Lily Research Articles

ASIATIC LILY FLOWER AS A SOURCE OF PARTY CLOTHING CREATION IDEAS

The Asiatic lily flower has a unique beauty, its bright colors, large and curved petals are very eye-catching. The purpose of writing this article is to describe the process of making and finished party clothing using the idea of the Asiatic Lily flower as a detail of manipulating fabric. The method used is the double diamond model, which consists of 4 stages, namely the discover stage by searching, finding and collecting information to be used as a source of ideas. The define stage is defining the information that has been obtained at the discover stage, then expressed in the form of a moodboard. The develop stage, namely the design ideas that have been described through a moodboard, are realized in the form of fashion sketches, and are developed, tested, revised and refined. The deliver stage is analyzing and explaining the results of the finished fashion design from the source of the Asiatic lily flower idea. The resulting party attire is as expected. The application of manipulating asiatic lily flower fabric succeeded in beautifying the appearance. Apart from that, the addition of manipulating fabric cording and the asymmetrical arrangement of manipulating fabric flowers gives a unique impression to party clothing.

EFFECT OF CHITOSAN WITH DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND BULB YIELD OF ORIENTAL LILY ‘MONA LISA’

The potential of biodegradable and environmentally friendly substances that exhibit biostimulatory effects on plant growth and yield is now being exploited in horticultural production. This study evaluated the effect of chitosan on the growth, flowering, and yield of bulb of oriental lily ‘Mona Lisa’. Three types of chitosan differing in molecular weight (MW) were used: commercial chitosan (CCh, MW = 50,000–190,000 g/mol) and two forms of depolymerised chitosan (DCh 48, with a MW of ~48,000 g/mol, and DCh 154, with a MW of ~154,500 g/mol). The plants were watered twice with an aqueous solution of chitosan at a concentration of 2 g/l, with 100 ml of solution per pot. The control was plants watered with distilled water. Chitosan had a biostimulatory effect on the growth of lily plants. CCh increased the relative chlorophyll content of leaves (+11.3%), the fresh bulb weight (+11.0%), the bulb diameter (+12.3%) and the number of bulblets (+44.9%) compared with the control plants. DCh 154 significantly increased the fresh aboveground weight of plants (+31.3%), the fresh weight of leaves (+29.0%) and their number (+16.8%), the fresh weight of bulb (+12.3%) and their diameter (+11.0%), and the fresh weight of bulblet (+21.9%). DCh 48 increased the bulb diameter (+12.1%) and the number of bulblets (+45.4%), but decreased the length (-8.6%) and width of tepals (-6.8%) of the lily flowers. Finally, DCh 154 was the most effective in lily production. Using depolymerised chitosan as a biostimulant may contribute to developing new methods to produce high-quality lily plants.

ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ РІДКІСНИХ ЛІСОВИХ ВИДІВ СУДИННИХ РОСЛИН У СИСТЕМІ ПРИРОДООХОРОННИХ ЗАХОДІВ МЕЗИНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКУ

The article characterizes the peculiarities of the formation of forest ecosystems as centers for the distribution of rare species within the territory of Mezyn National Nature Park. The research area is notable for its diverse ecotopic conditions, which support a wide variety of forest species of vascular plants and corresponding communities, including oak, linden-oak, maple-linden-oak, linden, and hornbeam-oak forests. The forest group of vascular plant flora in the territory of Mezynskyi NNP includes 18 species, with 10 species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and 8 species having regional protection status in Chernihiv Oblast. Among the forest species from the Red Data Book of Ukraine, the non-moral group predominates, including Neottia nidus-avis, Listera ovata, Epipactis atrorubens, Epipactis helleborine, Platanthera bifolia, Platanthera chlorantha, Lilium martagon, and Allium ursinum. Among the species of vascular plants in forest ecosystems that are protected at the regional level in Chernihiv region, within the study area, 7 species of the division Polypodiophyta are distinguished, specifically: Dryopteris cristata, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Polypodium vulgare, Polystichum aculeatum, P. brauni, and Phegopteris connectilis. Anthropogenic impacts on the forest areas of Mezyn NNP, including on rare species of vascular plants, can be classified into the following groups: production and traditional economy, recreational activities, forestry activities and control measures, and violation of the protected area. The greatest impact of the recreational factor is on recreational forest areas and areas around settlements. The development of measures and plans for the protection of rare species will ensure the principles of protecting forest ecosystems as a whole (general) and their individual components (special). The article presents a system of environmental measures for the protection and conservation of rare forest species of vascular plants, and suggests measures for further conservation and monitoring of these species. To address the issues of conserving rare species, the article recommends optimizing the zoning system of the park territory, expanding the protected area, and including existing protected areas and habitats of rare flora species within its composition.

Predicting Blooming Day of Cut Lily through Wavelength Reflectance Analysis

Domestic export cut lily flowers are expensive in Japan when they are in bud state that has not yet bloomed and when no leaf yellowing has occurred. Predicting the blooming day of domestic cut lily flowers is essential to increase their commodity value. Thermal imaging, spectroscopic technologies, and hyperspectral cameras have recently been used for quality prediction. This study uses a hyperspectral camera, reflectance of wavelength, and a support vector machine (SVM) to evaluate the predictability of blooming days of cut lily flowers. While examining spectra at wavelengths of 750–900 nm associated with pollination, the resultant reflectance was over 75% during six to four days before blooming and 30% on a blooming day, indicating a decline in their reflectance toward blooming. Furthermore, SVM classification models based on kernel function revealed that the quadratic SVM had the highest accuracy at 84.4%, while the coarse Gaussian SVM had the lowest accuracy at 34.4%. The most crucial wavelength for the quadratic SVM was 842.3 nm, which was associated with water. The quadratic SVM’s accuracy, verified using the area under the curve (ACU), was above 0.8, showing suitability for spectral classification based on blooming day prediction. Thus, this study shows that hyperspectral imaging can classify spectra based on the blooming day, indicating its potential to predict the blooming day, vase life, and quality of cut lily flowers.

Heat-induced modulation of flavonoid biosynthesis via a LhMYBC2-Mediated regulatory network in oriental hybrid lily

Global warming significantly threatens crop production, and adversely affects plant physiology due to rising temperatures. Oriental hybrid lily, an ornamental plant of economic importance, experiences flower color changes in response to elevated temperatures. Anthocyanins belong to a subgroup of flavonoids and are the primary pigments responsible for the coloration of oriental hybrid lily petals. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing flavonoid biosynthesis under high temperature conditions in lilies remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed the altered metabolite profiles in flavonoid biosynthesis using quasi-targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Isoflavonoids accumulate substantially under high temperature conditions, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin decreases. The expression of the isoflavone reductase gene (LhIFR) and the transcription factor LhMYBC2 were upregulated in response to high temperatures. The LhMYBC2 protein, which belongs to Subgroup 4-AtMYB4, competes with the anthocyanin positive regulator LhMYBA1 for the LhTT8 partner, thereby repressing the formation of a positively regulated transcription complex. Heterologous overexpression of LhMYBC2 in tobacco led to reduced anthocyanin accumulation and increased isoflavonoid accumulation, corroborating its role in inhibiting anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study proposes a regulatory model wherein LhMYBC2 acts as a mediator of flavonoid biosynthesis, influencing the coloration of lily flowers under high-temperature stress. These findings deepen our understanding of the metabolic and transcriptional responses of lily to heat stress and underscore the potential role of LhMYBC2 in mitigating anthocyanin accumulation.

Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor LhMYB1 Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Lilium concolor var. pulchellum

Lilium concolor var. pulchellum has a brilliant flower colour, high germination rate, and resistance to cold, drought, and salinity and is an excellent source of lily germplasm. Anthocyanins are important flavonoids commonly found in plants and can make the flowers and fruits of plants more colourful. We first found that 0.2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) specifically induced the accumulation of anthocyanins, which were mainly cyanidins, in callus tissue culture of Lilium. Transcriptomic results indicated that anthocyanin accumulation was mainly involved in the flavonoid pathway, and an LhMYB1 transcription factor encoding 267 amino acids positively associated with anthocyanin accumulation was cloned from the MYB family. Subcellular localisation in tobacco showed that the gene was located in the nucleus of epidermal cells. Virus-induced gene silencing showed that silencing of the LhMYB1 gene on lily petals resulted in a purple to white colour change and a decrease in anthocyanin deposition, mainly in the upper and lower epidermis of the petals. Therefore, the results of this study will provide some ideas for the molecular breeding of lily flower colour.

LbHSP17.9 Participated in the Regulation of Cold Stress in Cut Lily Flowers

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in plant stress resistance, but it is not clear whether small molecular HSPs (sHSPs) are involved in the cold stress resistance of lily flowers. In this study, we cloned LbHSP17.9 and found that its expression was up-regulated under cold stress. When LbHSP17.9 was silenced (TRV2::LbHSP17.9) using virus-induced gene silencing in cut lily flowers, the content of malondialdehyde was increased under 4 °C stress treatment. The catalase (CAT) activity in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 was significantly lower than in TRV2 in the first 7 days, and the peroxidase (POD) activity in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 was significantly lower than in TRV2 after 4 days of 4 °C stress. Further analysis showed that the transcription levels of LbCu/ZnSOD, LbMnSOD and LbCAT in TRV2::LbHSP17.9 were lower than those of TRV2 under 4 °C stress. When LbHSP17.9 was overexpressed in lily petal disks, the OE-LbHSP17.9 disks faded later than the controls at 4 °C and the relative conductivity decreased significantly. Overexpression of LbHSP17.9 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in fewer injury symptoms and lower MDA content than wild type under 4 °C stress. Therefore, we speculate that LbHSP17.9 can improve the resistance of lily flowers to cold stress.

Alteration of growth, phenology, and yield of lily flowers through the synergetic effect of light spectra and endophytic bacterial priming

The production of ornamental flowers in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has gained significant attention due to its potential for efficient cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of light quality (red, blue, red+blue, and white) after priming bulbs with Bacillus subtilis (Bs) on lily plant growth, phenology, yield, ornamental attributes, and pigmentation. Both light quality and Bs treatment significantly affected vegetative and generative organ development and overall plant growth. Bulbs primed with Bs and grown under blue light exhibited the earliest budding and flowering phases, along with an extended flowering period. The highest flower yield and productivity were achieved in Bs-primed bulbs under blue light. Regarding qualities, the best scores were obtained for Bs-primed bulbs grown under blue or red+blue light, compared to control plants grown under red light. The combined effects of Bs treatment and light quality also impacted photosynthetic pigment content in lily leaves. Throughout the growing season, the highest levels of photosynthetic pigments were detected under white light. Although the ratio between Chl a with other photosynthetic pigments were decreased during the flowering period, Bs treatment positively influenced those rations during the flowering phase when plants grown under monochromatic lights (red and blue). In summary, to achieve high-quality lily flowers in CEAs, the most promising approach involves utilizing a red+blue light spectrum in combination with Bs priming. This research highlights the importance of optimizing growing conditions and understanding the interplay between light quality and biological treatments for enhancing ornamental flower production in CEA systems.

Two key enzyme genes associated with ethylene bio-synthesis, LbACS and LbACO, are involved in the regulation of lily flower senescence

Ethylene plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of flowers and determines the flower life span of ornamental plants. In this study, the lily variety 'Manissa' was used to elucidate the mechanism associated with the regulation of lily senescence by the genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthetase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), which are key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. The results showed that ethylene release increased, the relative water content first increased and then decreased, and relative conductivity continuously increased as lily bud development progressed. LbACS1 transcription was highest at the blooming stage, LbACS7 transcription was highest at the green bud stage, and LbAC03 and LbAC04 levels both peaked at the yellow bud stage and the blooming stage. After treating cut lily flowers with ethephon and ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), the results showed that ethephon promoted the senescence of cut flowers, ethylene release, and the transcription levels of the four Lb genes. 1-MCP treatment also delayed the aging of cut flowers, but reduced ethylene release and inhibited the transcription of LbAC03 and LbAC04 when the treatment was applied during the later stages of bud development. This study provided evidence for the role of ethylene and the functions of LbACS and LbAC0 in the aging process associated with cut lily flowers.

Genetic variation of drug target CYP51 conferring resistance to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in Botrytis cinerea, causing lily gray mould

Gray mould caused by Botrytis cinerea poses a threat to Lily (Lilium spp.), an important plant with both medicinal and ornamental value, during pre- and post-harvest stages. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) have been widely registered to control gray mould caused by B. cinerea in various plants over a prolonged period of time, yet no instances of resistance of B. cinerea to EBIs have been detected in the field. In this study, the field B. cinerea EBIs-resistant populations were detected from the diseased lily flowers. The CYP51 protein, which is the target of EBIs, was found to have G461S or R464K substitutions in these resistant strains. To further verify whether the G461S or R464K substitutions of CYP51 confer the resistance to EBIs in B. cinerea, the mutants carrying the G461S or R464K substitutions of CYP51 were generated from EBIs-sensitive wild type strains via site-directed mutagenesis. The G461S or R464K substitutions indeed resulted in decreased sensitivity of B. cinerea to EBIs. Meanwhile, the mutants conferring the S461G or K464R substitutions of CYP51 were generated from the field EBIs-resistant strains, and the significant increase in sensitivity to EBIs were observed in these mutants. Furthermore, the G461S or R464K substitutions suffered to fitness penalty in mycelial growth and virulence, but improved sporulation capability. Molecular docking analysis furtherly demonstrated that the CYP51 protein, carrying the G461S or R464K substitutions, exhibited reduced binding affinity with tebuconazole. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that G461S or R464K substitutions in CYP51 leading to field resistance to EBIs in B. cinerea. These findings not only provided valuable insights for managing lily gray mould caused B. cinerea, but also enhance our understanding of molecular mechanism underlying plant pathogen resistance to EBIs.

Sensitivity Consequences of Ethylene in Determining the Vase Life of Eremurus spectabilis and E. persicus

Foxtail lily (Eremurus), as a medicinal-ornamental geophyte, has recently emerged in the cut flower market as a novel, commercially significant specialty cut flower (SCF). However, there is limited information about the sensitivity to ethylene of foxtail lily species for managing the ethylene-mediated senescence to prolong the vase life and maintain the ornamental quality of this flower. The purpose of the current study was to compare the ethylene production rates and patterns, as well as the responses to exogenous ethylene and ethylene inhibitors, between two species, E. spectabilis and E. persicus, to better understand the role of ethylene in Eremurus inflorescence senescence. The results revealed that exogenous ethylene (10 μL L−1), as a pulsing or continuous method, dramatically accelerated petal wilting in E. spectabilis and petal abscission in E. persicus. Furthermore, the rate and patterns of endogenous ethylene production varied significantly among the two investigated species. Interestingly, E. persicus exhibited a higher rate of ethylene production than E. spectabilis on the first day after harvesting, but the reverse was true at the end of the vase life (Day 4 of the vase period). The results revealed that the treatments with ethylene inhibitors considerably improved the water relations and vase longevity of both foxtail lily species. The vase life of E. spectabilis was dramatically enhanced by silver thiosulfate complex (STS) treatment (0.2 mM pulse for 24 h) from 5 d (control) to 7 d. Furthermore, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 0.5 and 1.0 μL L−1 markedly improved water uptake, relative fresh weight, and water balance and extended the vase life of cut inflorescences by ~2 d in E. spectabilis and E. persicus, compared with those of control cut inflorescences, respectively. This research revealed that ethylene is involved in controlling the senescence of foxtail lily flowers, and two tested species exhibited distinct forms of ethylene sensitivity, including abscission type in E. persicus and wilting-type in E. spectabilis. Collectively, these findings suggest that ethylene is involved in the senescence of cut foxtail lily inflorescence and that ethylene inhibitors can prolong vase life.

Monitoring of the floristic diversity of the Teremky Tract of the “Holosiivskyi” National Nature Park in the conditions of anthropogenic load

The article presents the results of monitoring the floristic diversity of the Teremky Tract, which is part of the “Holosiivskyi” National Nature Park as a separate territory. The tract is located in the city of Kyiv, directly adjacent to a large residential area and two highways. An analysis of the main factors affecting the ecological state of the territory was conducted. Among the main factors negatively impacting the state of the ecosystem of the Teremky Tract, the following can be distinguished: vandalism, which includes setting fire to old trees and causing various types of damage to them; plucking of flowering plants; environmental pollution with solid household waste; direct and indirect influence of hazardous objects such as boiler plants and gas stations; and the influence of transport infrastructure. The article demonstrates the need for constant monitoring of the ecological state of natural biotopes located within modern megacities. It is shown that the monitoring of floristic diversity, controlling the preservation of valuable and rare plant species, and tracking the appearance and spread of invasive alien species can be effective indicators of the ecological state of the natural biotope. Thus, populations of forest lily (Lilium martagon L.) and cuckoo’s tears (Listera ovata L.) were found on the territory of the Teremky Tract, which are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. Additionally, a group of 400-year-old oak trees grows in this area. However, the presence of invasive alien species such as red oak (Quercus rubra L.), the ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina L.) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. was also observed. Monitoring of floristic diversity in natural biotope areas within megacities plays an important role in timely response to the effects of negative natural and anthropogenic factors for the preservation of the environment of these urban ecosystems. Such monitoring can be conducted both through field observations and using remote methods and analysis of global biodiversity databases such as iNaturalist and GBIF.

The effect of cold stress on ethylene biosynthesis and sensitivity in cut lily ‘Marlon’

Fresh cut lily flowers often have a long postharvest life and produce undetectable levels of ethylene. This changes after cold storage, when lilies produce a higher amount of ethylene with a very early leaf and then flower senescence. Such changes to postharvest physiology are likely ethylene-dependant, either due to a higher level of ethylene production or a change in ethylene sensitivity as a result of alteration in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis, perception and signalling of ethylene. Therefore, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and signalling pathways in response to cold storage in the cut lily cultivar ‘Marlon’. Cut lily stems were treated as follows: 1) control (no treatments), 2) 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; an ethylene action inhibitor) (10 nL L−1), 3) ethylene (10 μL L−1), and 4) 1-MCP (10 nL L−1) + ethylene (10 μL L−1) for 12 h, thereafter, half of each treated group were cold stored at 5 °C in 12 h light/dark condition for 7 days. We assessed quality characteristics, ethylene production, and the expression of its biosynthesis, perception, and signalling genes. Ethylene and 1-MCP treatments had no effects on non-cold-stored plants. Cold storage led to much earlier leaf yellowing (from 8 to 4 days), and flowers senesced and abscised 3 days earlier. In cold-stored plants, flower senescence and abscission were hastened by ethylene and delayed by 1-MCP. These findings indicate that ethylene does influence flower senescence following cold storage but leaf senescence is under the control of other factors. Our results suggest that treatments that focus on ethylene blockers to prolong postharvest life in lilies will be effective for flowers but not leaves.

Notes to vascular plants in Ukraine I

Materials and methods: field observations and herbarium collections, microscope technique Nomenclature: Plants of the World Online (POWO) (2022) Results: In this contribution, new data concerning vascular plants in Ukraine are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the Ukrainian regions regarding 58 species from the genera of Aconitum, Amaranthus, Anthoxanthum, Artemisia, Asparagus, Cardamine, Carex, Celastrus, Cenchrus, Centaurium, Cerastium, Chenopodiastrum, Clema-tis, Crassula, Dactylorhiza, Datura, Dichodon, Dipsacus, Dysphania, Equisetum, Eritrichium, Euphorbia, Fritillaria, Gagea, Gentiana, Gladi-olus, Glycyrrhiza, Gypsophila, Hedera, Helianthus, Hemerocallis, Hera-cleum, Iris, Juglans, Lemna, Lilium, Lunaria, Lysimachia, Mercurialis, Nymphaea, Pentanema, Prunus, Pulsatilla, Sagina, Scolochloa, Sedum, Silene, Solanum, Sorghum, Stipa, Thesium, Tribulus and Vitis. Among them, three species of vascular plants are newly reported from Ukraine: Anthoxanthum aristatum was found from Chernivtsi Region; Eritrichium nanum – from Ivano-Frankivsk Region; Euphorbia serpens – from Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kherson Region and Odesa City. Some findings concern large areas including several regions, in particular, a new species for the Right Bank of the Dnipro River (Crassula vaillantii) and a new species for the Steppe zone of Ukraine (Pentanema squar-rosum) are also reported here. Most of the new finds are given for administrative regions of Ukraine: six species are given for the first time for Cherkasy and Zakarpattia Regions, four – for Dnipropetrovsk Region, three – for Chernihiv, Kirovohrad and Zaporizhia Regions, two – for Kherson, Khmelnytsk, Vinnytsia and Volhyn regions, one – for Kharkiv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Zhytomyr Regions and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. New localities or findings of vascular plant species confirmed by recent data from Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson, Kirovohrad, Kyiv and Odesa, regions are given. The localities of numerous rare species of vascular plants are provided. Among them, it is species included in the Resolution № 4 of the Bern Convention (i.e. Thesium ebracteatum), the Red Data Book of Ukraine (i.e. Dactylorhiza incarnata, Fritillaria ruthenica, Gladiolus imbricatus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lilium martagon, Lunaria rediviva, Pulsatilla patens, Stipa pennata, Stipa tirsa) and regionally rare plants.

Insights into microRNA regulation of flower coloration in a lily cultivar Vivian petal

MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding small RNAs involved in the negative regulation of gene expression, which plays critical roles in developmental and metabolic pathways. However, it is not well understood how miRNA regulation the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in lily flowers. Using miRNA sequencing and target gene expression analysis, we explored the regulatory networks of miRNAs and their target-related flower coloration in lily petals. A total of 326 miRNAs were obtained by miRNA sequencing, including 285 known miRNAs and 41 new miRNAs. According to the psRNATarget prediction, there were a total of 75 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) that target 898 potential genes. We also screened the target genes including <italic>LvSPL, LvMYB5, LvWD, Lv3GT, LvGRF, LvARF, LvNAC, and LvMADS,</italic> which were targeted by LvmiR156, LvmiR828, LvmiR166, LvmiR396, LvmiR160, LvmiR167, LvmiR164, and LvmiR5179. These genes may be involved in regulating other secondary metabolic pathways, and formeing a complex regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis. We therefore proposed a putative miRNA-target module associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, we predicted the binding site of <italic>LvMYB5</italic>, the target gene of miR828, and speculated that miR828 targets regulate <italic>LvMYB5</italic> transcriptional translation through a cleavage site, which then inhibits anthocyanin synthesis. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the functional characterization of miRNAs and their targets in controlling anthocyanin production in plants and may lead to future identification and characterization of miRNAs in lilies.

Ethylene Response Factor LlERF110 Mediates Heat Stress Response via Regulation of LlHsfA3A Expression and Interaction with LlHsfA2 in Lilies (Lilium longiflorum).

Heat stress seriously affects the quality of cut lily flowers. The ethylene response factors (ERFs) participate in heat stress response in many plants. In this study, heat treatment increased the production of ethylene in lily leaves, and exogenous ethylene treatment enhanced the heat resistance of lilies. LlERF110, an important transcription factor in the ethylene signaling pathway, was found in the high-temperature transcriptome. The coding region of LlERF110 (969 bp) encodes 322 amino acids and LlERF110 contains an AP2/ERF typical domain belonging to the ERF subfamily group X. LlERF110 was induced by ethylene and was expressed constitutively in all tissues. LlERF110 is localized in the nucleus and has transactivation activity. Virus-induced gene silencing of LlERF110 in lilies reduced the basal thermotolerance phenotypes and significantly decreased the expression of genes involved in the HSF-HSP pathway, such as LlHsfA2, LlHsfA3A, and LlHsfA5, which may activate other heat stress response genes; and LlHsp17.6 and LlHsp22, which may protect proteins under heat stress. LlERF110 could directly bind to the promoter of LlHsfA3A and activate its expression according to the yeast one hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays. LlERF110 interacts with LlHsfA2 in the nucleus according to BiFC and the yeast two-hybrid assays. In conclusion, these results indicate that LlERF110 plays an important role in the basal thermotolerance of lilies via regulation of the HSF-HSP pathway, which could be the junction of the heat stress response pathway and the ethylene signaling pathway.

Meningkatkan Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini Dalam Menerapkan Seni Origami Di Taman Kanak-Knaak Tunas Inti Dusun Tebo Jaya

The use of learning media is also very necessary, one of which is the art of paper folding. The art of paper folding is one of the things that inspires or makes children feel happy and excited to learn. creativity is very important to be developed because creativity can improve children's academic achievement.&#x0D; This study wanted to find out how the steps of the problem and the efforts made by the teacher in increasing the creativity of early childhood in applying the art of origami.&#x0D; The research is a research design using a descriptive approach. the population of this study were all teachers at Tunas Inti Kindergarten.&#x0D; while the sample in this study were informants totaling 2 people as foll Principals and Teachers. the instruments and methods of collecting data that the authors use in this study are observation, interviews and documentation. data analysis in the form of data reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions/verification.&#x0D; The research shows that in increasing the creativity of early childhood in the application of the art of origami. the discussion in the research is in the form of steps in the application of origami art such as folding into a triangular shape, the final stage of the lily flower, the paper has been finished. As for the problems faced by the teacher increasing the creativity of early childhood in applying the art of origami, namely the lack of motivation for children to learn the art of paper folding and there are still children who cannot do the art of paper folding. The efforts made by the teacher include creating comfortable learning room conditions and increasing motivation for early childhood and encouraging early childhood creativity,&#x0D; In the study that there was creativity in early childhood in the application of origami art in Tunas Inti Kindergarten before this paper folding activity was carried out by the teacher at Tunas Inti Kindergarten

Meningkatkan Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini Dalam Menerapkan Seni Origami Di Taman Kanak-Knaak Tunas Inti Dusun Tebo Jaya

The use of learning media is also very necessary, one of which is the art of paper folding. The art of paper folding is one of the things that inspires or makes children feel happy and excited to learn. creativity is very important to be developed because creativity can improve children's academic achievement.&#x0D; This study wanted to find out how the steps of the problem and the efforts made by the teacher in increasing the creativity of early childhood in applying the art of origami.&#x0D; The research is a research design using a descriptive approach. the population of this study were all teachers at Tunas Inti Kindergarten.&#x0D; while the sample in this study were informants totaling 2 people as foll Principals and Teachers. the instruments and methods of collecting data that the authors use in this study are observation, interviews and documentation. data analysis in the form of data reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions/verification.&#x0D; The research shows that in increasing the creativity of early childhood in the application of the art of origami. the discussion in the research is in the form of steps in the application of origami art such as folding into a triangular shape, the final stage of the lily flower, the paper has been finished. As for the problems faced by the teacher increasing the creativity of early childhood in applying the art of origami, namely the lack of motivation for children to learn the art of paper folding and there are still children who cannot do the art of paper folding. The efforts made by the teacher include creating comfortable learning room conditions and increasing motivation for early childhood and encouraging early childhood creativity,&#x0D; In the study that there was creativity in early childhood in the application of origami art in Tunas Inti Kindergarten before this paper folding activity was carried out by the teacher at Tunas Inti Kindergarten

An efficient and novel method to screen Botrytis cinerea resistance genes based on TRV-induced gene silencing with lily petal discs

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important ornamental crop because of its colorful flowers and fragrant smell. However, gray mold often occurs on lily flowers and leaves, which causes extensive economic losses. Most lily cultivars have poor tolerance to gray mold and are difficult to resist Botrytis cinerea, so it is urgent to identify resistance genes for developing resistant cultivars. So far, only a few B. cinerea resistant genes in lilies have been identified. This study aims to build an efficient method to screen B. cinerea resistance genes in lily. The resistance determination of detached lily discs revealed that the petal discs were more sensitive to B. cinerea than the leaves, and ‘Sorbonne’ was a suitable experimental material with B. cinerea pathogen susceptibility for investigation. In addition, it was also found that the petal discs from the completely opened ‘Sorbonne’ flowers were inoculated with B. cinerea spore suspension at 1 × 105 concentrations, which was more appropriate for symptom observation. Based on these results, we developed an Agrobacterium-mediated tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method on detached ‘Sorbonne’ petal discs for screening B. cinerea-resistance genes. The bacteria solution at an OD600 of 1.5 got the highest VIGS efficiency at 9 days post infection. Three differently expressed genes, LlWRKY3, LlWRKY7, and LlWRKY10, which came from the B. cinerea-infection transcriptome, were identified with this TRV-based VIGS method. Silencing of them in petal discs caused them to be more sensitive to B. cinerea. In the current study, the VIGS method based on TRV was successfully developed on detached ‘Sorbonne’ petal discs. Target genes of petal discs that were vacuum infiltrated with Agrobacterium bacteria solution at an OD600 of 1.5 were silenced well after 9 days. Compared with traditional method of screening resistant gene, the TRV-VIGS method with petal discs was a convenient and efficient method for screening B. cinerea resistant genes, and have important value in breeding of lily with high resistance to gray mold.

Морфология семян редких и эндемичных растений Казахстана

The article presents the results of the study of morphometric parameters and weight indicators of seeds of 18 species of rare and endemic plants listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan: Adonis vernalis, A. volgensis, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Crataegus ambigua, Drosera rotundifolia, Fraxinus sogdiana, Lilium martagon, Malacocarpus crithmifolius, Incarvillea semiretschenskia, Paeonia anomala, P. intermedia, Rhodiola rosea, Leuzea carthamoides, Tulipa kolpakowskiana, T. patens, T. suaveolens, T. urumiensis, including 6 subendemic species (Crataegus ambigua, Fraxinus sogdiana, Malacocarpus crithmifolius, Tulipa kolpakowskiana, T. suaveolens, T. urumiensis) and one narrow-localised endemic (Incarvillea semiretschenskia). The characteristics of the shape, texture of the seed peel and the color of the seeds of the studied samples are similar to those studied earlier. Significant differences were found in the size and weight of 1000 seeds from previously published data, which, in our opinion, reflect the variability of traits that should be considered when identifying species.