Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste Research Articles

From pollutants to products: Microbial cell factories driving sustainable biomanufacturing and environmental conservation

Microbial cell factories are emerging as powerful tools in addressing pressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable biomanufacturing. This paper highlights the key role of engineered microorganisms in mitigating pollution, converting waste and pollutants into valuable products, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Through advancements in metabolic engineering, gene editing technologies, and synthetic biology, microbial cell factories are being optimized to enhance their efficiency in breaking down pollutants and producing renewable chemicals, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and specialty chemicals. These processes contribute to environmental conservation, waste valorization, and the establishment of a circular economy.The study focuses on overcoming key barriers in microbial biotechnology, such as limited scalability, process inefficiency, and economic viability, by employing strategies like metabolic pathway optimization, enzyme overexpression, and tolerance enhancement. These strategies are applied to various microbial species, demonstrating how their metabolic capabilities can be fine-tuned for industrial applications. Detailed case studies illustrate successful implementations, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, CO2, and industrial waste into high-value products, underscoring the practical impact of microbial cell factories in diverse sectors, including energy, materials, and chemicals.Furthermore, this research addresses the challenges faced by microbial cell factories in industrial-scale operations, such as maintaining genetic stability and optimizing growth conditions, and offers insight into emerging technological solutions to these obstacles. By providing a comprehensive overview of recent developments and identifying future research directions, this paper offers actionable recommendations for unlocking the full potential of microbial biotechnology. These efforts aim to further integrate microbial processes into industrial systems, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient global economy, with the ultimate goal of fostering a circular bioeconomy.

An alternative to petrochemicals: biomass electrovalorization.

Replacing petrochemicals with refined waste biomass as a sustainable chemical source has become an attractive option to lower global carbon emissions. Popular methods of refining lignocellulosic waste biomass use thermochemical processes, which have significant environmental downsides. Using electrochemistry instead would overcome many of these downsides, directly driving chemical reactions with renewable electricity and revolutionizing the way many chemicals are produced today. This review mainly focuses on two furanic platform chemicals that are produced from the dehydration of cellulose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural, which can be electrochemically reduced or oxidized to replace fuels and monomers that today are obtained from petrochemicals. Critical parameters such as electrode materials and electrolyte pH are discussed in relation to their influence on conversion efficiency and product distribution.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Green carbon for the chemical industry of the future'.

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass waste into mycoprotein: current status and future directions for sustainable protein production

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass waste into mycoprotein: current status and future directions for sustainable protein production

Advancements and challenges in catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass: A comprehensive review

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is one of the leading technologies for converting lignocellulosic biomass waste into liquid bio-oil to meet the growing energy demands and alleviate environmental crises. In this comprehensive review, an examination and comparison were conducted on three distinct technologies: HTL, Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction (MA-HTL), and Co-hydrothermal Liquefaction (Co-HTL). The assessment encompassed various parameters, including production efficiency, bio-oil quality, production cost, and operational conditions. Furthermore, the pivotal role of catalysts in enhancing the bio-oil quality was explored. The corresponding catalytic attributes, spanning homogenous, heterogeneous, and combined catalysts, along with the associated mechanisms such as depolymerization, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, hydrogenation, dehydration, deoxygenation, and hydrodeoxygenation, were thoroughly examined. Additionally, the review delved into upgrading technologies and potential applications of bio-oil to broaden its utility. The current challenges and future prospects concerning bio-oil production using HTL technologies were also addressed.

Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia

As the world’s second-largest palm oil producer, Malaysia heavily depends on its extensive oil palm cultivation, which accounts for nearly 90% of the country’s lignocellulosic biomass waste. Approximately 20–22 tonnes of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) can be derived from an initial yield of 100 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) from oil palm trees. The average annual amount of EFBs produced in Johor is 3233 tonnes per day. Recognising that urban areas contribute significantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and to support Malaysia’s transition from fossil fuel-based energy to a low-carbon energy system, this research employed HOMER Pro software 3.18.3 to develop an optimal hybrid renewable energy system integrating solar and biomass (EFB) energy sources in Johor, Malaysia. The most cost-effective system (solar–biomass) consists of 4075 kW solar photovoltaics, a 2100 kW biomass gasifier, 9363 battery units and 1939 kW converters. This configuration results in a total net present cost (NPC) of USD 44,596,990 and a levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of USD 0.2364/kWh. This system satisfies the residential load demand via 6,020,427 kWh (64.7%) of solar-based and 3,286,257 kWh (35.3%) of biomass-based electricity production, with an annual surplus of 2,613,329 kWh (28.1%). The minimal percentages of unmet electric load and capacity shortage, both <0.1%, indicate that all systems can meet the power demand. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the economic viability and technical feasibility of powering the Kulai district with a solar–biomass system.

Investigation of biochars derived from waste lignocellulosic biomass and insulation electric cables: A comprehensive TGA and Macro-TGA analysis

This study investigates the thermochemical decomposition and gasification performance of biochars produced from blends of waste lignocellulosic biomass and waste insulation electrical cables at varying temperatures. Characterization tests revealed changes, particularly in ash content (27.5 %–34 %) and elemental composition, with nitrogen content increasing notably in biochar samples compared to the original feedstock. Van Krevelen diagrams demonstrated a reduction in O/C and H/C ratios with increasing production temperature, resembling fossil fuels more closely. The thermogravimetric and the derived thermogravimetric profiles illustrated distinct degradation stages influenced by heating rates and production temperature. Macro-TGA tests provided insights into biomass residue behavior under gasification conditions, indicating higher reaction rates at elevated temperatures. Syngas analysis highlighted the impact of temperature and equivalence ratio on syngas composition, with higher temperatures favoring hydrogen-rich gas production. The observed trends in cold gas efficiency (42.61 %–50.40 %) and carbon conversion efficiency (45.83 %–50.40 %) underscore the significance of temperature control in maximizing gasification performance. Biochars produced at higher temperatures demonstrated superior gasification performance, suggesting potential for optimizing biochar production processes to enhance energy recovery and waste valorization.

Nexus approach: Valorising underrated lignocellulosic waste biomass through conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for thermal energy storage facilities

Abstract Converting waste to a value-added material is a fortune. At the meantime highlighting the utilization of renewable solar energy as an inconsumable energy cradle is a future prospect to overcome the energy shortage and crisis. In this regard, storing the solar energy for the use at the off-sun periods is essential. Introducing sawdust waste for thermal energy storage system is a ecological chance. Treated sawdust was mixed with the environmentally benign magnetite to be a composite and mixed with technical grade paraffin base PCM. The composite was characterized through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy, TEM analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM (augmented with Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, EDX). Micrographs and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) exhibited that the prepared composite substance is well prepared. The sawdust is subjected to the PCM system in various mass % ranged from 0.5 to 4%. Subsequently, the thermal system outline is presented and compared. The experimental data revealed that the addition of 2.0 weight percentage of the PCM of composite material showed the superior system performance. The system is achieved a heat gained reached to 82 kJ/min in comparison to 7 kJ/min for the 2.0% WCM-PCM and pristine PCM, respectively. Thereby, the current investigation is introducing the waste sawdust as an energy storage enhancement system that could be applied in heating application systems.

Pyrolysis behaviour and synergistic effect in co-pyrolysis of wheat straw and polyethylene terephthalate: A study on product distribution and oil characterization

Renewable lignocellulosic biomass is a favorable energy resource since its co-pyrolysis with hydrogen-rich plastics can produce high-yield and high-quality biofuel. In contrast to earlier co-pyrolysis research that concentrated on increasing product yield, this study comprehends the synergistic effects of two distinct feedstocks that were not considered earlier. This work focuses on co-pyrolyzing wheat straw (WS) with non-reusable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for the production of pyrolysis oil. WS and PET were blended in different ratios (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100), and pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under different temperatures to assess their synergistic effect on oil yield. Synergy rates of up to 7.78 % were achieved on yield for the blends of plastic and biomass at a temperature of 500 °C. In comparison to individual biomass or plastics, co-pyrolyzing PET-biomass blends demonstrated good process interaction and promoted the yields of value-added products. The heating value of the pyrolysis oils was in the range of 16.45–28.64 MJ/kg, which depends on the amount of plastic present in the feedstock. The physical analysis of the oils shows that they can be used for heat production by direct combustion in boilers or furnaces. The correlation between WS and PET was validated with the aid of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS result demonstrated the presence of different compounds such as O-H compounds, esters, carbonyl group elements, acids, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and nitrogenated compounds in the pyrolysis oil, which differed based on the proportions of PET in the feedstock. The increased hydrocarbon and reduced oxygen percentages in the pyrolysis oil were implicitly caused by enhanced hydrocarbon pool mechanisms, in which the breakdown of PET may be supplied as a hydrogen donor. Overall, waste lignocellulosic biomass and plastics can be used to produce biofuels, which helps reduce the amount of solid waste that ends up in landfills. This study also revealed that future research should be focused on the reaction mechanisms of WS and PET co-pyrolysis in order to examine the synergistic interactions.

Mechanism insights into the upgrading of xylose to furfural over the carbon-based catalysts in aqueous media

Exploring low-cost and high-efficient solid acid catalysts and elucidating complete reaction mechanisms are critically important for the sustainable transformation of biomass-derived molecules to bio-fuels and high-value chemicals. Here, we design a renewable strategy to construct carbon-supported solid acid catalysts (M@FRC, M=Sn, Al, Fe, Zn, and Mg) by using biomass waste resources (furfural residue, FR) as the carbon source and tested for dehydration of xylose to furfural (FAL) in the aqueous medium. Kinetic studies revealed the relationship between the main reaction (target product FAL) and the side reaction (other by-products) in the dehydration of xylose under different catalysts. Deuterium-labeling reactions and density functional theory calculations elucidate that the aldehyde carbon of FAL was derived from the C1 of xylose. Furthermore, the C1 of xylose could be broken to form formic acid. While the C1 atom from xylose was converted into formic acid, other carbon atoms could be transformed to tetra-, tri-, di- and mono-carbon compounds. This study offers a prospect for the sustainable catalytic upgrading of biomass by the development of renewable catalytic materials from waste lignocellulosic biomass and an in-depth understanding of the xylose conversion mechanism to develop tailored processes.

Evaluation of sustainability of fabrication process and characterization studies of activated carbon nanocatalyst from waste chestnut peels

This study uses waste chestnut peels to synthesize low-cost activated carbon-based catalysts through pyrolysis and calcination, investing distinct structural and compositional variations for sustianble application in manufacturing innovation and allied industries. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated sharp crystalline peaks in the calcinated product, contrasting with the amorphous nature of carbon material with some partially crystalline and distorted graphitic phases of the pyrolyzed product. Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis shows the presence of various functional groups such as O–H, C–O, C–H, CO, and CC. The analysis made through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) depicted a packed and agglomerated structure with different irregular particle shapes in the calcined carbon, while the sample prepared through pyrolysis exhibited a network-like structure with some interconnected voids. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed varying carbon content which is found to be 47.41 % in the case of the calcinated sample and 99.7 % in the product prepared through pyrolysis. The calcined carbon exhibited a band gap of 4 eV, while the pyrolyzed carbon showed a higher band gap of 4.8 eV. In addition, the catalyst prepared through the calcination process exhibited significantly higher luminance intensity than that produced through pyrolysis, while both samples showed an excitation-dependent emission property. This work presents two simple methods for synthesizing nanocarbon-based catalysts using waste lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, the optical properties of the resulting nanocarbons suggest that they can be further explored for their applications as catalysts or biosensing agents.

Catalyzing the metabolism through CoFe2O4 magnetic photocatalyst for photo fermentative biohydrogen production: Selectivity and recyclability across diverse strains

The interaction between the photo-induced charges from photo nanocatalysts (PNCs) and biohydrogen production strains plays a key role in controlling the metabolism mechanism in fermentative biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass wastes. Thus, in the present study, two strains of Rhodopseudomonas palustris (PNSB) and a mixed consortium of HAU-M1 were evaluated for their biohydrogen production potential from corn stover (CS), whereas metabolism was catalyzed through photo-induced electrons from magnetic PNCs of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). The threshold concentration of CoFe2O4 (400 mg/L) produced 428.62 mL and 373.30 mL biohydrogen in PNSB and HAU-M1, which is 129.0 % and 81.12 % higher as compared to respective control groups (CGs), respectively. The presence of PNCs provides the photo-induced electrons, which catalyze the metabolic processes as butyric acid increases by 96.29 % and 94.87 % in PNSB and HAU-M1, respectively, hence increasing hydrogen production. The results were supported by microbial community investigation, which showed that the incorporation of the appropriate concentration of PNCs effectively changes the bacterial community dynamics and diversifies the phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) and hydrogen-producing genus Clostridium. The recovered yield of CoFe2O4 PNCs from PNSB and HAU-M1 fermentative mediums in three consecutive cycles was (90.87 %, 88.94 %), (80.25 %, 72.25 %), and (69.75 %, 60.80 %) respectively showing potential for recycling catalysts during the fermentation process. Thus, selecting the right photocatalysts and strain can affect metabolism and biohydrogen production, while recyclability reduces environmental leaching.

Fabricating whole pine needles biomass with phenylhydrazine-4-sulphonic acid for effective removal of cationic dyes and heavy metal ions from wastewater

We applied a holistic, sustainable, and green approach to develop an effective multipurpose adsorbent from whole pine needles (PNs), a forest waste lignocellulosic biomass. The PNs were oxidized and modified with phenylhydrazine-4-sulphonic acid (ɸHSO3H) to OPN-ɸHSO3H. The latter was characterized and tested as an adsorbent for cationic dyes, malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and metal ions (Hg2⁺ and Pb2⁺). The adsorption followed different kinetic models: Elovich for MG and MB, pseudo-second-order for CV, and pseudo-first-order for Hg2⁺ and Pb2⁺. Langmuir isotherm indicated maximum adsorption capacities of 303.4 ± 8.91 mgg−1 (MG), 331.4 ± 17.50 mgg−1 (MB), 376.6 ± 22.47 mgg−1 (CV), 210.8 ± 28.86 mgg−1 (Hg2⁺), and 172.9 ± 20.93 mgg−1 (Pb2⁺) within 30 min. Maximum removal efficiencies were 99.0% (MG), 98.0% (MB), 96.04% (CV), 95.5% (Hg2⁺), and 89.8% (Pb2⁺). The adsorbent demonstrated significant regeneration and reusability over ten cycles, proving highly efficient for both cationic dyes and metal ions, with wide potential for practical applications where more than one adsorbate is present.

Carbonization of golden shower pods to high surface area biochar for decontamination of cationic dyes and regeneration study by gamma radiations

Detoxification of water resources is the need of the hour and a number of environment friendly materials are proposed by scientist to deal with water pollution issues. The present study deals with preparation and characterization of porous activated carbon from golden shower pods, a waste ligno-cellulosic biomass, for the removal of dye contaminants from aqueous solution. The synthesized material, golden shower biochar (GSBC) was characterized using various analytical techniques to confirm the presence of active sites. The BET analysis of GSBC revealed high surface area of 1120 m2/g with total pore volume of 1.099 cm3/g and average pore radius 19.618 Å. Operational parameters were optimized using batch studies by taking GSBC dose of 50 mg which showed complete removal of target dyes with an initial dye concentration of 200 mg/L with just 60 min interaction time; based on these results, a fixed bed column of GSBC was designed and column studies were performed. Adsorption isotherm studies were carried out using Langmuir and Freundlich models, of which Langmuir model was found to be best-fit with maximum adsorption capacities of 208.86 mg/g, 284.35 mg/g and 327.56 mg/g for Crystal violet, Brilliant green and Methylene blue dyes respectively. Analysis of kinetics and thermodynamics revealed that the best-fit model was pseudo second-order with spontaneous reaction course and exothermic nature. Regeneration was carried out using gamma irradiation of dye loaded GSBC, followed by leaching in alcohol. It was observed that a 30 KGy dose was just sufficient to completely degrade the dye on the adsorbent surface. GSBC has shown immense potential for eradication of dyes from water effluents and it is easily recovered with negligible loss in efficacy.

Lignocellulosic Biomass‐Derived Graphene: Fabrication, Challenges and Its Potential for Hydrogen Storage Application

ABSTRACTThis review explores the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) waste in the fabrication of graphene and its applications in hydrogen storage. Several LCB wastes, such as rice straws, coconut shells, wheat straws, and sugarcane bagasse, along with the methodology used and the characteristics of the final graphene, have been discussed in detail. It was found that the coconut shells produced crumpled multilayered graphene, rice husks (RHs) provided a mix of graphene layers and amorphous carbon, wheat straw yielded few‐layered graphene, and sugarcane bagasse contributed to different graphene‐like materials. This review has also focused on the various synthesis processes, such as carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), chemical activation, pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and Hummers' method for graphene fabrication from LCB waste, along with their advantages and disadvantages, for a better understanding. Various results have been discussed exploring the use of lignocellulosic biomass‐derived graphene (LCB‐G) and its various modified forms for hydrogen storage applications. Various challenges in graphene fabrication from LCB, such as low yield, product quality, scalability, use of expensive synthesis methods, and toxic chemicals, along with some potential solutions, have been mentioned. Finally, the review concludes with insights into the future of LCB‐G and its role in hydrogen storage while identifying some gaps, such as scalability and product quality, for further research and development.

Engineering Au-Pt atomic alloy cocatalysts for enhanced H2 production from photo-reforming of lignocellulosic biomass wastes

Harnessing solar energy to convert natural lignocellulosic biomass waste and water into clean fuel H2 at ambient conditions holds significant promise for sustainability. However, the efficiency of photocatalytic H2 production faces challenges due to inefficient charge separation, inadequate H2 evolution, and sluggish biomass oxidation process. Herein, we designed Au-Pt atomic alloy cocatalysts on g-C3N4 by decorating the surface of Au nanocrystals with minimal Pt atoms/clusters. The obtained bimetallic cocatalysts possess specific geometric and electronic configurations that play a pivotal role in expediting the separation of electron-hole pairs, spatially segregating the oxidation and reduction processes, and optimizing the H* adsorption strength. The optimal Au-Pt/g-C3N4 sample exhibited a H2 production rate of 1061.8 µmol/g/h, surpassing Pt/g-C3N4 by 6.8 times and Au/g-C3N4 by 14 times. Our research provides a straightforward, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for converting biomass into H2, offering a promising avenue for sustainable energy production.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste streams originating from wastewater treatment plants

BackgroundAchieving climate neutrality is a goal that calls for action in all sectors. The requirements for improving waste management and reducing carbon emissions from the energy sector present an opportunity for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to introduce sustainable waste treatment practices. A common biotechnological approach for waste valorization is the production of sugars from lignocellulosic waste biomass via biological hydrolysis. WWTPs produce waste streams such as sewage sludge and screenings which have not yet been fully explored as feedstocks for sugar production yet are promising because of their carbohydrate content and the lack of lignin structures. This study aims to explore the enzymatic hydrolysis of various waste streams originating from WWTPs by using a laboratory-made and a commercial cellulolytic enzyme cocktail for the production of sugars. Additionally, the impact of lipid and protein recovery from sewage sludge prior to the hydrolysis was assessed.ResultsTreatment with a laboratory-made enzyme cocktail produced by Irpex lacteus (IL) produced 31.2 mg sugar per g dry wastewater screenings. A commercial enzyme formulation released 101 mg sugar per g dry screenings, corresponding to 90% degree of saccharification. There was an increase in sugar levels for all sewage substrates during the hydrolysis with IL enzyme. Lipid and protein recovery from primary and secondary sludge prior to the hydrolysis with IL enzyme was not advantageous in terms of sugar production.ConclusionsThe laboratory-made fungal IL enzyme showed its versatility and possible application beyond the typical lignocellulosic biomass. Wastewater screenings are well suited for valorization through sugar production by enzymatic hydrolysis. Saccharification of screenings represents a viable strategy to divert this waste stream from landfill and achieve the waste treatment and renewable energy targets set by the European Union. The investigation of lipid and protein recovery from sewage sludge showed the challenges of integrating resource recovery and saccharification processes.

WITHDRAWN: Prospects of graphene quantum dots preparation using lignocellulosic wastes for application in photofermentative hydrogen production

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a novel carbon nanomaterial from the graphene family due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse range of applications. However, in terms of the sustainable utility of GQDs, their synthesis methods are the main roadblock because of their high production costs and the release of toxic byproducts during the production processes. Thus, the search for sustainable and economical fabrication methods for preparing GQDs is one of the most essential areas of research for their practical applications. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) wastes are a prime choice for the fabrication of GQDs due to their high carbon and cellulose content, which are favorable for being employed as precursors and reducing agents Additionally, LCBs are a prime source of potential bioenergy production, which is currently a key research hotspot to combat environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crises. Therefore, the present review provides feasibility for sustainable and environmentally friendly fabrication of GQDs using LCB wastes for their possible utility in cellulosic biofuel production technology improvement. Furthermore, the prospective of using these GQDs as catalysts in bioenergy production for the development of low-cost biomass-based biofuel production technology has been discussed along with the existing limitations and their sustainable recommendation.

Benefits from co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel for biofuels production: Experimental investigations

The application of renewable fuels and waste for energy production is crucial environmentally and economically. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising pathway for valuable products that combine various benefits including enhanced energy recovery, waste valorisation, improved product quality, and environmental sustainability. Consideration of specific feedstocks and optimization of process parameters are necessary to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of the co-pyrolysis process. This work presents investigations of the co-pyrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (rye straw and agriculture grass) and RDF. These biomasses ensure efficient decomposition. The RDF, high in carbon (78.5 %) and hydrogen (11.8 %), was predominantly plastic based. Based on Py-GC-MS studies at 600 °C, it was observed that the addition of RDF to biomass caused a significant decrease in the share of organic oxygen compounds among the released decomposition products. Laboratory tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor for raw biomass and RDF and 1:1 and 3:1 biomass to RDF mass ratio. The results demonstrated that the yield of char production decreased with the addition of RDF, which promoted the bio-oil yield. Despite, RDF pyrolysis meets problems, it was proved that co-pyrolysis of biomass and RDF is a good solution for their utilization.

Alcohol formaldehyde resin solid acid catalytic conversion of biomass into furan compounds

The conversion of waste lignocellulosic biomass into biomass platform chemicals is very promising. In this work, a novel resin-based solid acid catalyst was obtained by condensation of furfuryl alcohol with furfural, and mild calcination and sulfonation process. Then it was used to convert sugars and biomass to obtain furan compounds. Results showed that the solid acid with a furfural to furfuryl alcohol molar ratio of 3:1 is an irregular mesoporous material, with a specific surface area of 134.18 m2/g and an acid content of 2.723 mmol/g, which is extremely stable below 200 °C. 82.2 % (from fructose), 15.8 % (from glucose), 10.0 % (from cellobiose) yields of 5-HMF and 35.5 % (from xylose) yield of furfural could be obtained at 160 °C for 2 h. It can be reused more than 5 times and can restore the best catalytic effect after re-sulfonation. Notably, in the catalytic conversion of rice husk, rice straw, camphor tree branch and leaves under typical reaction conditions, 5-HMF and furfural was in yields of 9.4–24.5 % and 20.3–47.9 %, respectively. Moreover, a 10 % water dropwise to solvent can effectively promote the catalytic conversion of biomass, while there is a significant inhibitory effect after it exceeds 20 %.

Prediction of Bioethanol from Production of Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste from Agriculture and Livestock Using Regression Analysis Model

Background Every year, the food supply must need to increase to accommodate population growth and food consumption increases. It causes the production of lignocellulosic biomass waste (LBW) in Indonesia from sector of agriculture and livestock also increase. Contrast to energy supply, energy demand increases but energy supply from fossil fuel become limit. More than 80% of LBW is dumped or burned, whereas the LBW has the potential as raw material of sustainable bioenergy, especially bioethanol to replace or mix with fossil fuel. This study aimed to predict the bioethanol production from potential of LBW to optimize its utilization. Potential of LBW production is estimated based on production of LBW lignocellulose component (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). The novelty of this study is obtained predicted values for bioethanol production based on LBW production using a regression analysis model. Methods The data of LBW production is calculated based on converting waste of the crops production (for agriculture sector) and animal unit (AU) (for livestock sector). The data of LBW consist of rice straw, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, cassava peel, paunch content, and feces. This study use linear regression analysis model to predict bioethanol production from LBW. Results Estimation average LBW lignocellulose production in Indonesia is around 104.47 million tons, and can produce around 59.98 billion gallons (227.01 billion liters) of bioethanol. The regression model based on lignocellulose production (R2) was 0.9925 (cellulose), 0.9848 (hemicellulose), and 0.9294 (lignin). Production of LBW in Indonesia is highest in Southeast Asia and has increased 2.07% per year because crops production, ruminant population, and ruminants slaughtered increase. This value will continue to increase, same with bioethanol production from LBW production. Conclusions Overall, Indonesia has potential to produce bioethanol from LBW. Using the entire the LBW for bioethanol make it possible to meet domestic energy demands in a sustainable.