivum hay also absorbed calcium from calcium oxalate, but in insufficient amount to result in a positive calcium balance. The amount absorbed was 47% of that absorbed from rock phosphate. The results demonstrate that in tropical grasses containing calcium oxalate crystals, the availability of calcium is about 20% lower than it is in grasses containing little oxalate. Adaptation to oxalate may improve the ability of the rumen to utilize calcium oxalate. It is suggested that the availability of calcium to cattle grazing tropical grasses should be considered to be a maximum of 50%. Neither magnesium nor phosphorus absorptions from tropical grasses were affected by oxalate.