Ligustrum Vulgare Research Articles

ВИДЫ КУСТАРНИКОВ ДЛЯ МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ ВОЛГОГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The Volgograd region, with its complex soil and climatic conditions, needs to develop and preserve an assortment of shrub species suitable for various landscaping purposes. Among the introduced and already existing species in the plantings, the most promising include Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl., Rosa cinnamomea L., Ribes aureum Pursh., Berberis vulgaris L.,Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt., Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake, Amelanchier Canadensis (L.) Medik., Ligustrum vulgare L., Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach. The authors found that the studied species, due to their wide distribution area, perfectly adapted to the conditions of the region. In addition, the shrubs described in the paper, while forming new forest-agrarian landscapes, play an important role in enriching the species composition of flora and fauna, serve to preserve and increase the natural resources of the area, perform sanitary, aesthetic, recreational and other functions, which is of great importance in the conditions of desertification. The biological features of the studied species make them promising for agroforestry areas and soil zones with different precipitation levels. Due to the lack of natural seed bases in the territories occupied by protective forest stands, shrubs form the basis for growing planting material that has the entire set of economically valuable characteristics. Being recommended for use in an arid region, shrub species have good growth, development, well-developed shoots; they retain annual growth and decorative properties, and can be used to preserve the collection of the multifunctional plantings.

Mešovita mezofilna brdska bukova šuma (Fagetum submontanum serbicum) na planini Vidlič

On the Vidlič mountain, mixed mesophilic mountain beech forests (Fagetum submontanum serbicum) have been recorded at altitudes of 700 - 1000 m, at the following localities: Crni vrh, Vazganica, Kranjci, Planinarski dom, and Visočka Ržana. Phytocenological research was performed on the mentioned localities by the Braun-Blanquet method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964). It was taken 11 phytocenological plots. Beech (Fagus moesiaca) and turkey oak cer (Quercus cerris) were the main edificators and have the highest degree of presence in the examined phytocenoses on the tree floor. In the floor of shrubs, the following species: Viburnum lantana, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, Daphne mezereum, Clematis vitalba, and Ligustrum vulgare have been noticed with the highest degree of presence. Acer campestre has been dominated with the highest degree from the shoots of trees. In the floor of herbaceous plants, the species: Viola alba, Cruciata glabra, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Helleborus odorus, Fragaria vesca were with the highest degree of presence.

Communities of broadleaved woodlands of the lower part of the forest belt of the Belaya river basin (North-Western Caucasus)

The study of phytocoenotic diversity of oak and oak-hornbeam forests of the lower part of the forest belt in the Belaya river basin (Western Caucasus) was performed using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Five floristically different groups of releves were identified based on quantitative classification (Ward's method, Jaccard Distance Measure). An association rank was established for each group. According to the results of comparative syntaxonomic analysis, three associations of moderately masic oak and oak-hornbeam forests - Geranio sanguinei-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Pinus sylvestris, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Rhododendron luteum, Geranium sanguineum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos), Inulo salicinae-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Brachypodium pinnatum, Inula salicina, Dorycnium graecum, Laser trilobum, Trifolium medium, Viola alba, Stachys officinalis, Pyrethrum poteriifolium, Phleum phleoides, Teucrium chamaedrys, Genista patula) and Acero tatarici-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Phalacroloma annuum, Thalictrum minus, Torilis japonica, Prunus divaricata, Physalis alkekengi, Lamium maculatum, Acer tataricum) were included in the alliance Crataego-Carpinion Passarge 1981, order Lathyro-Carpinetalia Passarge 1981, class Carpino-Fagetea Jakucs et Passarge 1968. The correct syntaxonomic position of two associations of mesic hornbeam and oak-hornbeam forests - Dryopterido filicis-maris-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Dryopteris filix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Aegopodium podagraria, Paris incompleta, Abies nordmanniana, Impatiens noli-tangere, Festuca gigantean, Symphytum grandiflorum, Dipsacus pilosus, Aconitum orientale, Asperula caucasica, Moehringia trinervia, Polygonatum orientale) and Vincetoxico scandentis-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Viola hirta, Vincetoxicum scandens, Ligustrum vulgare, Lathyrus vernus, Polygonatum multiflorum, Rubus caucasicus, Euphorbia squamosa) has not been determined, however their relations to beech and beech-hornbeam forests of the order Rhododendro-Fagetalia orientalis Passarge 1981 were noted. The described associations of oak-hornbeam forests correspond to the regional ecological series of communities along the moisture gradient.

Early scrub development in De Westhoek coastal dunes (Belgium)

Coastal dunes in Northwestern Europe were subject to substantial scrub expansion during the past decades, a process often considered as a major problem for conservation management. This paper explores this process in De Westhoek nature reserve (Belgium), focussing on the three major constituents of the early scrub: Salix repens, Hippophae rhamnoides and Ligustrum vulgare. We study changes in dominance pattern between 1953 and 2010 based on vegetation maps and the demography of these species based on growth ring counting. We relate this data to the edaphic factors soil moisture and soil age. Early scrub development occurred in three phases: (1) rapid, mainly secondary scrub expansion after release of grazing pressure, (2) a main shift in relative abundance of the three main species, and (3) further succession into tall scrub and woodland along with local scrub decay. Edaphic factors play a major role in vegetation dynamics, but their relative importance diminishes along with landscape ageing. Simultaneously, the outcome of competitive interaction between scrub species, in which population demography plays a key role, gains importance. Primary and secondary scrub development seem to converge in terms of dominance patterns of S. repens, H. rhamnoides and L. vulgare. Spontaneous decay of mainly L. vulgare offers an opportunity for dune managers for the restoration of herbaceous dune vegetation with high conservation value.

Aqueous leaf extract of Ligustrum vulgare inhibits ascospore germination and mycelial growth of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus

AbstractHymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of common ash dieback, possesses a low level of genetic diversity in Europe. The introduction of novel strains of this fungus must be prevented, due to the possible emergence of new virulence alleles, which could result in the infestation of the small proportion of hitherto resistant or tolerant ash trees. More comprehensive knowledge of the host spectrum of H. fraxineus is necessary for preventing further introductions. It is possible that H. fraxineus manifests itself in hosts beyond the genus Fraxinus, though this proposition has received little attention thus far. Two in vitro experiments were set up to investigate whether privet (Ligustrum vulgare) could serve as a host: germination rate of fresh H. fraxineus ascospores and colony growth of H. fraxineus were tested on agar media containing leaf extracts of privet, common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and manna ash (Fraxinus ornus). Two different media with leaf extracts were tested, one with high (60%) and one with low (12%) extract content. Barely any significant differences were recorded in the case of the media with low extract content. Significant effects occurred only at the higher extract content level: germination was completely inhibited on the privet medium. Mycelial growth on the privet medium was slower than on both the common ash and manna ash media and, in addition, one of the three H. fraxineus strains was completely inhibited. These observations indicate the presence of inhibitors in privet. It is therefore unlikely to be a suitable host for H. fraxineus.

Oleacein and Foam Cell Formation in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages: A Potential Strategy Against Early and Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions.

Background: Oleacein is a secoiridoid group polyphenol found mostly in Olea europea L. and Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae). The aim of the present study was to investigate a potential role of oleacein in prevention of the foam cell formation. Materials and Methods: Oleacein was isolated from Ligustrum vulgare leaves. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were obtained from monocytes cultured with Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Then, cells were incubated with 20 μM or 50 μM of oleacein and with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (50 μg/mL). Visualization of lipid deposition within macrophages was carried out using Oil-Red-O. Expression of CD36, Scavenger receptor A1 (SRA1) and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) was determined by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V assay. STAT3 and Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase type 1 (ACAT1) levels were determined by ELISA. P-STAT3, P-JAK1, P-JAK2 expressions were determined by Western blot (WB). Results: Oleacein in dose-dependent manner significantly reduced lipid deposits in macrophages as well as their expression of selected scavenger receptors. The highest decrease of expression was found for CD36 and SRA1 receptors, from above 20% to more than 75% compared to oxLDL and the lowest for LOX-1 receptor, from approx. 8% to approx. 25% compared to oxLDL-stimulated macrophages. Oleacein significantly reduced (2.5-fold) early apoptosis of oxLDL-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, oleacein significantly increased the protein expression of JAK/STAT3 pathway and had no effect on ACAT1 level. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that oleacein inhibits foam cell formation in human monocyte-derived macrophages and thus can be a valuable tool in the prevention of early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions.

Biotechnological basis for application of growth regulators for rooting of green cuttings of trees and shrubs in a greenhouse with a misting system

This article presents data on the rooting of green cuttings of the studied species of ornamental trees and shrubs in a greenhouse with a misting system. We accounted the number of days from planting to the root formation and the number of rooted cuttings for each replication during our performance. We studied the influence of root formation stimulants on the rooting rate of various types of ornamental deciduous, flowering and coniferous plants. The effect of application of root formation stimulants is confirmed by the formation of a high-quality root system that is superior in length to those that were vegetated without “Kornevin”. However, the use of root formation stimulants is not advisable on shrubby cinquefoil, common privet and common lilac “Mademoiselle Casimir Perier”, because there is practically no increase in the rooting rate of cuttings in these plant species, compared to the control plants.

Determination of Pb and Mg accumulation in some of the landscape plants in shrub forms.

Heavy metals have a separate precaution in the air pollution components as they are not easily deteriorated in nature, they tend to bioaccumulate, they are carcinogenic or poisonous, and they can be toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of heavy metal pollution is of great importance. Plants are frequently used as biomonitors to monitor the heavy metal pollution. However, the heavy metal accumulation capacities of plants can vary considerably depending on the plant species, as well as on the organelle basis and the amount of particulate matter in the environment. It is also very important to determine how much of the heavy metal concentrations found in plants are derived from the plant species and how much from the particulate matter on the organ. In this study, it was aimed to determine the change of heavy metal accumulation in some landscape plants grown in the city center of Kastamonu depending on plant type, plant organism, washing status, and traffic density. For this purpose, leaf and branch samples were collected from individuals of Ligustrum vulgare L., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Biota orientalis L., Juniperus sabina L., Berberis thunbergii DC, Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., and Buxus sempervirens L., which are frequently used in urban landscape designs growing in areas with heavy, low dense, and no traffic. Some of the collected samples were washed, and heavy metal analyses were conducted to determine the amount of Pb and Mg concentrations. It was remarkable that Pb concentration was higher in branches than in the leaves for all the species. And the alteration depending on traffic density on the base of the factors studied was in different proportion depending on the metals.

Development of a Sensor Node for Remote Monitoring of Plants.

The appraisal of stress in plants is of great relevance in agriculture and any time the transport of living plants is involved. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an optimal solution to simultaneously monitor a large number of plants in a mostly automatic way. A number of sensors are readily available to monitor indicators that are likely related to stress. The most common of them include the levels of total volatile compounds and CO2 together with common physical parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and illumination, which are known to affect plants’ behavior. Recent progress in microsensors and communication technologies, such as the LoRa protocol, makes it possible to design sensor nodes of high sensitivity where power consumption, transmitting distances, and costs are optimized. In this paper, the design of a WSN dedicated to plant stress monitoring is described. The nodes have been tested on European privet (Ligustrum Jonandrum) kept in completely different conditions in order to induce opposite level of stress. The results confirmed the relationship between the release of total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and the environmental conditions. A machine learning model based on recursive neural networks demonstrates that total VOCs can be estimated from the measure of the environmental parameters.

Metabolomics-based profiling with chemometric approach to delineate the bio-pharmaceutical properties of fruit extracts from Ligustrum vulgare L

Ligustrum vulgare L. (Family: Oleaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to North-west Africa, Europe and Western Asia. In the present work, infusion (water), ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane extracts of the fruits of L. vulgare L. were studied for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties along with their untargeted polyphenolic profile (using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry approach). Untargeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistics showed that Ligustrum fruit extracts were very abundant in polyphenols, such as flavonoids, tyrosols and lignans, with ethyl acetate allowing the highest recovery among the extraction solvents tested. The methanolic extract inhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase and glucosidase activity (4.23 mg galatamine equivalent (GALAE)/g, 132.85 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g and 1.94 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g respectively) while the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the highest butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and amylase activity (4.92 mg GALAE/g and 0.73 mmol ACAE/g, respectively). However, the infusion showed the weakest activity against all the enzymes studied. However, the extract showed highest antioxidant property in the antioxidant assays (except for phosphomolybdenum). The present paper is the first comprehensive report on L. vulgare fruits and thus our findings are of considerable interest to design new bioproducts for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry in the future.

Modification of <i>Ligustrum vulgare</i> Leaves Extract as Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil Fields

Ligustrum vulgare is an evergreen tree. The leaves are opposite, glossy dark green, 6–17 centimetres (2.4–6.7 in) long and 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) broad. The ligustrum vulgare leaves contain two main components, one of which is oleanolic acid and the other is p-hydroxyphenylethanol which indicates its extracts suitable to be used as an effective corrosion inhibitor. Extracts of ligustrum vulgare leaves (PE) were modified with hydroxymethylation reaction (PM1) and Mannich reaction (PM2) to produce the relative stable green acidic corrosion inhibitors. The extracts of ligustrum vulgare leaves have been investigated on the corrosion inhibition of A3 steel with weight loss. The results show that these inhibitors have good corrosion inhibition effect on A3 steel. The PM2 are the most effective for corrosion inhibition, and the inhibition efficiency can reach 75.95%. When the temperature is 60°C, the corrosion inhibition rate of PE, PM1, PM2 is only 24.46%, 42.35% and 39.35% respectively which can not effectively prevent the corrosion of the metal. And the extracts inhibit corrosion mainly by adsorption mechanism. This adsorption accords with Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Ligustroflavone reduces necroptosis in rat brain after ischemic stroke through targeting RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway.

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3 (RIPK1/3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis contributes to brain injury after ischemic stroke. Ligustroflavone is an ingredient of common privet with activities of anti-inflammation and complement inhibition. This study aims to explore the effect of ligustroflavone on ischemic brain injury in stroke rat and the underlying mechanisms. A rat model of ischemic stroke was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which showed ischemic injury (increase in neurological deficit score and infarct volume) and upregulation of necroptosis-associated proteins (RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL/p-MLKL). Administration of ligustroflavone (30mg/kg, i.g.) 15min before ischemia evidently improved neurological function, reduced infarct volume, and decreased the levels of necroptosis-associated proteins except the RIPK1. Consistently, hypoxia-cultured PC12 cells (O2/N2/CO2, 1:94:5, 8h) caused cellular injury (LDH release and necroposis) concomitant with up-regulation of necroptosis-associated proteins, and these phenomena were blocked in the presence of ligustroflavone (25μM) except the elevated RIPK1 levels. Using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) program, we identified RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL as potential targets of ligustroflavone. Further studies showed that the interaction between RIPK3 and RIPK1 or MLKL was significantly enhanced, which was blocked in the presence of ligustroflavone. Based on these observations, we conclude that ligustroflavone protects rat brain from ischemic injury, and its beneficial effect is related to the prevention of necroptosis through a mechanism involving targeting RIPK1, RIPK3, and/or MLKL.

Компонентный состав и токсикологическая характеристика некоторых химических соединений Ligustrum vulgare L

Компонентный состав и токсикологическая характеристика некоторых химических соединений Ligustrum vulgare L

Lab observations on prolonged chrysalis diapause of Brahmaea (Acanthobrahmaea) europaea Hartig (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae)

Brahmaea (Acanthobrahmaea) europaea Hartig, 1963, is an Italian endemic species exhibiting a very restricted geographic distribution (Basilicata and Campania regions, Grotticelle di Monticchio Nature Reserve and neighbouring areas), and developing as larvae on a few Oleaceae (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Ligustrum vulgare and Phyllirea latifolia). From spring 2015 to spring 2017 a series of bioethological observations on the moth were conducted, as well as surveys aimed to study the distribution of its host plants in the habitats of SAC “Grotticelle di Monticchio”. In this short communication a prolonged diapause of B. europaea chrysalis kept in the laboratory is documented. In spring 2018, four successfully adult eclosions occurred from two years old pupae, a case never previously reported in literature records for this rare and threatened taxon.

A new record of Phytolacca acinosa (Phytolaccaceae) in Poland

Abstract In this paper, a new distribution record of Phytolacca acinosa in Poland is presented. It was found on 30 September 2018 in Kraków, southern Poland, growing in a hedge of Ligustrum vulgare. Currently, it should be treated as a casual alien species in the Polish flora. The updated map of the distribution of P. acinosa in Poland is provided using the ATPOL cartogram method.

Phylogenetic Characterization oF Endophytic Bacterium Pseudomonas Protegens with Antagonistic Ability Isolated From privet

Introduction: Endophytic bacteria are able to control plant pathogens by producing antagonistic compounds. This research was conducted to determine the antagonistic ability of bacterial endophytes in privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). Materials & Methods: In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated from stem and leaf of privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). After genomic DNA extraction, 16S rDNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for precise bacterial identification. Then, the PCR product was sequenced by BLAST. Strains were examined for siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, and protease tests. Findings: All the isolated bacteria were able to produce protease. Only one strain (BN3) was able to produce hydrogen cyanide. The siderophore test was positive for one strain (BN2). Based on the 16S rDNA sequence studies, the strain bacteria belonged to Pseudomonas protegens and indicated 100% similarity to type strain. Discussion & Conclusions: The endophytic bacteria isolated in this study can be used to promote plant growth. Knowledge about endophytic bacteria-plant interaction can provide an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture in order to ensure yield improvement without affecting environment. ​

Facile access to oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol from Ligustrum vulgare-a plant material growing all over Eurasia

Leaves of Ligustrum vulgare are an alternative, sustainable source for oleuropein. Acidic hydrolysis of oleuropein furnishes hydroxytyrosol in good yield. This approach is one of the most convenient ways to access significant amounts of oleuropein as well as of hydroxytyrosol from plant material readily accessible all over the year and throughout Eurasia. Harvesting the leaves in winter doubles the amount of oleuropein that can be extracted from the plant material.

The effects of carbon dioxide concentrations on some morphological and physiological characteristics of ligustrum vulgare

Carbon dioxide is one of the most important necessary factors for plant growth. In order to study morphological and physiological response of ligustrum vulgare to Co2 enrichment, one-year-old seedlings of this species exposed to different carbon dioxide concentrations for two months. Treatments included 450 (control), 750, and 1100 ppm Co2. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Then some morphological and physiological characteristics were measured. Results showed Co2 concentrations of 750 and 1100 ppm increased all morphological traits (except collar diameter and root dry weight) and physiological characteristics such as proline, chlorophyll a and nitrogen. The highest amounts of proline, chlorophyll a and nitrogen were observed at concentration of 750 ppm. The amount of increase in proline was about 4-fold compared to the control. The study concludes that the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the future maybe improve the growth of this plant.

New bioethological observations on Brahmaea (Acanthobrahmaea) europaea and its host plants in Special Area of Conservation “Grotticelle di Monticchio” (Basilicata, Southern Italy) (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae)

Brahmaea (Acanthobrahmaea) europaea Hartig, 1963, is an Italian endemic exhibiting an exceedingly restricted geographic distribution. In 1971, a protected site was established for the species: the Nature Reserve of “Grotticelle” (Basilicata Region). Then, the Reserve area was incorporated into the perimeter of the Special Area of Conservation “Grotticelle di Monticchio”. In 1997, for the first time, a group of B. (A.) europaea caterpillars was found in nature. During research conducted in 2013-2014, an egg cluster of B. europaea was observed for the first time, and other groups of larvae were found inside the Reserve. Additional information was acquired about mobility of the caterpillars during their development. Palatability tests allowed to attest Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Ligustrum vulgare and Phyllirea latifolia as food plants of the moth among those present in the Reserve. From spring 2015 to spring 2017 other bioethological observations on B. europaea were conducted, as well as surveys aimed to study the distribution of its host plants in the habitats of SAC “Grotticelle di Monticchio”. During 2016, ten egg clusters and numerous groups of caterpillars have been identified on 12 different trees. In 2017, an egg cluster was observed, and other groups of larvae were found. These finding allowed to observe other details on spawning and behaviour of the caterpillars, until to pupate. In addition, a map of local habitat 91B0 “Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods” is also presented.

Inhibitory effect of Ligustrum vulgare leaf extract on the development of neuropathic pain in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes

BackgroundChronic hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with progressive damage of peripheral neurons are the most prevalent complications of diabetes mellitus. Plants belonging to the family of Oleaceae were traditionally used in folk medicine for the management of diabetes. Hypothesis/PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate whether an aqueous extract from the leaves of Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) could be useful to target neuropathic pain in a rat streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetes. MethodsThe chemical composition of the aqueous extract from privet leaf was characterized with the UHPLC-DAD-MS method and the analytical quantification of its constituents was performed with HPLC-DAD. Mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia were evaluated with the Randall–Selitto and von Frey tests. ResultsOur investigation revealed the presence of secoiridoids: oleacein (23.48 ± 0.87 mg/g), oleocanthal (8.44 ± 0.08 mg/g), oleuropein (1.50 ± 0.01 mg/g), as well as phenylpropanoids: echinacoside (6.46 ± 0.07 mg/g), verbascoside (4.03 ± 0.04 mg/g) and p-coumaroyl glucarates in the dried aqueous extract of privet leaves. Behavioral data indicated that chronic intraperitoneal administration of the extract (50–200 mg/kg) for 21 days resulted in a decrease in diabetes-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Blood glucose levels remained unaltered, while body weight and water intake decreased significantly. ConclusionThe aqueous privet leaf extract could serve useful in facilitating treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Additionally, the study showed that the antihyperalgesic activity of Ligustrum vulgare leaf extract is not likely related to its antihyperglycemic properties.