Residual Lignin Research Articles

Metabolic Fate of Lignin in Birch Glucuronoxylan Extracts as Dietary Fiber Studied in a Rat Model.

While previously considered inert, recent studies suggest lignin metabolism with unknown metabolic fates is occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of several animal models. This study focuses on analyzing the potential metabolites of lignin. The diets of rats include relatively pure birch glucuronoxylan (pureGX) with residual lignin or lignin-rich GX (GXpoly) in their diet. Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy of the lignin isolated from the GXpoly-fed rats fecal sample shows high alteration in chemical structure, whereas lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are enriched in fecal samples from the pureGX group. Moreover, the increased syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio suggests that lignin G-units are predominantly metabolized based on pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyr-GC/MS). The presence of small phenolic metabolites identified in urine samples of the GXpoly group, for example, ferulic and sinapic acids, their sulfate and glucuronide derivatives, and 4-sulfobenzylalcohol, suggests that the small fragmented lignin metabolites in the large intestine enter the plasma, and are further processed in the liver. Finally, the relative abundances of polyphenol-degrading Enterorhabdus and Akkermansia in the gut microbiota are associated with lignin metabolism. These findings give further evidence to lignin metabolism in the gut of nonruminants and provide insight to the potential microbes and metabolic routes.

Lignin extraction and fractionation from rice straw biorefinery residues

Crops straw contains many valuable natural compounds. Cellulose and hemicellulose in agricultural wastes have been widely used in biofuel production. However, the large-scale application of residue lignin from biorefinery is still an unsolved problem. Various impurities and heterogeneous lignin with a very complicated molecular weight distribution were generally found in the recovered raw solid products. In this study, brown solid residue from rice straw biorefinery was processed using membrane separation in combination with the soda-ethylene glycol (Soda-EG) process to extract high-purity lignin. At first, wet brown solid was mixed into an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and ethylene glycol for lignin fragmentation, depolymerization, and solubilization at elevated temperatures. Afterwards, microfiltration (MF) was applied to recover the dissolved lignin in the filtrate from the extracts. As high as 90% of the lignin in the brown solid could be recovered after acid precipitation of the filtrate. The highest lignin content in the precipitate product could be 90% (dry basis). The precipitate was re-dissolved at high pH aqueous solutions for further molecular weight fractionation by ultrafiltration (UF). The best rejection of high-molecular-weight (>1 × 105 g/mol) lignin was 77%, while low-molecular-weight (<3 × 103 g/mol) lignin was <13% with a MWCO of 10 kDa polysulfone UF membrane in a dead-end filtration system. The cross-flow operation with the same UF membrane showed that >80% lignin could be recovered from the retentate and the flux of permeate could be maintained after three operation-cleaning cycles. Overall, the combined MF-UF operation could be a viable method for obtaining high-value-added lignin products with a specific molecular weight range.

A novel combinatorial approach for cleaner production of biodegradable sheets from the combination of paddy straw and pine needle waste

The study aims at providing a cleaner technology by employing a combinatorial approach of mild chemical treatment of 1% Ca(OH)2 followed by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, (laccase producer) on paddy straw and pine needles in combination, for getting cellulose-rich pulp for making biodegradable paper sheets. Response surface methodology was adopted by choosing two response parameters – cellulose content and residual lignin content after pulping to optimize the cooking conditions. The pulp derived after optimizing the parameters i.e., solid: liquid ratio (1:7), temperature (160 °C), time of digestion (60 min), and NaOH concentration (4%) was characterized. SEM and FTIR analysis, showed a more condensed cellulose network and –OH bonds when compared with alpha-cellulose. Best pulp (kappa no. 24 and ֯SR 59) was casted to produce biodegradable paper sheets of different GSM types (40, 50, 75, 100 GSM), and their different mechanical properties were tested. The maximum tensile strength (110 Nm/g) and Cobb index (345.77 g/m2) were seen in 100 GSM sheets which is comparable with regular corrugated sheets.

Effect of Chemical and Steam Explosion Pulping on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane Straw Pulp Trays.

Sugarcane straw fiber (SSF) samples were prepared by chemical pulping (CP) and steam explosion (STE). CP (5, 10, 15% NaOH + 0.2% w/w anthraquinone at 121 °C for 1 h) and STE pressure (1.77, 1.96, and 2.16 MPa at 220 °C for 4 min) SSF trays were molded with a hydraulic hot-press machine at 120 °C, 7 min, and 1.72 MPa. The yield (%) of SSF from STE (54-60% dry basis (db.)) was higher than CP (32-48% db.). STE trays had greater tensile strength than CP. However, STE's elongation and compression strength was lower than CP tray samples. The trays made from SSF using STE had less swelling in thickness, longer water wetting time, and a higher water contact angle than those made from CP. The micrographs displayed a smaller size of SSF obtained in STE than the CP. The appearance and area of peaks in ATR-FTIR spectra and XRD diffractograms, respectively, revealed that the STE trays had a larger residual lignin content from the lignin study and a lower crystallinity index than the CP trays. Moreover, the lightness values of the STE trays were lower than those of the CP trays due to lignin retention. The study results indicate that CP is the preferred method for producing SSF packaging material with high flexibility and fiber purity. However, when considering the specific SF of 4.28, the STE treatment showed superior physical and mechanical properties compared to CP. This suggests that STE could be an excellent alternative green pulping technique for producing durable biobased trays. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of STE as a viable option for obtaining trays with desirable characteristics, providing a sustainable and efficient approach to tray production.

Scenario-based life cycle assessment and environmental monetary valuation of biosuccinic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass

Succinic acid (SA) is a valuable platform chemical produced via bio-based and fossil-based routes. Both routes need to be compared from an environmental sustainability perspective. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) followed by a monetary valuation of the environmental impacts of biosuccinic acid (BioSA) production from lignocellulosic biomass is presented in this paper. Three biorefining scenarios are studied. Scenario 1 employs C-6 and C-5 sugars to produce BioSA, while C-5 sugar is derived to produce furfural and biogas in scenario 2 and 3, respectively. The three scenarios cogenerate electricity using the biogas produced from C-5 sugars in scenario 3 and the residual lignin in all three scenarios. These scenarios are compared against a fossil-based succinic acid (SA) production route. ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint impacts were considered in the analysis. The analysis of midpoint impact categories showed that the feedstock production and transportation stages, as well as the pretreatment process of biorefining stage, are the most important contributors to the environmental impact of BioSA production. Endpoint impacts and monetary valuation showed that scenario 1 scored the lowest environmental cost followed by scenario 3, the fossil-based route, and scenario 2 with 1.48, 2.04, 2.24, and 3.05 USD/kg BioSA, respectively. Sensitivity analysis for monetary valuation suggested that the environmental costs are highly sensitive to damage to human health, and variations in damage to resources have minimum impact on the environmental cost.

Extraction of humic acid from peat and lignite and the thermal behavior of their mixtures with ammonium nitrate

Due to the positive effect on soil structure and the influence on improving the efficiency of plant roots nutrient uptake, humic acids (HA) are widely considered for fertilizer production. Especially, it seems to be particularly promising to use them as additives in technologies of mineral fertilizer production. One of the common mineral fertilizer components, due to its good water solubility and the presence of nitrogen in two forms, is ammonium nitrate (AN). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the humic acids extracted from peat and lignite on the thermal decomposition of HA and the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and humic acids mixtures. For the quality assessment of HA, spectroscopic methods (FTIR/ATR and CP/MAS 13C NMR) and analysis of elemental composition were used. The analysis of the spectra showed differences in the degree of humification of humic acids extracted from various raw materials. HA isolated from peat were distinguished by the presence of peptides, polysaccharides, and lignin residues. Elemental analysis showed the higher carbon and sulfur content in the extracted HA compared to the reference samples. The results of the TG-DTA-MS analysis confirmed the influence of differences in the molecular structure of humic acids, especially in the aliphatic and aromatic carbon content, on the thermal decomposition process. Total content of carboxylic and/or hydroxylic functional groups had a significant impact on the start of the decomposition temperature. Their increase visibly influenced the acceleration of the exothermic decomposition of AN.

Anatomical and compressive characterization of Cryptomeria japonica hydrolyzed with phosphoric acid for lignin residue utilization

Anatomical and compressive characterization of Cryptomeria japonica hydrolyzed with phosphoric acid for lignin residue utilization

Characteristics of LCMFs and Residual Lignin in the Chemical Micronization of Eucalyptus Wood Meals Using Glycol Ether

Characteristics of LCMFs and Residual Lignin in the Chemical Micronization of Eucalyptus Wood Meals Using Glycol Ether

Conversion of control and genetically-modified poplar into multi-scale products using integrated pretreatments

In this work, a green and robust pretreatment which integrated acetic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal and wet mechanical pretreatment, was developed to efficiently produce high yield (up to 40.12%) of xylooligosaccharides and digestible substrates from Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase down-regulated and control poplar wood. Subsequently, superhigh yield (more than 95%) of glucose and residual lignin were obtained after a moderate enzymatic hydrolysis. The residual lignin fraction exhibited a well-preserved β-O-4 linkages (42.06/100Ar) and high S/G ratio (6.42). Subsequently, lignin-derived porous carbon was successfully synthesized, and it exhibited a high specific capacitance of 273.8 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and long cycling stability (remained 98.5% after 10,000 cycles at 5.0 A g−1) compared to control poplar wood, demonstrating that special advantage of this genetically-modified poplar in this integrated process. This work developed an energy-saving and eco-friendly pretreatment technology as a waste-free route for converting different lignocellulosic biomass to multiple products.

Oxidation-driven lignin removal by Agaricus bisporus from wheat straw-based compost at industrial scale

Fungi are main lignin degraders and the edible white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, inhabits lignocellulose-rich environments. Previous research hinted at delignification when A. bisporus colonized pre-composted wheat straw-based substrate in an industrial setting, assumed to aid subsequent release of monosaccharides from (hemi-)cellulose to form fruiting bodies. Yet, structural changes and specific quantification of lignin throughout A. bisporus mycelial growth remain largely unresolved. To elucidate A. bisporus routes of delignification, at six timepoints throughout mycelial growth (15 days), substrate was collected, fractionated, and analyzed by quantitative pyrolysis-GC–MS, 2D-HSQC NMR, and SEC. Lignin decrease was highest between day 6 and day 10 and reached in total 42 % (w/w). The substantial delignification was accompanied by extensive structural changes of residual lignin, including increased syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, accumulated oxidized moieties, and depleted intact interunit linkages. Hydroxypropiovanillone and hydroxypropiosyringone (HPV/S) subunits accumulated, which are indicative for β-|O-4′ ether cleavage and imply a laccase-driven ligninolysis. We provide compelling evidence that A. bisporus is capable of extensive lignin removal, have obtained insights into mechanisms at play and susceptibilities of various substructures, thus we were contributing to understanding fungal lignin conversion.

All-natural and high-performance structural material based on lignin-reinforced cellulose

Sustainable materials derived from lignocellulosic resources are attractive alternatives to ubiquitous petrochemical plastics. However, it remains a huge challenge to improve the mechanical properties of lignocellulosic materials through efficient and low-energy processing strategy. Herein, we report a facile lignin-reinforced cellulose strategy to manufacture an all-natural and high-performance structural material from bamboo particles via partial delignification followed by hot-pressing. Partial delignification can regulate the amount of lignin in the bamboo particles and release internal cellulose microfibers. The subsequent hot-pressing drives residual lignin into the cellulose matrix to form a dense structure, which acts as a polyphenolic binder to improve the performance of the structural material. The obtained lignin-reinforced cellulose plate (LRCP) demonstrates high isotropic flexural strength (∼162 MPa), which is higher than that of natural bamboo and typical petrochemical plastics. Moreover, LRCP shows outstanding toughness (∼2.58 MPa m1/2), excellent compressive strength (∼178 MPa), improved wet stability and superior flame resistance. LRCP is all-natural and eco-friendly without the need for additional chemical cross-linking reagents. We believe that this facile and cost-effective strategy provides a promising way to process lignocellulosic resources into all-natural and high-performance structural materials that can serve as powerful plastic alternatives in the future.

Combination of surfactants and enzyme cocktails for enhancing woody biomass saccharification and bioethanol production from lab-scale to pilot-scale

Converting woody biomass to bioethanol might be more affordable, environmentally friendly, and efficient for making biofuel commercially feasible, but it would still need a significant optimization process and expand pilot-scale research. A combination of commercial low enzymes loading at 10 FPU/g glucan and compound additives utilizing Tween 80, PEG8000 and sophorolipid applied from lab-scale to pilot-scale have been studied in this work at economically viable dosages for enhancing bioethanol production. In lab-scale saccharification and fermentation, pretreated poplar at a high solid loading of 20% yielded the highest ethanol titers of 30.96 g/L and theoretical ethanol yield of 92.79%. Additionally, pilot-scale operation was used to investigate the bioethanol amplification, a final volume of 33 m3 which yielded the greatest ethanol amount of 599.6 kg from poplar wood while gaining on-site value-added production of hemicellulosic and cellobiose liquor 1122 kg and lignin residues 2292 kg.

Integrated pretreatment of poplar biomass employing p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed liquid hot water and short-time ball milling for complete conversion to xylooligosaccharides, glucose, and native-like lignin

This work aimed to study an integrated pretreatment technology employing p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH)-catalyzed liquid hot water (LHW) and short-time ball milling for the complete conversion of poplar biomass to xylooligosaccharides (XOS), glucose, and native-like lignin. The optimized TsOH-catalyzed LHW pretreatment solubilized 98.5% of hemicellulose at 160 °C for 40 min, releasing 49.8% XOS. Moreover, subsequent ball milling (20 min) maximized the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from 65.8% to 96.5%, owing to the reduced particle sizes and cellulose crystallinity index. The combined pretreatment reduced the crystallinity by 70.9% while enlarging the average pore size and pore volume of the substrate by 29.5% and 52.4%, respectively. The residual lignin after enzymatic hydrolysis was rich in β-O-4 linkages (55.7/100 Ar) with less condensed structures. This lignin exhibited excellent antioxidant activity (RSI of 66.22) and ultraviolet absorbance. Thus, this research suggested a sustainable waste-free biorefinery for the holistic valorization of biomass through two-step biomass fractionation.

Valorising Wood Ash as an Effective Green Alternative Pulping Agent for Achieving a High Yield of Banana Micro-Lignocellulose Fibres of Enhanced Crystallinity

AbstractThis study aims to explore the use of wood ash, a common waste, as an alternative and eco-friendly pulping agent. The first and most important singularity of the study is that wood ash solution, though mild in nature, has proven to be an effective pulping agent (in comparison with the common pulping solution, sodium hydroxide): comparable lignin (45%) and hemicellulose (50%) removal, high crystallinity (72–77%) and high pulp yield (70%) were obtained. Another particularity of this study is that the reported advanced aspects of pulped banana fibres, notably the chemical functionality, crystallinity and crystallite size have been correlated with the chemical composition of the wood ash used: calcium pectinate was formed on the pulped fibre surface. It apparently played a role in enhancing the fibre crystallinity. Moreover, another specialness of this study is that non-conventional factors, which would have significant bearing during industrial scale processing, such as liquor ratio, fibre input size and duration have been investigated—the latter has shown that to attain maximum delignification, small fibre input size at a high liquor ratio of 40 for an extended period of 2 h are necessary. Finally, the pulped banana fibres (which were intended to be used for membrane fabrication for use in water purification system) have depicted their applicability in the fabrication of ultrafiltration membranes by virtue of their aspect ratio, semi-hydrophilicity (due to presence of residual lignin) and projected high mechanical strength (due to high crystallinity and low crystallite size). Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract showing outcomes when pulping with wood ash solution.

Xylan Solubilization from Partially Delignified Biomass, and Residual Lignin Removal from Solubilized Xylan

Xylan is a macromolecule of industrial interest that can be solubilized from lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, which is a renewable source. However, the solubilization methods of xylan need to be better developed for use in industrial applications. The main objective of this study was to evaluate xylan solubilization methods with higher yields and purity by using biomasses/fractions of sugarcane: leaf and stem, internode, node, and external fraction. Two strategies were evaluated by applying diluted sodium chlorite, sodium sulfite, and hydrogen peroxide: a delignification of the biomass before xylan solubilization; and the delignification of the solubilized xylan for residual lignin removal. The delignification of the biomass before the xylan solubilization enabled to identify material and specific conditions for yields higher than 90%. Residual lignin varied from 3.14 to 18.06%, with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium partial delignification shown to be effective. The delignification of xylan presented better results using diluted hydrogen peroxide, with a reduction of 58.44% of the initial lignin content. The solubilized xylans were used as a substrate for xylanase activities, resulting in higher activity than commercial xylan. In the delignification of the biomasses, hydrogen peroxide was the reagent with better results concerning the yield, purity, and solubility of the xylan. This reagent (diluted) was also better in the delignification of the solubilized xylan, resulting in lower residual lignin content. The solubility and purity tests (low salt content) indicated that the solubilized xylan presented characteristics that were similar to or even better than commercial xylan.

Relationship between the Change in E/T Ratio and the Cooking Performance of Eucalyptus and Acacia Woods during Kraft Pulping Process.

Lignin structure is an important factor affecting the cooking part of the pulping process. In this study, the effect of lignin side chain spatial configuration on cooking performance was analyzed, and the structural characteristics of eucalyptus and acacia during cooking were compared and studied by combining ozonation, GC-MS, NBO, and 2D NMR (1H-13C HSQC). In addition, the changes in the lignin content of four different raw materials during the cooking process were studied via ball milling and UV spectrum analysis. The results showed that the content of lignin in the raw material decreased continuously during the cooking process. Only in the late cooking stage, when the lignin removal reached its limit, did the lignin content tend to be stable due to the polycondensation reaction of lignin. At the same time, the E/T ratio and S/G ratio of the reaction residual lignin also followed a similar rule. At the beginning of cooking, the values of E/T and S/G decreased rapidly and then gradually rose when they reached a low point. The different initial E/T and S/G values of different raw materials lead to the disunity of cooking efficiency and the different transformation rules of different raw materials in the cooking process. Therefore, the pulping efficiency of different raw materials can be improved using different technological means.

Extraction and characterization of two residual lignins from eucalyptus wood

Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, has properties that can be widely explored, moving from waste to products with high added value. Therefore, this work aimed to extract and characterize Klason and Kraft lignins from sawdust and black liquor, considered industrial waste. The raw material used was Eucalyptus grandis chips. To obtain Klason lignin according to TAPPI 222 om-02 (2002), part of the chips were transformed into sawdust. To obtain Kraft lignin, another part of the chips passed through a digester to obtain black liquor, which was subsequently subjected to acid precipitation. The characterization of lignins was performed by granulometry analysis, scanning electron microscopy with elemental chemical analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy, medium infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential calorimetry. Microscopy analyzes showed irregular structures of various shapes, including spherical structures, most evident and frequent in Kraft lignin. The elementary chemical analysis showed that the lignin washing process was satisfactory, due to the small percentage of sulfur detected in the samples. The results of the granulometry confirmed that the lignins had micrometric dimensions. The medium infrared spectra showed the characteristic peaks of the chemical composition of lignin. The thermal analysis showed three ranges of degradation, attributed to the drying of the samples, degradation of the hemicelluloses and the lignin itself. All results confirmed the obtaining of Klason and Kraft lignins. Therefore, the techniques were satisfactory in transforming waste into lignin with the potential for a variety of commercial applications, mainly in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Lignin containing cellulose nanofiber based nanopapers with ultrahigh optical transmittance and haze

In this study, lignin containing cellulose nanofiber/glycerol (LCNF/Gly) composite films at different mixing ratios were developed with LCNFs extracted from commercial poplar pulp through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl radical mediated oxidation followed by high-pressure homogenization. The obtained LCNFs with the diameters ranged from several to tens of nanometers, were decorated with residual hydrophobic lignin nanoparticles (16.31 wt%) around the nanofibers, and showed the reversible aggregation in aqueous solution. With the incorporation of glycerol, the resulting LCNF/Gly films exhibited excellent light management properties, maintaining outstanding optical transmittance (87%) and ultrahigh haze over 92%, with superior ultraviolet (UV) blocking function for UVB and UVC. Meanwhile, the brittleness and fragility of the LCNF/Gly films are greatly reduced and the elongation at break of the films are increased from 1.58 to 7.48% with the increase of glycerol mass ratio, endowing the composite films excellent ductility for applications in food packaging, solar cell, anti-glare film and flexible optoelectronic devices.

Lignin from Brewers' Spent Grain: Structural and Thermal Evaluations.

Lignocellulose is a renewable ubiquitous material that comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin has been isolated from different lignocellulosic biomass via chemical treatments, but there has been little or no investigation carried out on the processing of lignin from brewers' spent grain (BSG) to the best of authors' knowledge. This material makes up 85% of the brewery industry's byproducts. Its high moisture content hastens its deterioration, which has posed a huge challenge to its preservation and transportation; this eventually causes environmental pollution. One of the methods of solving this environmental menace is the extraction of lignin as a precursor for carbon fiber production from this waste. This study considers the viability of sourcing lignin from BSG with the use of acid solutions at 100 °C. Structural and thermal analyses were carried out on extracted samples, and the results were compared with other biomass-soured lignin to assess the proficiency of this isolation technique. Wet BSG sourced from Nigeria Breweries (NB), Lagos, was washed and sun-dried for 7 days. Tetraoxosulphate (VI) (H2SO4), hydrochloric (HCl), and acetic acid, each of 10 M, were individually reacted with dried BSG at 100 °C for 3 h and designated as H2, HC, and AC lignin. The residue (lignin) was washed and dried for analysis. Wavenumber shift values from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that intra- and intermolecular OH interactions in H2 lignin are the strongest and possess the highest magnitude of hydrogen-bond enthalpy (5.73 kCal/mol). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that a higher lignin yield can be achieved when it is isolated from BSG, as 82.9, 79.3, and 70.2% were realized for H2, HC, and AC lignin. The highest size of ordered domains (0.0299 nm) displayed by H2 lignin from X-ray diffraction (XRD) informs that it has the greatest potential of forming nanofibers via electrospinning. The enthalpy of reaction values of 133.3, 126.6, and 114.1 J/g recorded for H2, HC, and AC lignin, respectively, from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results affirm that H2 lignin is the most thermally stable with the highest glass transition temperature (Tg = 107 °C).

Fully upgrade lignocellulose to three nanomaterials by combinational pretreatment: Refining straw waste to pesticide nanocarrier

To achieve the maximum value from lignocellulosic biomass, an integrated biorefinery based on molecule-level design is required. In this study, a combination of hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) coupling deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was proposed to produce three upgraded products, namely hemicellulose-derived activated nanocarbon (ANC), lignin nanosphere (LNS), and lignin-containing cellulose nanofiber (LCNF) pesticide nanocarrier, from rice straw. The hydrothermal filtrate, which consists of 100% hemicellulose, was converted into value-added nanocarbon by in-situ carbon sequestration. The upgraded nanocarbon exhibited an excellent specific surface area (2692.3 m2 g−1) and a high degree of graphitization, which value-added attributes could increase revenue to integrated biorefinery. The subsequent DES extraction increased the phenolic –OH content and further aggregated the lignin condensed structure, which facilitated lignin nanosphere preparation by the self-assembly process. Meanwhile, the DES swelling of cellulose facilitated the nanofibrillation of LCNF, which was used as a pesticide carrier to improve pesticide utilization efficiency by simple cationic modification. The residual lignin with functional groups facilitated the crosslinking between the lignin fragments and cellulose fibers by hydrogen bonding interactions, which endowed LNCF highly entangled network and unique lignin properties. The functionalized LCNF exhibited enhanced adhesion and unique anti-UV ability for pesticide deposition and retention. This work realized the all-components upgrading of lignocellulose and inspired the development of sustainable and viable biorefineries.