Lime Essential Oil Research Articles

Properties of Key Lime Essential Oil Blend into Polylactide Acid/Polyethylene Glycol Film Composite

Properties of Key Lime Essential Oil Blend into Polylactide Acid/Polyethylene Glycol Film Composite

GC-MS analysis, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Activity of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) and Key Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle.) Peel Essential Oils

This research studied the chemical compositions, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) and key lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle.) peel essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation. GC-MS analysis of kaffir lime essential oil showed four major components as β-pinene (27.37%), β-phellandrene (22.69%), D-limonene (16.21%), and citronellal (12.43%), while in key lime essential oil the predominant component was D-limonene (45.91%), with two minor components as β-pinene (20.27%) and γ-terpinene (8.33%). Both essential oils scavenged free radicals, with amounts of sample required to decrease DPPH concentration by 50% (IC50) 93.20 and 57.90 mg/ml for kaffir lime and key lime essential oils, respectively. Both essential oils showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the agar diffusion technique.

IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF CITRUS HYSTRIX ESSENTIAL OIL, CANANGA ORDORATA ESSENTIAL OIL, AND POGOSTEMON CABLIN BENTH ESSENTIAL OIL USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (GC-MS)

Essential oils, commonly known as etheric oils (essential oil, volatile oil), are produced by plants and can be obtained from the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of plants. This study aims to determine the chemical components of kaffir lime (Citrus hystix) essential oil, ylang ylang (Cananga ordorata), and patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin benth) obtained from farmers and refiners in Lembang, West Java. The composition of this essential oil was analyzed using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. The results of the analysis of the chemical components of the essential oil constituents of kaffir lime showed that the main components included linalyl acetate (20.59%), D-limonene (17.77%), and linalool (15.19%). In ylang-ylang oil, bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpenes, namely caryophyllene, were found in as much as 14.36%, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and local anesthetic properties. Identification of patchouli oil with its main component, namely patchouli alcohol, at 19.27%.

Effect of gelatin-based film activated with persian lime (Citrus latifolia) essential oil on the shelf life of shrimp

Effect of gelatin-based film activated with persian lime (Citrus latifolia) essential oil on the shelf life of shrimp

Effect of Massage Therapy with Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia) Essential Oil on the Recovery of Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness in Athletes.

Physical exercise is a systematic exercise to increase muscle strength achieve goals such as improving the athlete's physical and preventing injury. Athletes must do is massage therapy to prevent muscle fatigue and pain due to physical exercise or during competition. The increase of lactic acid levels affects the maximum working ability of muscle fibers, decreases physical performance, and is fatigue in which the onset of pain. Lime essential oil as a topical oil contains high ester substances that have pharmacological effects such as natural analgesic effects to relieve pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of massage therapy with lime essential oil as a topical oil on the recovery of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in athletes. The participants are boxing athletes, 30 men, 20-22 years old, and non-smokers. Participants were divided into three groups. The exercise group (E) was doing exercises and was not given massage therapy; the exercise massage (EM) group, namely, doing exercises and being massaged with ordinary lotion as a topical oil; and the EM lime (EMC) group did exercises and was given a massage with lime essential oil as the topical oil. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the average levels of lactic acid (p = 0.000) and the athlete's pain intensity (p = 0.000) in the three groups, namely, the exercise group (E), the exercise and massage group (EM), and the exercise and massage with lime essential oil (EMC). This study finds that lime essential oil used as topical massage therapy oil is better for accelerating the DOMS.

Kaffir Lime Essential Oil Variation in the Last Fifty Years: A Meta-Analysis of Plant Origins, Plant Parts and Extraction Methods

Kaffir lime has been widely researched for use as an essential oil, alongside its main function as an Asian spice, due to the needs of numerous industries. A meta-analysis was used to summarize the variation in yield and main components of kaffir lime essential oils in response to differences in plant origins, plant parts, and extraction methods during the last fifty years. A database was constructed from 85 data items from 36 single studies, prepared by following PRISMA-P. The result showed no significant effect of extraction method on variation in oil yield and main components. In contrast, after integrating numerous single studies under a statistical approach, some interesting facts emerged, such as (i) plant origin significantly affected the citronellol, i.e., subtropical conditions were more favorable than tropical ones; (ii) caryophyllene was found in all countries, from subtropical America and tropical Asia to tropical East Africa; (iii) the richest parts of citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, and sabinene were leaves, blossoms, twigs, and fruit peels, respectively; and (iv) due to significant interaction of plant origin and plant parts, a very challenging issue in boosting oil yield could be answered by formulating location-specific and organ-specific culture practices. This study had succeeded in providing further research directions.

An overview of the potential of <i>Citrus hystrix</i> (kaffir lime) essential oil as mosquito repellent

<span>A chemical-based insect repellent such as N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is commonly used against all insects despite its toxicity in humans. Hence, a repellent agent from natural sources of plant essential oil was introduced. Some of the plants which have the repellent potential are catnip, hairy basil, citronella, vetiver, clove, and citrus. Citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, eugenol, eugenol-acetate, and beta-caryophyllene are among the repellent active components in these plants. <em>Citrus hystrix</em> (kaffir lime) was known for several applications in food, health, and skincare, but its potential as mosquito repellent is still new. This overview paper highlights the potential of kaffir lime essential oil as a mosquito repellent and the encapsulation of essential oil related to mosquito repellent. Several studies on kaffir lime essential oil as mosquito repellent was conducted and revealed that the major repellent active components are citronellol and limonene. Pure kaffir lime essential oil provides one-hour repellent protection against the mosquito. However, an addition of 5% vanillin prolongs the protection time to three hours. Essential oil is easily vaporized at room temperature which shortens its effectiveness time. Encapsulation of the essential oil would control the vaporization process and hence prolong its efficiency. Nonetheless, almost no research work reported on the encapsulation of kaffir lime essential oil and the release mechanism of the encapsulated kaffir lime.</span>

Changes in Lime Essential Oils and Their Constituents Due to Environmental Variations at Agrarian Locations

Lime essential oil (EO) is rich in different biological properties as an antiseptic and antimicrobial. Agrarian locations (ALs) in Egypt are characterized by different environmental characteristics that affect the content and composition of lime EO and thus its biological properties. Leaves, flowers, and peels of lime were collected from trees cultivated in three ALs, namely, north, central, and Upper Egypt. EO was separated by a hydro-distillation (HD) method; then analyzed using a Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The maximum contents of leaf (0.5 % and 1.3 ml/ 250g), flower (0.2 % and 0.5 ml/ 250g) and peel (0.3 % and 1.3 ml/ 250g) EOs were obtained from the samples collected from Upper Egypt. The major component of leaf and peel EOs were limonene. Dimethyl anthranilate was the main compound of flower EO. Oxygenated monoterpenes (OM) was the main group in leaf and flower EOs, while a monoterpene hydrocarbon (MH) was the main group of peel EO. The maximum values of limonene from leaf EO (40.3 %) and limonene from peel EO (36.5 %), dimethyl anthranilate (22.3 %), OM from flower EO (66.1 %), and MH (59.8 %) were obtained from the samples collected from Upper Egypt AL. The greatest amount of OM from leaf EO (55.9 %) has resulted from the samples collected from the central AL. It may be concluded that this study avail as a reference for choosing the adequate AL to extract the EO according to the compositions of interest.

Use of a Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) edible coating to preserve minimally processed mango (Mangifera indica L)

This work aimed to develop an edible coating based on Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) pectic extract and essential oil on Haden mango (Mangifera indica L.) to extend its shelf life. Mango cubes were coated by immersion in a lime pectic extract (1% pectin w/v), lime essential oil (0.05% v/v), and glycerol (0.7% v/v) solution for 2, 5, and 10 min. Subsequently, coated and uncoated (control) test samples were stored for 21 days, and physical–chemical and microbiological analyses were performed every 3 days. The results showed no significant differences for total soluble solids, pH, and firmness. On the sixth day, bacterial growth was significantly lower in coated mangos than in the control (log 6.08 ± 0.49 and 7.63 ± 0.20 UFC g−1, respectively). The application of the edible coating extended the shelf life of minimally processed mangos by 3 days, delaying physical and chemical changes as well as bacterial growth.

Active Biodegradable Films Based on Sweet Lime Peel Residue and Its Effect on Quality of Fish Fillets

Residual sweet lime peels after the extraction of essential oil by solvent free microwave extraction were used for developing biodegradable film. Glycerol as a plasticizer, soya lecithin as an emulsifier and sweet lime essential oil (0, 1, 2 and 3%) as an active agent was employed. Developed films were analyzed for their mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties. The films (with 3% essential oil) which reported highest antimicrobial property against E. coli (24.24 ± 2.69 mm) were wrapped on fish fillet and stored at the refrigerated condition for 12 days. The quality of fish fillets was evaluated every 4 days and compared with polyethylene wrapped and control fish fillets. The active film wrapped sample showed less surface microbial count (3.28 ± 0.16 log cfu/cm2) compared to polyethylene wrapped sample. The hardness values were increased during storage and cohesiveness and springiness of all wrapped samples decreased from day 0 to day 12.

The major and minor components of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC) essential oil in the steam distillation process

Essential oils are natural products used in many fields, including perfumes, cosmetics, aromas, spices and nutrition. Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix DC), which belongs to the Rutaceae family, is a prominent tree in the southwest region, particularly in An Giang province (Vietnam). Moreover, Kaffir Lime is known as a potential candidate for aromatherapy and cosmetics, a natural alternative for insect repellents, an antioxidant and spice for food. Therefore, the purpose of this study is analyze the phytochemical content of Kaffir Lime essential oil using the steam distillation method. The process of steam distillation was conducted by continuously applying heat onto 500 g of imported Kaffir Lime peels. After 15 min of condensation, the yield of essential oil extraction achieved 1.6%. The essential oil was primarily composed of monoterpene hydrocarbon, aldehyde and ester with sabinene (22.875%), (3-pinene (33.939%), D-limonene (15.847%) and P-citronellal (14.791%) being the main components. Other ingredients included a-pinene (3.099%), (3-myrcene (0.836%), eucalyptol (0.354%), y-terpinene (0.476%), 4-terpineol (2.246%), a-terpineol (1.426%and linalool (1.139%). The presented extraction process as well as phytochemical profiles of Kaffir Lime suggested further studies on potential bioactivities of these constituents.

Microencapsulation of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) oil for antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric.

Functional cotton fabric incorporated with antibacterial microcapsules of lime (C. aurantifolia) essential oil (LO) was prepared. The coacervation method, employing two biopolymers of alginate and gelatin as the shells, was preferentially selected to produce the LO microcapsules, whereas immobilization of the LO microcapsules onto the fabric was done using the pad–dry–cure method using various concentrations of citric acid binder. The antibacterial inhibition zone of the functional fabric was subsequently analysed using the Kirby Bauer method. The LO microcapsules were produced with a yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and oil content (OC) of 47 ± 4%, 84 ± 11%, and 58 ± 4%, respectively. The homogenous spherical and soft microcapsules (1.554 μm) bonded effectively by 4% citric acid onto the surface of the fabric and detached back by only 3% after 15 cycles of washing. Overall, the optimized functional fabric exhibited the highest antibacterial activities among others against typical skin bacteria, such as S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. epidermidis, and thus it can be potentially applied to obtain antibacterial functional textile.

Evaluate the chemical composition of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) essential oil using the classical method

Natural compounds have received much attention and research in recent years since the industrial economy developed. Essential oils, which contain many volatile constituents and aromatic compounds, have been around for a long time but are still considered to this day thanks to their natural properties and their unique application. There are several ways of collecting essential oils from herbal plants, including ancient approaches to contemporary techniques using different sections of plants such as buds, vegetables and nuts. In this study, the leaves of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) were used to investigate the yield of essential oil extracted by the classical distillation system (hydro-distillation). The obtained essential oil was then analyzed for the chemical composition by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 100 g of Kaffir lime leaves, under the following conditions: 1:3 of ratio of material to water, 120 °C of the temperature within 60 min. The extraction process yielded 1.3 mL of essential oils. GC-MS analysis also identified 16 compounds in the essential oil, accounting for 99.99% of total oils. The main compounds included citronellal (85.4%), citronellol (6.8%), linalool (1.9 %), citronellyl acetate (1.7%), and other compounds with content less than 1.0% by hydro-distillation. The findings of chemical composition of Kaffir lime leaves EO suggest further studies on optimization the extraction process for a desirable phytochemical content.

Extraction of Essential oils and volatile compounds of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix D.C) by hydrodistillation method

Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix D.C.), a member of the Citrus family, is a lemon tree naturally grown in tropical regions of Asia. Kaffir lime contains a specific aroma currently used worldwide as spices and cosmetics. Kaffir lime leaves are a famous spice for many dishes of Thai cuisine. The peel of Kaffir lime collected in the southwest of Vietnam was used for essential oil extraction using the process of hydro-distillation. During extraction, 100 g Kaffir lime peel was input at 1:3 ratio, at 120 °C for 90 min. The phytochemical profile of Kaffir Lime essential oil was analyzed by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay. The optimal essential oil yield reached 4.6%. A total of twenty-six components have been identified to account for 99.998% of essential oils. B-pinene (47.926%) was characterized as the main ingredient of peel oil. Other major components of Kaffir lime essential oil included D-limonene (24.121%), citronelal (11.84%), and α-pinene (2.834%). The present study evaluated the chemical compositions of Kaffir lime essential oil and compared with other previous studies. Future research on Kaffir lime EO can be expanded by using different extraction methods to improve its bioactive and applicability in many regions.

Physical, morphological and antibacterial properties of lime essential oil nanoemulsions prepared via spontaneous emulsification method

Lime essential oil (EO) nanoemulsions from key lime (Citrus aurantifolia), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) and calamansi lime (Citrofortunella microcarpa) were produced by using spontaneous emulsification method and their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), turbidity, morphology and antibacterial properties were investigated. Lime EO nanoemulsions were produced by mixing 5% (v/v) of oil phase (lime EO and corn oil at the ratio of 8:2) with 15% (v/v) of Tween 80 and 80% (v/v) of deionized water using magnetic stirring at 750 rpm and 25 °C. Key lime EO nanoemulsion showed the smallest particle size (21 nm), lowest PDI value (0.444) and lowest turbidity (99.0% of transmittance) followed by kaffir and calamansi lime. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs revealed sphere-shaped oil particles with different particle size. Freshly prepared calamansi lime EO nanoemulsion was the most effective against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus by exhibiting the largest diameter of inhibition zone (8.34, 7.71, and 9.98 mm, respectively). Key lime EO nanoemulsion showed the lowest reduction in the antibacterial activity after 1 month of storage at room temperature. The lime EO nanoemulsions showed great potential to be incorporated into water-based food products and beverages as flavouring and antimicrobial agents.

CO2-assisted production of polyethylene glycol / lauric acid microparticles for extended release of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil

Applications of essential oils as chemotherapeutics are limited because these aromatic oils are generally volatile, insoluble in aqueous media and easily degraded to non-active constituents when subjected to thermal-oxidative processes. The particles from gas-saturated solution (PGSS) technology allows for non-destructive processing of volatile oils into micronized formulations under high pressure and moderate temperature using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). In this study, essential oil from lime (Citrus aurantifolia) with proven antidiabetic activity was processed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauric acid (LA) using scCO2 in a high pressure reactor for 2 h at 120 bar and 45 °C. The polymer-oil mixtures were co-precipitated and micronized through a 500 μm nozzle. PGSS processing of C. aurantifolia oil with PEG and LA yielded roughly spherical microparticles with sizes ∼ 2 μm. Inclusion of the LA and encapsulation of the limonene-rich oil into the PEG particles were confirmed using FTIR and GC/MS respectively. Melting point and heat of fusion of the PEG/LA microparticles were lower when compared with particles produced with PEG only, resulting in higher oil loading capacity and yield. The scCO2-assisted polymeric encapsulation of the volatile oil reduced rapid vaporization and incorporation of LA with the PEG-oil formulation extended the mean release time in simulated physiological solutions. Free radical scavenging and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of the lime oil were also preserved following encapsulation in the PEG/LA microparticles. In summary, production of PEG/LA microparticles with high yield and loading capacity of bioactive lime essential oil was achieved using the scCO2 encapsulation technology.

In-Depth Qualitative Analysis of Lime Essential Oils Using the Off-Line Combination of Normal Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

The present research is focused on the in-depth qualitative analysis of three types of lime essential oil (EO), viz., Key (A and B) and Persian, using the off-line combination of normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QMS). The first analytical dimension (NP-HPLC) was exploited for the isolation of the hydrocarbon constituents from the oxygenated ones. Each fraction was then reduced in volume and analyzed using (cryogenic modulation) GC × GC-QMS. Peak assignment was carried out through the combined use of mass spectral database and linear retention index matching processes. The powerful four-dimensional technology enabled the separation and identification of a very high number (153) of lime essential oil volatile compounds.

The effect of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) essential oil on bioplastic derived from cassava peel waste

Kaffir lime essential oil is reported contain a biologically active secondary metabolite from the class of terpenoid. It was reported active as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer. Combination of this bioactive essential oil to afford bioplastic or biodegradable plastic will open their future applications in industry and medicine. This paper report the characteristic of the combining of kaffir lime essential with starch from cassava peel waste to produce bioplastic. The FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD and elasticity test was reported to the bioplastic produced. In short, bioplastic prepared from both starting materials are able to be made. The appearance is clear and transparent. The FTIR spectra also provide a combination of both functional groups, and some fractures found to the bioplastic without addition of kaffir lime essential oil. Interestingly, elasticity improves for bioplastic composed of essential oil.

Histoprotective Effect of Essential Oil from Citrus aurantifolia in Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Rat.

Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disorder reported among ageing men. Objective The study assessed histoprotective effect of lime essential oil (LEO) in a rat model of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and evaluated its ability to reverse testosterone-mediated changes in the testis, kidney, and liver. Materials and Methods Adult Sprague Dawley (aged 12 weeks, 240–390 g) male rats were intramuscularly injected with testosterone enanthate (TE) (10 mg/kg) reconstituted in olive oil for ten days to establish benign prostatic hyperplasia (serum PSA level ≥ 1.24 ng/ml) in. After confirmation of BPH (sustained serum PSA level ≥ 1.24 ng/ml), rats in all groups (LEO: 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, po, n = 6; finasteride: 15 mg/kg, po, n = 6) except model (BPH without treatment) and sham (no BPH and no treatment) groups were treated for 21 days. At the end of treatment, rats were anesthetised and blood was collected via cardiac puncture to determine serum PSA and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. The prostate gland, testis, kidney, and liver were harvested, weighed, histologically processed and stained with H&E. Results LEO- and finasteride-treated groups recorded lesser mean prostatic weights relative to their model group. Baseline mean serum PSA level of LEO- and finasteride-treated groups reduced significantly (p < 0.05) relative to model group. Serum TAC levels were also higher in LEO- and finasteride-treated groups relative to model group. LEO-treated groups had less thickened glandular epithelium, smaller acini, fewer prostatic secretions and more fibromuscular stroma relative to model group. LEO and finasteride treatment produced improved histomorphological characteristics of testis, kidney, and liver compared to model group. Conclusion By the current results, Citrus aurantifolia LEO may possess active agents that can be explored for translational medicine against BPH.

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect.

Lime peels are mainly obtained from the byproducts of the juice manufacturing industry, which we obtained and used to extract essential oil (2.3%) in order to examine the antioxidant and hypolipidaemic effects. We identified 60 volatile compounds of lime essential oil (LEO) with GC/MS, of which the predominant constituents were limonene, γ-terpinene, and β-pinene. Lime essential oil was measured according to the DPPH assay and ABTS assay, with IC50 values of 2.36 mg/mL and 0.26 mg/mL, respectively. This study also explored the protective effects of LEO against lipid-induced hyperlipidemia in a rat model. Two groups of rats received oral LEO in doses of 0.74 g/100 g and 2.23 g/100 g with their diets. Eight weeks later, we found that the administration of LEO improved the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase levels in the hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the LEO improved the health of the rats in terms of obesity, atherogenic index, and fatty liver.