Likelihood Of Major Depression Research Articles

The Association Between John Henryism and Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among African-American and Caribbean Black Adolescents in the United States

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between John Henryism (JH), a psychological construct indexing repeated high effort coping, and depression and SI among Black adolescents, and to explore whether these relationships vary by sex. MethodsData came from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent Supplement, a cross-sectional, multistage probability sample of African-American and Caribbean Black adolescents aged 13–17 (N = 1,170). JH was measured using a 12-item scale (alpha = 0.71) and dichotomized at the median. Lifetime history of major depression (MD) and SI were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory and self-report, respectively. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between JH and likelihood of MD and SI, adjusting for demographic and psychosocial characteristics and accounting for the complex survey design. Moderation by sex was assessed using interaction terms. ResultsLifetime prevalence of MD was 6.3% (N = 87) and lifetime history of SI was 7.6% (N = 91). In unadjusted models, high JH was inversely associated with MD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34–0.90) and SI (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23–0.91). In adjusted models, the relationship between JH and MD was attenuated (OR: 0.68, 95% CI = 0.39–1.18, p = .16) and remained marginally significant for SI (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.28–1.06, p = .07). These relationships were similar by sex. DiscussionConsistent with prior work in adults, JH was inversely associated with MD and SI among Black adolescents. Findings illustrate the importance of considering culturally salient protective factors for mental health among Black adolescents.

Identification of caregivers at greatest risk of major depression in two prevention studies

Object: The high prevalence and negative consequences of depression in caregivers have led to the development of depression prevention programs for this population. Their efficacy might be influenced by depression risk factors, and different interventions might fit specific caregiver profiles. Study goals were to examine (1) which subgroups of female caregivers had the highest likelihood of major depression (MDD) onset by 12-month follow-up based on depression risk factors and participation in two depression prevention programs, and (2) specific MDD predictors for each prevention approach. Method: Data were analyzed from two randomized trials: (1) cognitive-behavioral group (CB) vs. usual care (UC); n = 165; (2) problem-solving group (PS) vs. UC; n =165 (mean age = 54.5). Results: Classification tree analysis showed that emotional distress (ED) was the strongest predictor in both trials. Additional MDD predictors were (i) lower age (for caregivers with low ED); (ii) working outside the home (for caregivers with intermediate ED); and (iii) higher autonomy in the care-recipient (for homemakers). The strongest predictors for each prevention intervention were lower age for CB, higher social class for PS, and ED and depressive symptoms for UC. Conclusions: Results implicate the utility of emotional distress for depression screening and the need to develop tailored interventions.

Psychological distress in the first year after diagnosis of HIV infection among women in South Africa

Cross-sectional studies on psychological responses associated with an HIV diagnosis are replete, but a paucity of research exists to evaluate the changes and stability of these responses, particularly among black African women. One hundred and five HIV-positive black and coloured women were studied as they reported for follow-up health management at the outpatient clinic for infectious diseases at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. They were assessed at baseline and 51 returned for a follow-up interview six months later. Assessments involved use of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Carver Brief COPE, and the Sheehan Disability Scale. Negative life events and risk behaviours were also evaluated. Fifty-nine women (56.2%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder on the MINI at baseline. The most frequent diagnosis was major depression (38.1%), followed by dysthymic disorder (22.9%). A diagnosis of HIV or AIDS exacerbated the premorbid state of 19% of the women who reported a past history of depression. Twelve women (11.4%) were at risk for suicide, while 19% met criteria for a clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 6.7% met the diagnosis of generalised anxiety disorders. At follow-up, 26 (51%) were diagnosed with at least a psychiatric disorder. Eleven (21.6%) met the criteria for major depression, while eight (15.7%) had a past history of depression. The number of women with PTSD increased from 19% of the total sample at baseline to 29.4% of those interviewed at follow-up. Conversely, the number with dysthymia dramatically decreased from 24 women (22.9%) at baseline to just one woman at follow-up. The number displaying suicidality also decreased from 12 at baseline to four at follow-up. At both baseline and follow-up, the number and impact of negative life events significantly increased the likelihood of major depression persisting or recurring, but this association was not found for PTSD. These findings indicate that, over time, there is variability in psychiatric morbidity among coloured and black African women living with HIV and that a high number of negative life events may increase the likelihood of persistent major depression in these women.

The prevalence of major depression or dysthymia among aged Medicare Fee-for-Service beneficiaries.

Estimates of the prevalence of major depression vary widely. Current estimates range from 2 to 14 % depending upon the definition and procedure for diagnosis. Further, most estimates are for special populations, either living in selected geographic areas or receiving specific types of medical care. A national survey of Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) beneficiaries provides an opportunity to assess the current level of major depression or dysthymia among a diverse population of older Americans. The Health Outcomes Survey (HOS) was administered to a national random sample of 1,000 Medicare FFS beneficiaries. We used the Mental Component Summary (MCS) measure of the SF-36 to estimate the prevalence of major depression or dysthymia. Logistic regression was used to examine associated factors. The response rate was 61.7%. Using an MCS score of 42 or lower, prevalence of major depression or dysthymia was estimated to be 25% for respondents age 65 years and older. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the likelihood of major depression or dysthymia was associated with years of education (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.87), difficulties performing activities of daily living (OR = 1.72), and Medicaid enrollment (OR = 2.67). The results revealed that one-quarter of the respondents reported mental health problems consistent with major depression or dysthymia. This is higher than previously reported. Like previous studies, years of education, physical impairment, and poverty are strong predictors of major depression or dysthymia. The high rate of major depression or dysthymia implies there may be considerable unmet need among elderly Medicare FFS beneficiaries for diagnosing and treating mental illness.

Religious affiliation and major depression.

Data from the Duke Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey were used to examine the relationship between religious affiliation and major depression among 2,850 adults in the community. Religious affiliations were categorized into six groups: mainline Protestant (27 percent), conservative Protestant (59 percent), Pentecostal (4.2 percent), Catholic (2.4 percent), other religions (2.6 percent), and no affiliation (4.4 percent). The six-month prevalence of major depression among Pentecostals was 5.4 percent, compared with 1.7 percent for the entire sample. Even after psychosocial factors such as gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, negative life events, and social support were controlled for, the likelihood of major depression among Pentecostals was three times greater than among persons with other affiliations. Carefully designed studies are needed to understand the complex interactions of religion and mental health.

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