Likelihood Of Current Use Research Articles

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Tobacco Use among Latinx Parents in the USA.

The current study aimed to understand the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cultural factors on Latinx parents' tobacco use. Tobacco use is the leading cause of death among Latinx individuals in the USA, and parental use has long-term secondary harm for children. Thus, it is important to examine cultural protective factors that could prevent Latinx parents and children from the negative health effects of tobacco use. Data came from 2813 18- to 50-year-old Latinx respondents who participated in the Wave 3 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. They reported having children living in their household and had complete data for the variables of interest. In this sample (mean age = 33.5years, 53.7% female), 16.4% (95%CI = 14.7%, 18.4%) and 7.4% (95%CI = 6.4%, 8.6%) were current and former smokers, respectively. The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that experiencing more ACEs categories was associated with increased likelihood of current and former tobacco use compared to never use. Past year discrimination experiences and being US born (2nd and 3rd-generation parents) also increased the likelihood of current use. Differences in risk of current and former tobacco use were found based on respondents' country of origin, with protection against tobacco use found for most countries compared to being from Puerto Rico. Stronger ethnic-racial identity was not protective against tobacco use. Findings show the importance of considering ACEs and cultural factors when designing and implementing tobacco cessation programs for Latinx parents and increasing awareness of the impact of parents' tobacco use on their children.

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Conflicts and displacements have high impact on mental health due to direct exposure to traumatic events and exposure to increased levels of daily stressors. Post-traumatic stress and other common disorders in conflict or post conflict settings have been well identified however recognition of substance use or abuse and what substances are in use, as well as predictors in conflict settings is sparse. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, types and predictors of recreational drug use among residents of a conflict affected area in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. This was a cross sectional study. We used consecutively sampling to interview 387 adults on recreational drug use in Mamfe a peri-urban town in conflict hit South West Region of Cameroon. Prevalence of ever and current use of recreational drugs were calculated, binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of ever and current use of recreational drugs. 264 (68.22%) participants had (ever) used drugs for recreational purposes and 252 (65.12%) were current users. Of the 10 different recreational drugs detected, Alcohol (65.4 = 36%), cigarette (25.32%) and opioids (12.14%) were the most consumed. After multivariate analyses, age range of 35 to 54 years (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 0.79 to 3.48), male gender (AOR 3.47, 95% CI 2.03 to 5.94), and being a student (AOR 10.51, 95% CI: 1.15 to 95.93) were significantly associated with higher likelihood of ever used drugs for recreational purposes. Being internally displaced (AOR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.44 to 1.50) significantly predicted higher likelihood of current use of recreational drugs. Employment status of housewife (AOR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.03 to 8.64) predicted lower odds of recreational drug use. Recreational drug use is common among people living in the conflict affected area of Southwest of Cameroon. while housewives are less likely to use recreational drugs. Mental health interventions in conflict settings in low income settings should target male adults >35years and students as these are at high risks of recreational drug use as well as IDP’s as they deal with multiple stressors due to displacement. Key words: Recreational drugs, predictors, conflict-affected area.

Emotion dysregulation, transdiagnostic vulnerabilities, and e-cigarette expectancies in a young adult sample

ObjectiveUse of e-cigarettes is more common among youth with psychological distress. Negative affect reduction outcome expectancies (beliefs about ability of a product to reduce unpleasant emotional states) and emotional transdiagnostic vulnerabilities (maladaptive responses to emotional states common to multiple forms of emotional psychopathology) are both positively related to tobacco susceptibility and use. However, it is unclear if expectancies mediate the effects between emotional issues and use. MethodCollege students aged 18 to 24 (N = 216; 79.6% female; 36.6% African American) completed an online survey with measures on e-cigarette negative affect reduction outcome expectancies (ENAROE), e-cigarette use, and the following emotional transdiagnostic vulnerabilities (ETV): difficulties in emotion regulation, distress tolerance (DT), positive/negative urgency, and positive/negative affect. ResultsIn individual predictor path analysis models, ENAROE mediated the relationship between ETVs and e-cigarette use. Expectancies (ENAROE) mediated 47.3% of the total relationship between positive urgency and use. Significant effects were found for a comprehensive model, in which negative urgency was related to higher ENAROE (b = 0.47, 95% BCCI [0.04, 0.96]), controlling for all other transdiagnostic vulnerabilities. Higher positive urgency was related to an increased likelihood of current use. ConclusionsThis study provides a novel examination of expectancies as a potential mediator for current e-cigarette use via emotional vulnerabilities. Negative Affect Reduction outcome expectancies mediated the relationship between vulnerabilities and e-cigarette use, indicating that the association between positive urgency and e-cigarette use may be explained partially though emotional expectancies. Thus, expectancies are important targets for prevention and further ETV research.

Couple communication and contraception use in urban Senegal.

Objectives:Couple communication about family planning has been shown to increase uptake of contraception. However, couple communication is often measured based solely on one partner’s report of communication. This research investigates the influence of couple-reported communication about family planning on current and future use of contraception using couple-level data.Methods:We used baseline data from the Measurement, Learning, and Evaluation (MLE) project collected through household surveys in 2011 from a cross-sectional representative sample of women and men in urban Senegal to conduct secondary data analysis. We used multivariable logit models to estimate the average marginal effects of couple communication about family planning on current contraception use and future intention to use contraception.Results:Couple communication about family planning reported by both partners was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of current use of contraception and with future intention to use contraception among non-contracepting couples. Couples where one partner reported discussing family planning had a 25% point greater likelihood of current contraception use than couples where neither partner reported discussing, while couples where both partners reported discussing family planning had a 56% point greater likelihood of current contraception use, representing more than twice the effect size. Among couples not using contraception, couples where one partner reported discussing family planning had a 15% point greater likelihood of future intention to use contraception than couples where neither partner reported discussing, while couples where both partners reported discussing family planning had a 38% point greater likelihood of future intention to use contraception.Conclusion:These findings underscore the importance of the inclusion of both partners in family planning programs to increase communication about contraception and highlight the need for future research using couple-level data, measures, and analysis.

Perspectives on marijuana use and effectiveness: A survey of NARCOMS participants.

Interest in and use of marijuana by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased. While potential benefits have been reported, so have concerns about potential risks. Few large studies have been conducted about the perceptions and current usage of marijuana and medical cannabinoids in persons with MS. Participants in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry were surveyed in 2014 regarding legality and history of marijuana usage, both before and after diagnosis with MS. A total of 5,481 participants responded, with 78.2% female, 90% relapsing disease at onset, and a current mean age of 55.5 (10.2) years. Sixty-four percent had tried marijuana prior to their MS diagnosis, 47% have considered using for their MS, 26% have used for their MS, 20% have spoken with their physician about use, and 16% are currently using marijuana. Ninety-one percent think marijuana should be legal in some form. Men, those with higher disability, current and past nicotine smokers, and younger age were associated with a higher likelihood of current use. The majority of responders favor legalization and report high interest in the use of marijuana for treatment of MS symptoms, but may be reluctant to discuss this with health care providers. Health care providers should systematically inquire about use of marijuana.

Parent-Reported Severity and Health/Educational Services Use Among US Children with Autism: Results from a National Survey

Little national data exist regarding service use patterns for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) of varying severity. This study aimed to assess the relationship between parent-reported severity and use of educational and health care services. Data from the 2011 Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services were used to examine a nationally representative sample of 1420 US children aged 6 to 17 years with ASD, with or without developmental delay and intellectual disability. Weighted multivariable logistic regression assessed associations of parent-reported ASD severity and child sociodemographic characteristics with school-based therapy, non-school-based therapy, behavioral interventions, and specialty provider visits. Higher parent-reported ASD severity was associated with increased likelihood of current use of school-based therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.08, 95% confidence interval =1.85-8.98), non-school-based therapy (AOR = 3.60 [1.95-6.66]), and behavioral interventions (AOR = 2.30 [1.22-4.34]), as well as regular specialty provider visits (AOR = 2.99 [1.38-6.46]). Although rates of service use were generally highest among children with severe ASD, non-school-based therapy and behavioral interventions were only used by about half of children with severe ASD, and about 1 in 4 children with mild ASD were using none of the therapies asked about. Parent-reported severity is associated with increased therapy and specialty provider service use among children with ASD. However, substantial variability exists in service use across levels of severity.

Associations with E-cigarette use among Asian American and Pacific Islander young adults in California.

With attention to the rapidly growing market of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/e-cigarettes) and the fastest growing US ethnic minority group, the current study explored associations between awareness, perceived risks, and use of ENDS among Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) young adults.AAPI young adults (ages 18–25) in California were recruited via social media, college classes, listservs for AAPI-serving non-profits, and snowball sampling to complete an anonymous survey between 2014 and 2015.The sample (N = 501) was 57% women, 15% LGBTQIA; with a mean age of 21; 26% foreign-born; identifying as Filipino (29%), Chinese (24%), Vietnamese (14%), mixed-AAPI heritage (13%), or 21% other. Nearly half the sample (44%) reported ever ENDS use; 11% were current users. Current ENDS use was twofold greater for: Filipino and Vietnamese compared to Chinese respondents; men versus women; LGBTQIA-identified respondents; those vocationally trained; and employed. Awareness of ENDS from peers/friends was most common and was associated with ever though not current ENDS use. Most respondents perceived ENDS as harmful (62%); low compared to high risk perception was associated with a three-fold greater likelihood of ever use and six-fold greater likelihood of current use. Popular flavors were fruit (49%, e.g., lychee, taro) and candy/sweets (26%). Current users viewed ENDS as a healthier alternative or quit aid for conventional cigarettes (42%); recreation/social use (33%) also was common.Findings indicate ENDS visibility among AAPI young adults in California with affinity for flavors and many engaging in trial and current use for harm reduction and recreational/social aims.

Improvement in prevalence of tobacco use among teachers in Bihar after COTPA.

A high prevalence of tobacco use, even among educated professionals like teachers, has been reported from Bihar. After passing of the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) in 2003, there have been major improvements in tobacco control nationwide. To compare tobacco use prevalence among school teachers in Bihar reported in 2000 with a survey in 2008 and investigate correlates of current and past tobacco-use. Data from the baseline survey of a cluster random sample of 72 government schools conducted during the beginning of two consecutive school years was analyzed. The prevalence of current tobacco use was 35.5% and past use, 11.3%. Likelihood of current use compared with no use increased with age (odds ratio [OR] =3.27 for > 50 years compared to < 30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.50, 7.13]); whereas that of past use compared to current use decreased (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: [0.09-0.68] for age > 50 years compared to < 30 years). Compared to the tobacco use prevalence among Bihar school teachers reported from a survey in the year 2000 (77.4%), the prevalence in this survey in 2008 was much lower and past use, much higher. In the earlier survey, lal dantmajan was counted as a tobacco product. If we do the same in the current survey, and consider ever use, the prevalence even then was 53.9%, lower than the earlier figure. Although the tobacco use among teachers in Bihar is still high, it has decreased after the implementation of COTPA and the cessation has increased.

A Comparative Analysis of Contraceptive Use in North West and South West Nigeria

A comparative analysis of contraceptive use among females in Northwest and Southwest Nigeria was undertaken to assess the possibility of attaining the 50% contraceptive prevalence rate aim of the National Population Policy by the year 2000. Secondary data from the 1995 Sentinel Survey of the National Population Commission was employed to facilitate the analyses. This was based on 3950 and 3158 women from the Northwest and Southwest respectively, aged 15-49 years. Information from the 1990 NDHS was used for further comparisons. Results show that proportion of women currently contracepting was 6.9% in the Northwest compared to 16.3% in the Southwest. Using logistic regression analysis, increase in the likelihood of current use of contraceptives in the two regions was associated with increasing level of education, increasing number of living children and more importantly when &#8220; husbands &#8221; approve of family planning. However, while results show that women living in urban areas of the Southwest are more likely to contracept, increase in the use of contraceptives in the Northwest was associated with being resident in rural areas of the Northwest. Furthermore, in the Northwest, more women who got married under the age of 20 years have increased their contraceptive use levels. The general results show that attainment of the 50% contraceptive prevalence level by the year 2000 is not feasible. The 50% level was only attained among the surveyed women whose husbands approved of family planning. This further supports the call for men to be active participants in family planning programmes. Also, more resources should be invested in education to enhance economic productivity and hasten the demographic transition. Lastly, information, education and communication strategies of family planning programmes should be further strengthened in the rural areas where the bulk of the population lives. A special target group in the Northwest is women aged less than 20 years. IFE PsychologIA Vol 9, No1 2001, pp. 148-172

Effects of tobacco excise taxes on the use of smokeless tobacco products in the USA.

Data from the September 1985 Current Population Survey are used to estimate the effects of tobacco excise taxes and state laws restricting smoking in public places on the likelihood of current use of cigarettes or smokeless tobacco (ST) products (moist snuff or chewing tobacco) among males in the USA. The results indicate that higher ST excise tax rates are associated with a reduced probability of ST use, whereas higher cigarette excise tax rates are associated with an increased probability of ST use, holding other factors constant. State laws restricting smoking have no apparent effect on ST use.

Community Availability of Contraceptives and Family Limitation

This study examines the impact of contraceptive service availability on contraceptive use in Korea, Mexico, and Bangladesh. Using World Fertility Survey Data on once-married females and their communities of residence, the multivariate analysis finds that the community level of contraceptive availability directly affects the likelihood of current use, net of the effects of community development, education, parity, and marital duration. The results are supportive of the recent policy emphasis on maximizing the geographic availability of contraceptive services.