Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms Research Articles

Hybrid Fusion of Lightweight Security Frameworks Using Data Mining Approach in IoT

The rapid adoption of the Internet of Things throughout healthcare and smart city construction has led to a rise in networked devices and security issues. This work suggests new techniques to improve IoT safety and maximise computing resources. We develop a complete security architecture integrating lightweight cryptography, blockchain, machine learning anomaly detection, and federated learning. We did so because we know that traditional security measures are inadequate for the Internet of Things. The lightweight cryptographic algorithm (LCA) provides efficient encryption and decryption, making it ideal for low-resource Internet of Things devices. Twenty processes comprise the LCA design. These operations include key generation, data encryption, digital signatures, and integrity checking. These procedures secure IoT data transfers. ADML detects anomalies in encrypted Internet of Things data using machine learning. This approach may identify security issues better. To keep up with data trends, this method extracts features, trains models, and updates them. Blockchain-based data integrity (BDI) is the third element. Blockchain ensures that Internet of Things data is reliable and full. BDI developed an immutable ledger solution to increase IoT data security and dependability. This data integrity system generates blocks, hashes, confirms blocks, and updates the blockchain. Fourth, FLIoT (Federated Learning for the Internet of Things) emphasises data privacy and collaborative model training across IoT devices. Foundation for the Internet of Things (FIoT) protocols and standards aim to increase IoT devices' collective intelligence while safeguarding users' privacy. It includes local model training, model aggregation, and the latest global model distribution. Our work also uses Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC) to analyse data more thoroughly and continuously, addressing online transaction cybersecurity issues. The framework outperforms the current state of the art in memory use, energy consumption, anomaly detection accuracy and precision, and encryption and decryption time. The Hybrid Fusion Framework combines lightweight cryptographic algorithms with federated learning, machine learning, blockchain technology, and other similar technologies to provide an effective, adaptable, and affordable IoT security solution.

Healthcare Data Security in Cloud Storage Using Light Weight Symmetric Key Algorithm

Now-a-days, healthcare monitoring system is very much important system in the medical field to know the patient‘s health status immediately. In the proposed system, the sensors are fixed over the patient’s body or placed at some distances around the body to collect patient’s significant parameters like blood pressure, temperature, heart beat rate, etc. These parameters are collected by the healthcare professionals through some connectivity mechanisms like Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. These significant data will be outsourced to the cloud storage in a secure way to avoid attack from the attackers. So, we need some protection mechanism to safeguard this information. This article proposes a light weight cryptographic algorithm (symmetric key) via random number key generation using Diffie-Hellman key exchange based on Elliptic Curve (ECDH) cryptography. As a result of substituting bytes (S-box) and folding (horizontal and vertical) operations, the proposed symmetric key algorithm achieves the foremost properties of cryptography such as confusion and diffusion quite well. Experimental results showed that the overall execution time of the proposed algorithm is superior to the standard Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The throughput rate of the proposed algorithm is 20.525095 KB/seconds whereas for the standard AES algorithm throughput rate is 18.727215 KB/seconds. So, the proposed algorithm is faster than the existing AES algorithm. Moreover, the construction of S-box, IS-box and the key generation procedures are entirely different in the proposed algorithm so, it increases the complexity for the attacker and it will create confusion to the attacker

Analysis of Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for IoT Gateways

This research work explores the growing role of IoT devices in daily life and the increasing demand for secure data transmission in different sectors like healthcare, military, etc. Moreover, this study focuses on the recent advancements in lightweight cryptography and compares various encryption algorithms in an IoT environment using real-time data. Employing Message Queuing Telemetric Transport (MQTT) protocol, this research work assess the time of encryption, memory usage, and CPU usage as key parameters. By standardizing iterations, key width, and block length, this study aims to identify optimal encryption solutions for IoT applications.

Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for Medical IoT Devices using Combined Transformation and Expansion (CTE) and Dynamic Chaotic System

Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for Medical IoT Devices using Combined Transformation and Expansion (CTE) and Dynamic Chaotic System

Securing micro transactions in the Internet of Things with cryptography primitives

The growing number of IoT devices, microtransaction security in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a critical issue. In order to improve the security of microtransactions in Internet of Things ecosystems, this article investigates the usage of cryptographic primitives. Strong safeguards against possible risks including data manipulation, eavesdropping, and unauthorized access are provided by cryptography, which provides a foundation for guaranteeing the confidentiality, integrity, and validity of transaction data. We address the special problems of power and processing limits by delving into the implementation of lightweight cryptography algorithms and protocols designed for resource-constrained IoT devices. Our goal is to create a trust framework that guarantees the security and privacy of data exchange by incorporating cryptographic primitives into IoT microtransactions. By encouraging trust and dependability in microtransactions, which are essential to the future of networked smart devices, our research helps to build a more secure and robust Internet of Things environment.

ALICA: A Multi-S-Box Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Based on Generalized Feistel Structure

With the development of science and technology, IoT devices have already become ubiquitous in the public eye. Through the perception layer, the collected data are displayed or transmitted to the server backend for analysis. Due to the increasing integration of IoT devices into people’s daily lives, privacy issues, such as data leaks, have received more attention. Most sensor nodes, such as temperature and pressure sensors in marine environments, have low computing power, storage capacity, and significant underlying heterogeneity, making it challenging to implement a standardized data security protection solution. Data security in the nodes is seriously challenged as a result. It is of great significance to design a lightweight block cipher for the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which can ensure the security of node information. A new lightweight block cipher algorithm called ALICA is proposed in this paper, which is well-suited for the low computing power and heterogeneous device environment at the lower layers. A generalized Feistel structure and a linear structure with XOR and shift operations are used to achieve ease of software implementation. Two different S-boxes are used to create the nonlinear structure of the password, thereby enhancing the robust security of the cipher. In addition, the cipher adopts a design approach that prioritizes software efficiency while also considering hardware implementation efficiency. This makes it more suitable for low computing power, storage capacity, and resource-limited IoT sensor nodes at the lower layers.

Bibliometric Analysis of IoT Lightweight Cryptography

In the rapidly developing world of the Internet of Things (IoT), data security has become increasingly important since massive personal data are collected. IoT devices have resource constraints, which makes traditional cryptographic algorithms ineffective for securing IoT devices. To overcome resource limitations, lightweight cryptographic algorithms are needed. To identify research trends and patterns in IoT security, it is crucial to analyze existing works, keywords, authors, journals, and citations. We conducted a bibliometric analysis using performance mapping, science mapping, and enrichment techniques to collect the necessary information. Our analysis included 979 Scopus articles, 214 WOS articles, and 144 IEEE Xplore articles published during 2015–2023, and duplicates were removed. We analyzed and visualized the bibliometric data using R version 4.3.1, VOSviewer version 1.6.19, and the bibliometrix library. We discovered that India is the leading country for this type of research. Archarya and Bansod are the most relevant authors; lightweight cryptography and cryptography are the most relevant terms; and IEEE Access is the most significant journal. Research on lightweight cryptographic algorithms for IoT devices (Raspberry Pi) has been identified as an important area for future research.

ИЗБОР И ОБОСНОВКА НА ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЗА СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА НИСКОРЕСУРСНИ ШИФРИ

The main aim of the paper is selection of criteria for evaluation and analysis of lightweight ciphers with different structure and modes of operation to serve in the subsequent comparative analysis of selected ciphers, finalists in the NIST’s competition for new lightweight cryptographic algorithm. Methods used: comparative analysis and summary. Based on the study, two types of criteria were selected - to assess the capabilities of ciphers and to assess their software performence. The first type of metrics has been applied on representatives of two families of lightweight ciphers, finding which have better characteristics.

An innovative approach for dynamic key dependent S-Box to enhance security of IoT systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) foresees pervasive and connected smart nodes that interact independently while offering varied services. Today, IoT nodes are a treasure house of data and hence security has become a major concern in IoT networks. Conventional cryptography faces many challenges during implementation in IoT devices. These challenges can be tackled by lightweight cryptography which is highly secure with less resource requirements. The vital characteristic of security is fulfilled by one out of 6 inner structures such as Substitution-Permutation Network, Feistel Network, General Feistel Network, Add-Rotate-XOR, Non Linear-Feedback Shift Register and Hybrid. PRESENT, which is a NIST approved lightweight cryptographic algorithm with SPN structure uses fixed or static S-Box. This permits attackers to explore S-Box and identify weaknesses of the algorithm. Key dependent approaches are better because it impedes an attacker from any offline analyses of attacks on the S-Box. Additionally, this is susceptible to linear and differential attacks. The static S Box does not possess superior diffusion and does not have a good rate of avalanche effect. So, the solution is to create a robust dynamic key dependent algorithm with nonlinear S-Boxes to secure the communication between IoT devices and platform. Security analysis is done on Non-linearity, Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis and Avalanche characteristics, besides, encryption of IoT data to demonstrate its aptness for cold chain security applications.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lightweight Cryptography for Connected Vehicles Communication Security on Edge Devices

Recent advances in mobile connection technology have been involved in every aspect of modern life. Even vehicles are becoming more connected, with the ability to communicate without human intervention. The main idea of connected vehicles is to exchange information to avoid a potential collision or to warn the driver about stop signs/lights. To achieve a wide range of connections between vehicles, they must be equipped with connected devices such as Bluetooth, wi-fi, and cellular connectivity. However, communication raises security issues with regard to cybersecurity attacks that attempt to collect confidential information or to take control of the vehicle by forcing unintended braking or steering. In this paper, we proposed a secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication approach by deploying a secure communication protocol based on a key management process and a cryptography system to encrypt exchanged data. The proposed key management process was designed to resist many attacks and eliminate connections to the infrastructure for key generation. Since vehicles are equipped with embedded devices with limited computation resources, a lightweight cryptography algorithm was used. The light encryption device (LED) block cipher was used to encrypt exchanged data. The LED has a low implementation area on hardware and low power consumption. It is considered to be a perfect solution for security issues in connected vehicles. The proposed data encryption algorithm was synthesized with VHDL on the Xilinx Zynq-7020 FPGA using the Vivado HLS tool. The encryption algorithm was implemented only on the logic of the device. The achieved results proved that the proposed algorithm is suitable for implementation in vehicles due to its low implementation requirements and low power consumption in addition to its high security level against cyber-attacks.

Assessment of Radiation-Induced Soft Errors on Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms Running on a Resource-Constrained Device

Most safety-critical edge-computing devices rely on lightweight cryptography (LWC) algorithms to provide security at minimum power and performance overhead. LWC algorithms are traditionally embedded as a hardware component, but with the advance of the Internet of Things (IoT), emerging firmware is more likely to support cryptography algorithms to comply with different security levels and industry-standards. This is the first work to present the soft error assessment of five cryptography algorithms executing in a low-power microprocessor running under neutron radiation, considering electronic code book (ECB) and counter (CTR) mode of operation implementations. Results obtained from two neutron radiation tests suggest that: ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</i> ) the NOEKEON algorithm gives the best relative soft error reliability, performance, power efficiency and memory footprint utilisation trade-offs between the five algorithms considering both ECB and CTR implementations, and ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</i> ) cryptography solutions based on the counter mode of operation present better FIT rate for silent data corruption (SDC) and crash w.r.t. ECB implementations.

Efficient and secure hybrid chaotic key generation for light encryption device block cipher

Lightweight cryptographic algorithms must develop to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of the data in resource-constrained devices. Keys are vital to every cryptography algorithm because they provide randomness, complexity, unexpected nature, and robustness. A light encryption device (LED) is considered a lighter version of advanced encryption standard (AES), but it is vulnerable to related key attacks due to using the same key during the whole encryption process. This paper presents a hybrid chaotic key generator (HCKG) based on 3D Lorenz, and 2D Henon maps to generate a highly randomized key that combines with the LED to provide a high level of secure encryption on resource-constrained devices. We modified the HCKG every four rounds via simple operations to get the subkeys and XORed it with the state to increase the complexity of the ciphertext. Moreover, the HCKG with subkeys allows us to decrease the total number of LED rounds from 32 to 24 to minimize the calculation cost while maintaining a high level of security. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) test suite proves that the proposed LED-HCKG demonstrates a high-performance increase by nearly 0.3283 higher than LED concerning data integrity and secrecy.

A new method based on swarm intelligence with encrypted data in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology is one of the most essential Internet of things technologies. It is utilized efficiently in a variety of real-world applications, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, tracking, etc. WSNs are composed of sensor nodes with restricted resources. However, the communication between WSN components is not secure. Therefore, it is necessary to build efficient and lightweight cryptographic algorithms to secure shared data. Our paper comprises proposes a secure protocol called grasshopper optimization algorithm routing protocol (GOARP) with a lightweight encryption method in each sensor called rivest cipher 5 (RC5) to enhance network efficiency and simulation in terms of power consumption, required memory space, and computational time. Subsequently, the network lifetime result achieved in the proposed method is about (70%) more than in GOA elliptic curve cryptographic and Diffie Hellman (GOA-ECCDH).

Design of an SoC Based on 32-Bit RISC-V Processor with Low-Latency Lightweight Cryptographic Cores in FPGA

The security of Internet of Things (IoTs) devices in recent years has created interest in developing implementations of lightweight cryptographic algorithms for such systems. Additionally, open-source hardware and field-programable gate arrays (FPGAs) are gaining traction via newly developed tools, frameworks, and HDLs. This enables new methods of creating hardware and systems faster, more simply, and more efficiently. In this paper, the implementation of a system-on-chip (SoC) based on a 32-bit RISC-V processor with lightweight cryptographic accelerator cores in FPGA and an open-source integrating framework is presented. The system consists of a 32-bit VexRiscv processor, written in SpinalHDL, and lightweight cryptographic accelerator cores for the PRINCE block cipher, the PRESENT-80 block cipher, the ChaCha stream cipher, and the SHA3-512 hash function, written in Verilog HDL and optimized for low latency with fewer clock cycles. The primary aim of this work was to develop a customized SoC platform with a register-controlled bus suitable for integrating lightweight cryptographic cores to become compact embedded systems that require encryption functionalities. Additionally, custom firmware was developed to verify the functionality of the SoC with all integrated accelerator cores, and to evaluate the speed of cryptographic processing. The proposed system was successfully implemented in a Xilinx Nexys4 DDR FPGA development board. The resources of the system in the FPGA were low with 11,830 LUTs and 9552 FFs. The proposed system can be applicable to enhancing the security of Internet of Things systems.

A Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Based on DNA Computing for IoT Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are used in almost every part of our life, so it is important to protect the sensitive data and information that is transmitted over wireless networks such as images and documents. The IoT devices have limited computational resources; they are called limited devices due to their limited processors and memory size. Traditional encryption methods require a lot of computing power; therefore, it is difficult to implement traditional cryptographic algorithm on IoT processor. Finally, a new, lightweight encryption method based on the DNA sequence is proposed to suit the IoT devices in a way to make an easy and secure the communications among the IoT devices. DNA sequences are very random, so we have used it to make a strong secret key that is hard for attackers to break. The proposed method has an advantage in terms of efficiency and strength. Experiments and security tests show that the proposed encryption system not only has a good encryption effect and can withstand known attacks, but it is also fast enough for real-world use. The DNA key is used to encrypt files using two simple and reliable methods such as substitution and transposition procedures that meet IoT computational requirements. In addition, when compared with other encryption algorithms, the experimental results shows that the key size, encryption time, and distortion preparation are all superior.

Efficient (Masked) Hardware Implementation of Grain-128AEADv2

We consider the efficient hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2, which is the second version of Grain-128AEAD (one of the lightweight cryptography finalist candidates). In order to counteract side-channel attacks, the efficient masked hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2 is also considered under the idea of domain-oriented masking. In detail, the so-called pipeline-like pre-computation technique is applied to increase the throughput-area ratio of the (masked) hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2. The performance of the (masked) hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2 is evaluated on ASIC and FPGA. For the unmasked version, the highest throughput-area ratio can be 2.14 M b p s / G E on ASIC and 9.34 M b p s / S l i c e on FPGA. For the masked version, the highest throughput-area ratio can be 0.37 M b p s / G E on ASIC and 1.72 M b p s / S l i c e on FPGA. Then, the security of the masked hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2 is verified with the simulated T-Test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published work about the (masked) hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2. In light of this, this contribution may help researchers and practitioners to accurately compare the efficiency and the security of the hardware implementation of Grain-128AEADv2 with those of other lightweight cryptography algorithms.

Data security techniques in cloud computing based on machine learning algorithms and cryptographic algorithms: Lightweight algorithms and genetics algorithms

SummaryCloud computing (CC) refers to the on‐demand availability of network resources, particularly data storage and processing power, without requiring special or direct administration by users. CC, which just made its debut as a collection of public and private data centers, provides clients with a unified platform throughout the Internet. Cloud computing has revolutionized the world, opening up new horizons with bright potential due to its performance, accessibility, low cost, and many other benefits. Due to the exponential rise of cloud computing, systems based on cloud computing now require an effective data security mechanism. Comprehensive security policies, corporate security culture, and cloud security solutions are used to ensure the level of cloud data security. Many techniques exist to protect data communication in the cloud environment, including encryption. Encryption algorithms play an important role in information security systems and various cloud computing‐based systems. Current researchers have focused on lightweight cryptography, genetics‐based cryptography, and machine learning (ML) algorithms for security in CC. This review study analyses CC security threats, problems, and solutions that use one or more algorithms. The work discusses several lightweight cryptographies, genetics‐based cryptography and different ML algorithms that are used to overcome cloud security issues, including supervised, unsupervised, semi‐supervised, and reinforcement learning. Moreover, we enlist future research directions to secure CC models.

Small But Mighty: The Power of Lightweight Cryptography in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about significant changes to various domains such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing. However, security remains a critical challenge in IoT due to the large number of connected devices with varying processing capabilities and memory constraints. Traditional cryptographic algorithms are not well-suited for IoT devices due to their high computational and memory requirements. Lightweight cryptography algorithms have emerged as a promising solution for securing IoT devices with limited resources. In this abstract, we provide an overview of lightweight cryptography algorithms for IoT, including their design principles, security properties, and performance evaluation.

Efficient hardware implementation for lightweight Loong algorithm using FPGA

Recently low-resource devices such as radio frequency identification (RFID), internet of things (IoT), and wireless sensor networks (WSN) using lightweight cryptography (LWC) to protect devices. Created or design low-resource devices with a lightweight cryptographic technique should take into account important factors such as the battery life and the amount of data to be processed. This paper provides a new hardware designed for Loong lightweight cryptographic algorithm that takes into account the previously described constraints. The new hardware architecture for Loong algorithm with resource sharing to reduce system designed. The proposed approach is implemented using ISE Xilinx V14.7 using Virtex 4 field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. The synthesis analysis for ISE showed the throughput of 851.264 Mbps with efficiency of 2.282 Mbps/slice, and a power consumption of 0.193 Watt. The implementation designed show the all-algorithms size consists of 373 slices, and the maximum possible operating frequency is 212.816 MHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Loong algorithm has been implemented on FPGA using very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL).

Design of a Lightweight Cryptographic Scheme for Resource-Constrained Internet of Things Devices

We propose an ultra-lightweight cryptographic scheme called “Small Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm (SLA)”. The SLA relies on substitution–permutation network (SPN). It utilizes 64-bit plaintext and supports a key length of 80/128-bits. The SLA cipher includes nonlinear layers, XOR operations, and round permutation layers. The S-box serves to introduce nonlinearity in the entire scheme design. It plays a vital role in increasing the complexity and robustness of the design. The S-box can thwart attacks such as linear and differential attacks. The scheme makes it possible to breed many active S-boxes in a short number of rounds, hindering analytical attacks on the cipher. When compared to other currently used ciphers, SLA has a higher throughput. Additionally, we demonstrate the SLA’s performance as an ultra-lightweight compact cipher, and its security analysis. The SLA cipher’s design is well suited for applications where small-scale embedded system dissipation is critical. The SLA algorithm is implemented using Python.