Lime Extract Research Articles

Uji Potensi Antituberkulosis Ekstrak N-Heksan dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia) secara in Vitro

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is widely suffered and causes death. Currently, antituberculosis treatment using synthetic chemicals has been widely resistant. The purpose of this study was to test the potential of lime extract to inhibit the growth of tuberculosis bacteria. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental. The results of the study showed that the results of the phytochemical screening test showed the same group of chemical compounds in fresh leaves, simplex and ethanol extract of lime leaves, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and glycosides. While the n-hexane extract only contains steroids and glycosides. Then the effectiveness of antituberculosis can be seen from the ethanol extract being stronger than the n-hexane extract, namely in the 1st week there was inhibition while the n-hexane extract from the 1st week to the 4th week had bacterial growth.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Australian Finger Lime.

Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica L.) has become increasingly popular due to its potent antioxidant capacity and health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial characteristics, and mechanism of finger lime extract. The finger lime extracts were obtained from the fruit of the Australian finger lime by the ethanol extraction method. The antibacterial activity of the extract was examined by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro, as well as by assessing variations in the number of bacteria for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to identify the antibacterial compounds of the extract. The antibacterial mechanisms were investigated by assessing cell permeability and membrane integrity, and the bacterial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas citri, and CLas. Among the six strains evaluated in vitro, B. subtilis showed the highest susceptibility to the antimicrobial effects of finger lime extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the tested microorganisms varied between 500 and 1000 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was proven effective in suppressing CLas in vivo, as indicated by the lower CLas titers in the treated leaves compared to the control. A total of 360 compounds, including carbohydrates (31.159%), organic acid (30.909%), alcohols (13.380%), polyphenols (5.660%), esters (3.796%), and alkaloids (0.612%), were identified in the extract. We predicted that the primary bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects of the extract were quinic acid and other polyphenols, as well as alkaloids. The morphology of the tested microbes was altered and damaged, leading to lysis of the cell wall, cell content leakage, and cell death. Based on the results, ethanol extracts from finger lime may be a fitting substitute for synthetic bactericides in food and plant protection.

Comparison of Different Extraction and Purification Methods of Lime Peel Pectin and Evaluation of Physiochemical, Rheological, and Textural Properties

Background:: Pectin production has recently attracted considerable research interest due to its various applications arising from its unique characteristics. Lime peel, as a by-product of juice factories, has a promising potential for pectin extraction. Methods:: Lime peel pectin samples were extracted by three extraction processes: a) 90°C of heating for 120 min, b) 90°C of heating for 90 min and then 32 min of sonication, and c) 80°C of heating for 60 min and then 22 min of sonication. Then, they were purified either by ethanol or sodium caseinate (SC) and characterized. Results:: SC purification did not enhance the pectin yield; rather, it diminished the level of nonpectin components and resulted in purer pectin (i.e., lower sugar content). The samples purified with SC showed much lower viscosity in solution and storage modulus than the samples purified with ethanol, which could be attributed to their lower sugar content and higher pH (~ 4.6 vs. 2). However, pectin samples purified with SC had a relatively high sugar gel consistency, maybe due to protein retention in their structure as well as the preferential hydration effect of added sucrose. Conclusion:: The compact and extended conformations of the pectin sample, which was extracted by “(c) extraction method” and purified with ethanol, resulted in its high viscosity and storage modulus in solution and the highest gel consistency (16.91 Kg.s) compared to the other samples. Regardless of the conditions of extraction procedures, the purification method had a considerable impact on the pectin samples’ characteristics and potential applications.

Single-Dose Oral Toxicity Study of Chloroform Extract of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) Leaves in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)

Leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) are commonly used as a seasoning in various Indonesian and Southeast Asian dishes. Phytochemical studies reported various secondary metabolites that possess medicinal properties. Before exploring their potential as therapeutic agent, a series of toxicity studies must be conducted to assess the toxicity and safety levels. This research aimed to study the single-dose acute oral toxicity of chloroform extract of kaffir lime leaves (CECHL) in female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as experimental animals. The procedure followed OECD Test Guideline No.420 with the dose 2000 mg/kg bw for 14 days (Sighting study). Parameters consisted of mortality, clinical signs of sublethal effect based on changes in general appearance and daily activity/behavior, hematological profile, and blood clinical biochemistry. Neither mortality nor sublethal effects were found during the experiment. All blood parameter values (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, ALT, AST, creatinine, BUN, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides) were within reference interval, indicating that CECHL is not harmful to normal physiology. In conclusion, single-dose oral administration of CECHL is safe, no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) at dose 2000 mg/kg bw or included in Category 5 based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS).

Profile of secondary metabolites of Citrus hystrix DC from several solvents and its potential as an antibacterial substance

Exploration of antibacterial activity from various herbs like Citrus species can become the solution for reducing emergency resistance antimicrobial. In this study, the secondary metabolite profiles of kaffir lime leaves extract (Citrus hystrix DC) were explored, which were obtained from several solvents that have potential as antibacterial agents. Extraction of kaffir lime leaves was carried out using 96% ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate, with the comparison between simplicia and solvent was 1:5. Profile metabolites secondary observed in the study were total phenol content, total flavonoids content, saponins, tannins and antioxidants activity. Extraction of kaffir lime leaves using 96% ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate produced extract yields of 5.28%, 0.94, 1.72% respectively. The highest content of flavonoids, phenols, and tannins was from the extract of kaffir lime leaves using 96% ethanol that was which is 65.02 (mg equivalent quercetin / g extract), 4.94 (% w/w) and 3.51 (% w/w). The highest content of saponins on kaffir lime leaves extracts from hexane was 10.67 (% w/w). The best antioxidant activity was from the extract of kaffir lime leaves using 96% ethanol which was 21.81 (IC 50) (μg/mL). Kaffir lime leaves ethanol extract showed high total phenol, flavonoid, tannin content as well as high antioxidant activity.

Recovery Optimization of Plant Derived Antioxidants And Their Incorporation in Cosmetic Creams to Enhance Antioxidant Potential

Plants waste is enriched with valuable antioxidants. Extraction optimization, quantification of Total phenolic content (TPC) and evaluation of their anti-aging potential was the prime goal of this research study. Lime, Neem, Radish leaves, and carrot pulp were extracted with two types of solvents under various extraction conditions. The highest TPC were extracted through boiling water (2-3min) for all plant materials as follow: Neem leaves (112.3mg GAE/g), Lime leaves (108.5mg GAE/g), Radish leaves (76.02mg GAE/g) and Carrot pulp (65.84mg GAE/g); Highest free radical scavenging activities were achieved in Neem Leaves (92.82%), Lime leaves (92.34%), Radish leaves (87.4%) and Carrot Pulp (81.22%) under different extraction conditions. Water as extraction solvent yielded greater TPC values than ethanol. Upon the addition of phytoextracts, a substantial increase in the antioxidant activity of the cream samples was detected. Upon loading 2% lime extract, one cream sample exhibited a rise in TPC content from 1.8 to 54.05mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity from 19.34% to 95.35%. Cream samples infused with phytoextracts also showed notable antimicrobial activities. Conclusively, waste derived phytoextracts can be cost-effectively utilized in formulation of skin anti-aging creams.

Extraction of Essential Oils from Sweet Orange Leaves (Citrus Aurantium) Using the Microwave Hydrodistillation (MHD) Method

This study aims to utilize sweet lime leaves which are only waste that has no value, where sweet lime leaves are one of the ingredients that contain essential oils. Apart from the skin, it turns out that this sweet lime leaf can also be extracted using the Microwave Hydrodistillation (MHD) method. This study uses three variables namely; the F/S ratio used was 0.375 g/mL; 0.5g/mL; 0.65 g/mL, power 150 watts, 300 watts, and 450 watts, and time 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The extraction method is carried out using fresh ingredients with a solvent volume of 200 ml. The test carried out is the GC-MS test. The results of the test method and the purpose of this study were to determine the limonene content in the extraction of sweet lime leaves using the MHD method with variations in ratio, power, and time. The optimum yield of essential oils is at a power of 300 W, 90 minutes, and a ratio of 0.625 with a yield of 0.373%. The biggest components produced in the MHD method of extracting citrus leaves were Germacrene D 29.51%, Alpha-Copaene 18.47%, CIS-CAROPHYLNE 15.42%, 9-Eicosene (E) 8.58% and Limonene 5.51%.

Counseling And Making Environment Friendly Cleansing Using Fruit And Flower Extractsin The Framework Of Increasing The Welfare Of Teachers And Preparing Independent Entrepreneurship For SMA-IT Studentsriyadhussholihiin Islamic Boarding School- Cimanuk-Pandegelang

This community service is carried out in the context of foreign cooperation where the partner is Professor Dr. Yusliza Mohd Yusoff from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). We carry out this community service activity with the theme "Counseling and Making Environmentally Friendly Cleaners Using Lime Extract In the Context of Improving the Welfare of Teachers and Preparing Independent Entrepreneurship for SMA-IT Students at the Riyadhussholihiin-Cimanuk- Pandegelang Islamic Boarding School.” The targets in this activity were teachers and students of class XII SMA-IT at the Riyadhussholihiin-Cimanuk-Pandegelang Islamic Boarding School. They were given training and directly practiced making eco-friendly cleaners using lily extract. The PPM team will also provide assistance until the product can actually be marketed. The initial target for this product is to be used alone and sold to the laundry unit at the Riyadhussholihiin Islamic Boarding school. The next target will be sold to people outside the Riyadhussholihiin Islamic Boarding School. Activities will begin in February 2023 (In Syaa Allah) and end in June or July 2023. However, assistance will continue to be carried out to maintain the continuity of these activities.Professor Dr. Yusliza Mohd Yusoff s as a partner will inspect the field directly or monitor through the Vicon Zoom Meeting. The results of these activities are in the form of increased welfare for teachers obtained from the sale of environmentally friendly cleaning products. Also for students after graduation they can do entrepreneurship to make these products, both students who continue their studies and those who do not continue their studies can still do entrepreneurship. Evaluation can be done by monitoring the location after the community service implementation period is over. Assistance will continue to be carried out to maintain the continuity of the production and sales process.

The Effect of Basil Leaf Extract (Ocimum Sanctum) and Lime Water (Citrus Aurantifolia S.) For Tooth Surface Whitening

The color change of the teeth caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors is known as discoloration. The purpose of the study was to see the effectiveness of the combination of basil leaf extract and lime extract on the effect of whitening the surface of discolored teeth.
 The research was quasi-experimental. The Basil leaf extract and the Lime water were prepared using the maceration method and then divided into the following groups of combination, 30%B+70%L, 40%B + 60%L, 50%B + 50%L, 60%B + 40%L, 70%B + 30%L. All extracts were tested on the prepared and stained tooth to examine the whitening effect. Data collected were analyzed using the MannWhitney Test.
 The effect of staining the tooth surface before and after soaking with a combination of basil extract and lime juice extract showed no difference (p<0.05), except for the 30% basil concentration group + 70% lime juice and the 40% basil concentration group + 60 lime juice. %. There was no difference in the effectiveness of the combination of basil leaf extract and lime extract on the effect of teeth whitening staining on the control (p>0.05).

Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Jeruk Purut (Cytrus hitrix D.C) Sebagai Koagulan Alami Terhadap Karakteristik Karet

Natural rubber is a plantation commodity that has a significant role in the country's economy. This study aims to determine the effect of the natural coagulant extract of kaffir lime with centrifugation and non-centrifugation treatment on the coagulation process, pH and coagulation time, characteristics of rubber clone IRR 118 and comparison of the quality of rubber with 2% formic acid chemical coagulant. The volume of coagulant used was 75 mL mixed with 150 mL of latex, so that coagulation occurred and produced coagulum. Then the resulting coagulum is analyzed for the characteristics of the rubber to determine the quality of the rubber. Characteristic analysis carried out was Dry Rubber Content (DRC), Initial Plasticity (Po), Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), Mooney Viscosity, ash content, impurities content, volatile matter content, and nitrogen content. The results showed that the natural coagulant extract of kaffir lime could coagulate latex, lowering the pH of latex thereby speeding up coagulation time. From the rubber characteristic test using kaffir lime natural coagulant it complies with SNI 06-1903-2017 SIR 20. The quality of rubber produced from using kaffir lime natural coagulant extract as a coagulant can equate the quality of rubber produced by using 2% formic acid chemical coagulant, but coagulant The natural ingredients used have drawbacks, namely the availability of seasonal fruit, and the need for treatment before being used as a coagulant.

The effect of Lime Leaf Ethanol extract on Diabetic Nephropathy in Male White Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Hyperglycemia in chronic DM can trigger various complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, one of which is diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease (PGD) is a complication that often occurs in diabetics. Objective: This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites in lime leaf extract on reducing blood glucose levels, pancreatic histopathology and diabetic nephropathy in male white rats (Rattusnorvegicus) induced by streptozotocin. Methods: This study used 30 male white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely group I as normal control, group II as positive control (glibenclamide), group III as negative control (Na-CMC 0.5%), group IV, V and VI as control. the test group was given ethanol extract of lime leaves with doses of 150mg/kgBW, 250mg/kgBB, 350mg/kgBW, respectively. Data were analyzed using a one way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level, followed by a post hoc LSD test and using a nonparametric test. Result: Showed that the ethanol extract of lime leaves (citrus aurantifolia (christm.) swingle) contained 1.419% w/w alkaloids, 0.008% w/w tannins, 0.687% w/w flavonoids, and 15.805% w/w saponins. b and can reduce glucose levels at a dose of 350mg/kg BW and can regenerate pancreatic tissue at a dose of 350mg/kg BW damage 0.8 and repair renal tubular injury at a dose of 250mg/kg BW damage 1.2.Conclusion:this study contains secondary metabolites and can reduce blood glucose levels in rats and can regenerate pancreatic tissue and kidney tubular injury.

Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) Extract in Experimentally-Induced Diarrhoea Model

This study investigated the effects of Lime on Diarrhoea in Wistar rats. A total of 60 Wistar rats were procured and randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 animals each for each of the three t-test models. The twenty healthy Wistar rats for each diarrhoea model were fasted for 6 hours prior to the experiment but allowed free access to water. The twenty animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 4 animals each for each experiment. Established antidiarrhea models were followed. The test groups received various doses (97.65mg/kg, 195.3mg/kg, and 390.6mg/kg) of Citrus aurantiifolia juice extract; whereas positive controls received Loperamide (2.5mg/kg) and negative controls received distilled water (1ml/kg). The administration was done once daily for 15 days, and the faeces of each animal was collected on the 5th, 10th and 15th day. The result of this study showed that medium and high dose Citrus aurantiifolia has an anti-diarrhoeal effect on castor oil-induced diarrhoea over repeated administration for a minimum of 15 days as it prolonged the onset of diarrhoea, decreased the frequency of defecation and gastrointestinal transit time in Wistar rats. This study shows that Citrus aurantiifolia demonstrates significant anti-diarrhoeal activity and can be used as an anti-diarrhoea agent.

Metabolomic Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds from Ethanolic Extract of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Peel and Its Anti-Cancer Effects against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.

Lime peels are food waste from lime product manufacturing. We previously developed and optimized a green extraction method for hesperidin-limonin-rich lime peel extract. This study aimed to identify the metabolomics profile of phytochemicals and the anti-cancer effects of ethanolic extract of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel against liver cancer cells PLC/PRF/5. The extract's metabolomics profile was analyzed by using LC-qTOF/MS and GC-HRMS. The anti-cancer effects were studied by using MTT assay, Annexin-PI assay, and Transwell-invasion assay. Results show that the average IC50(s) of hesperidin, limonin, and the extract on cancer cells' viability were 165.615, 188.073, and 503.004 µg/mL, respectively. At the IC50 levels, the extract induced more apoptosis than those of pure compounds when incubating for 24 and 48 h (p < 0.0001). A combination of limonin and hesperidin showed a synergistic effect on apoptosis induction (p < 0.001), but the effect of the combination was still less than that of the extract at 48 h. Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited cancer cell invasion better than limonin but equal to hesperidin. At the IC50 level, the extract contains many folds lower amounts of hesperidin and limonin than the IC50 doses of the pure compounds. Besides limonin and hesperidin, there were another 60 and 22 compounds detected from the LCMS and GCMS analyses, respectively. Taken altogether, the superior effect of the ethanolic extract against liver cancer cells compared to pure compound likely results from the combinatorial effects of limonin, hesperidin, and other phytochemical components in the extract.

Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Sebagai Obat Terapi Penyembuhan Penyakit Gastritis dengan metode GC-MS

Gerd or comonly known as gastritis deseas occure due to inflamation of the gastric mucosa. Drug consumption is no longer safe for the reason of side effect for long term ingestion. Thus, herbal medicine is starting become an option, by employing lime juice for medication or theraphy. Previous study indicated positive response of lime extract for medication on mice. However, the mechanism is yet to be discovered. This study aims to determine the chemical compounds contained in lime extract that responsible for antiulcer activity. The research was carried out in laboratory experimental method, by phytochemical screening than continued by GC-MS. The result shows that lime juice containaing secondary metabolits, namely alkaloid, glycosides, triterpenoid, saponin, polyphenol, flavonoid and phenol that act as an anty-oxidants as well as inductors for formation of stemp cell. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that the presence of citric acid derivatives in the form of citraconic anhindrat, itaconic anhindrat and Itaconic acid, last but not least palmitic acid as part of fatty acid. Citric acid is a compound that has a cappability to be a buffer solution. Therefore, consuming lime juice for gerd medication will help neutralised acidity of the gastric with the principle of buffer solution.

Comparative Efficacy of Aqueous Extracts of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and Grape (Citrus paradisi) Peel in the Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

A laboratory study was conducted in the Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, to evaluate the single and mixed insecticidal action of aqueous extracts of grape (Citrus paradisi) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel in the control of cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. There were four treatments with three replicates per treatment. The treatments were applied at the following rates, 0.5ml, 1.0ml, and 1.5ml per 100g of cowpea seeds. The following parameters were used to assess the efficacy of the treatments; adult mortality, oviposition, number of larvae, number of pupae and F1 progeny emergence. The findings of this experiment showed that 1.0 ml of aqueous peel extract of grape + lime had significantly higher female mortality compared to control at 3rd and 5th DAT. Aqueous peel extract of lime caused a significantly lower (70.67 + 4,3) oviposition rate compared to control (141.33+ 7.4) at 2 DAT with 1.5 ml being the most effective rate of application at 4 DAT. Aqueous peel extracts of lime was most effective in significantly reducing larval emergence (1.33 + 0.3) compared to control (8.33 + 0.5). The trend was similar for pupal emergence. Aqueous peel extracts of grape was most effective in reducing male F1 progeny emergence while lime was most effective in reducing female F1 progeny of C maculatus. Aqueous peel extract of lime could be included in control measures used by local farmers in storage of their grains for two months.

The Formulation and Analysis of Solid Bath Soap from Ethanol Extract Of Kaffir Lime Peel (Citrus hystrix DC.) With Several Concentrations

Solid bath soap is a cosmetic preparation to remove dirt from skin surfaces. Kaffir lime peel is a good natural ingredient for skin health. The aim of this study was to produce cosmetic preparation of solid bath soap from a thick extract kaffir lime peel with several concentrations. The thick extract of kaffir lime peel is made by maceration by dissolving 500 grams of powder with 96 % ethanol as solvent as much as 1,000 mL for 2x24 hours and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 500 C. the method used in soap making is cold processing. The result of the study was a solid bath soap, smelling of fresh orange, bluish color to turquoise blue depends on the concentration of the active substance of kaffir lime extract, soft texture and homogeneous color, Formula 1 with concentration of kaffir lime peel extract of 1 % has pH 10.0, foam height of 5.0 cm, water content was 1.76% and free fatty acids was 2.51%. Formula 2 with concentration was kaffir lime peel extract of 3 % value pH 10.0, foam height of 5.0 Cm, moisture content of 1.95 % and free fatty acids was 2.51 % while formula 3 with an extract of 5 % has a pH 10.0 foam height was 5.0 cm, water content was 0.73 % and free fatty acid was 2.51 %. Solid bath soap with thick extract off kaffir lime peel meets the requirements of SNI number 3532 of 2016 for pH, and moisture content tests while the free fatty acid test does not meet these requirements of SNI

Sensory and Bioactive Properties Response to Reformulation and Processing of Java-Tea-Based Functional Drink: a Review

Java-tea-based (Orthosiphon aristatus B. Miq) functional drink is reported to have privileges, mainly its physiological functions and bioactive properties such as antioxidant activity and antihyperglycemic ability. Java-tea-based functional drinks contain bioactive compounds from natural materials, including java-tea leaves, ginger, sappan-wood, curcuma, lime, and kaffir lime. Several innovations and challenges have been carried out during its development, affecting the drinks' quality and stability. The stability of the beverage, especially in the aspects of sensory and bioactive properties, is still considered inferior. This review focuses on the formulation and processing technology conducted from 2007 to 2019. In the case of the reformulation, it showed that the addition of kaffir lime extract, lime extract, and flavor enhancer could improve the sensory properties in terms of aroma and taste. Furthermore, the changes in the specific java-tea plants' variety as the main ingredient and replacing the sucrose with non-sucrose sweeteners increased the bioactive properties. Recently, the formula has been enriched with a red fruit oil emulsion to improve the drink's appearance due to contains abundant carotenoid pigments. However, the addition also created another hurdle, particularly in the flavor sensory aspect and emulsion stability. In the case of processing, applying microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation in java-tea drinks has increased the bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activity, and antihyperglycemic, and also improved the product's stability which prolonged the shelf life. The development of java-tea-based functional drinks might become a milestone to reference other similar product development.

Potential of kaffir lime (&lt;em&gt;Citrus hystrix&lt;/em&gt;) leaf extract as biopesticide in improving pre and post-harvest quality of chili (&lt;em&gt;Capsicum annuum&lt;/em&gt;)

Purpose: Chilli production in Malaysia is declining due to production problems such as pest and diseases which cause plants to become stunted, unhealthy, and damaged. To overcome this problem, most farmers prefer using chemical fertilizers and pesticides due to their fast reaction and effectiveness. In long term, application of these chemicals input may lead to an environmental damage and human health problems. To conserve our nature, the use of natural input in agriculture is highly recommended. Research Method: This study was conducted to identify the potential of plant extract, namely kaffir lime in increasing the plant productivity and reducing the severity of pests for chilli trees. The study was performed by spraying the chilli trees with 25, 50, and 75% (v/v) kaffir lime extracts. Controls consisted of plants without any treatment as negative control and plants applied with a commercial chemical pesticide as positive control. Findings: Results indicated that there were significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between treatments with respect to all parameters including pre-harvest (plant height and pest severity) and postharvest (fresh weight and number of chilli pods) parameters except for the stem and crown diameter, soluble solid concentration, fruit firmness and colour measurement of chilli. The results found that chilli plants sprayed with 25% kaffir lime extract had the lowest pest infestation. Moreover, application of the 25% kaffir lime extract had produced the heaviest weight of chilli fruits and the highest number of chilli pods compared to other treatments including the positive control (chemical pesticide). Therefore, it was concluded that 25% kaffir lime extract produced healthier chilli plants, higher yield and better quality of chilli. Originality/ Value: Limited number of studies are available on eff ectiveness of kaffir lime-based insecticides. Therefore, this study was conducted as an effort towards understanding the versatility of kaffir lime leaves extraction as an alternative pesticide on chilli plants’ pre- and postharvest performance.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT COMBINATION OF LEAVES AND PEELS KAFFIR LIME (Citrus Hystrix DC.) AGAINST SOME TEST BACTERIA

Leaf and peel of the kaffir lime plant (Citrus hystrix D.C.) can be used as herbal preparations to treat infections by opportunistic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of the combination of leaf and peel extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria isolates. This study used a posttest-only control group design, including phytochemical tests and in vitro antibacterial activity tests. The combination of leaf and peel extract of kaffir lime tested was 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/v). The results of phytochemical tests on the leaf extract and rind of limes were found to have antibacterial compounds, namely flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and alkaloids. The results of the antibacterial activity test used the paper disc diffusion method, showed that there were differences in the size of the inhibition zone for the four test bacteria; The combination treatment of 75% (1:1) leaf-peel extract gave the greatest inhibitory zone effect on the four test bacteria and was equivalent to the positive control. The conclusion of the study, the combination of leaf and peel extract had different antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Citrus limetta Risso peel mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antioxidant and catalytic activity

Green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is now receiving great attention because of their numerous applications such as optics, catalysis, and biomedicine. In this work, gold nanoparticles were synthesized from peel extract of sweet lime (Citrus limetta Risso), which is usually discarded as a bio-waste. Bioactive components present in the fruit peel extract act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles from chloroauric acid (HAuCl4). The visual color change from light yellow to ruby red suggested the formation of gold nanoparticles, which was further confirmed by the maximum absorption peak at 530 nm of colloidal suspension measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. XRD spectra indicated the crystalline nature of prepared gold nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of gold nanoparticles measured from prominent peaks of XRD was found to be around 64 nm (size range: 50–80 nm), which was further supported by FESEM analysis. The components responsible for the reduction of chloroauric acid into gold nanoparticles were analyzed by FTIR, which suggested the presence of several phytochemicals e.g. phenol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkynes in the fruit peel extract. Green prepared gold nanoparticle was further evaluated for its antioxidant and catalytic activity. Green gold nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity evident by scavenging/inhibition of free oxygen/nitrogen radical generation. Furthermore, green gold nanoparticles demonstrated excellent catalytic activity indicated by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol. This study highlights the significance of bio-waste for the production of nanostructure of noble metals for numerous applications.