Lightning Components Research Articles

Building an End-to-End Hiring Process in Salesforce: Automating Recruitment with Custom Objects, Approval Processes, and Lightning Components

The process of hiring employees involves numerous steps that can be complex and time-consuming for HR teams. In this paper, we explore how Salesforce can be customized to streamline the hiring process end to end, from the moment a candidate submits an application to the final approval and onboarding. Using custom objects, automation, and integrations within Salesforce, we will develop an efficient system to track interview stages, manage interviewer feedback, and automate approval processes, resulting in a smoother, more organized hiring process. The paper includes key custom fields, workflow automation, and Apex code examples to showcase the technical implementation. Keywords Salesforce, Hiring Process, Automation, Interview Stages, Custom Objects, Workflow, Process Builder, Apex, HR Solutions, Recruiter

Measurement and analysis of partial lightning currents in a head phantom.

Direct lightning strikes to the human head can lead to various effects, ranging from burnings to death. The biological and physical mechanisms of a direct lightning strike in the human head are not well understood. The aim of this paper is to design an experimental setup to measure the spatial and temporal current distribution during a direct lightning strike to physical head phantoms to establish normative values for personal lightning protection equipment design and testing. We created head phantoms made of agarose, replicating the geometric and dielectric properties of scalp, skull, and intracranial volume. The bases of the three compartments were galvanically contacted via copper electrodes to measure the current per compartment. We used pulse generators to apply aperiodic voltage and current signals that modelled lightning components. Our experiments indicated that the scalp compartment was exposed to the current with a fraction of 80–90%. The brain and skull compartments were exposed between 6–13% and 3–6% of the total measured current respectively. In case of a flashover, most of the current (98–99%) flowed through the discharge channel. Unlike previous theoretical estimates and measurements in technical setups, we observed considerably longer times for the flashover to build up. In our experiments, the time to build up a fully formed flashover varied from approximately 30–700 μs. The observed current patterns in cases without and with flashover provided information on regions of possible damage in the human head. Consequently, we identified the phenomenon of a flashover as a potential mechanism for humans to survive a lightning strike. Our measured current distributions and amplitudes formed the base for normative values, which can be used in later experimental investigations regarding the possibilities of individual lightning protection equipment for humans.

Analysis on electrical and thermal conduction of carbon fiber composites under lightning based on electrical-thermal-chemical coupling and arc heating models

Based on arc heating involved electrical-thermal-chemical coupling models of CFRPs subjected to combined lightning components D and C, the changing characteristics of the electrical potential and pyrolysis degree with time in specific locations were analyzed to reveal the electrical conduction mechanism related to resin pyrolysis. Moreover, by comparing to the results calculated by the Joule heat model, the different effects between Joule and arc heating during lightning components D and C were discriminated. The results show that the arc heating has little effect on the temperature rise of CFRPs during component D for lack of the transient response, whereas the arc heating effect plays a dominant role during component C as there is enough time for heat conduction. The work offers a fundamental understanding of the electro-thermal characteristics of CFRPs for lightning damage.

Evaluation method for lightning damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymers subjected to multiple lightning strikes with different combinations of current components

The aircraft lightning environment consists of four lightning current components with different parameters, which are known as lightning components A, B, C and D. The lightning damage of aeronautic carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates subjected to multiple continuous sequential lightning current components with different timing combinations was experimentally evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates suffered serious lightning damage, including carbon fiber fracture, resin pyrolysis and delamination. Through an analysis of the lightning damage properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers, the influential factors and evaluation methods of the lightning damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates were studied. Because the lightning damage evaluation method under a single lightning impulse was found to be inapplicable for the multiple continuous lightning strikes, a multi-factor evaluation method was proposed. In the multiple continuous lightning strike test, the damage depth was found to be closely related to lightning components A, B and D and could be estimated based on the amplitudes and rise rates of the applied lightning components. Increases in the damaged area after a lightning strike were driven by lightning component C due to its substantial thermal effects. The damaged area was evaluated on the basis of the parameters of the electrical action integral and the transfer charge. The research on the evaluation methods for carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate lightning damage presented herein may provide experimental support and a theoretical basis for studying the lightning effect mechanism and optimizing material formulations, manufacturing processes and structural designs to achieve performance improvements for carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates in the future.

Damage analysis of carbon fiber composites exposed to combined lightning current components D and C

The damage properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates exposed to combined lightning components D and C were explored by standardized artificial lightning tests, and then evaluated by visual inspection and ultrasonic scan. To interpret the heating mechanism of CFRPs under the combined lightning components D and C, a mathematical model of lightning arc was involved in the finite element analysis, the results of which agreed well with experimental data. It was revealed that the component D controlled the in-plane damage area, while the sequential injection of component C aggravated the in-plane damage extent and tended to induce in-depth damage. The simulated results indicated that the resistive heating effect played a leading role in thermal damage of CFRPs during component D, whereas the damage occurred in component C was dominated by lightning arc heating effect.

Damage Characteristics of CFRP Laminates Subjected to Multiple Lightning Current Strike

The lightning damage depths and areas of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates subjected to multiple continuous sequential lightning current components with different timing combinations were experimentally evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the CFRP laminates suffered serious lightning damage, including fracture of the carbon fibers and layer delamination. After a multiple lightning strike composed of lightning components A, B and C, the surface temperature of the CFRP laminates, which was projected from the measured temperature with lower magnitude, can exceed 1600 °C. The damage area and depth were approximately 2790 mm2 and 1.28 mm in the “ABCD” test mode. The damage depth was found to be closely related to lightning components A, B and D, which are accompanied by the shockwave and the overpressure effect, the dielectric breakdown effect and the local thermal effect. The increases in the surface temperature and damage area after lightning strike were mainly affected by the lightning component C with substantial thermal effect. The application sequence and material properties are important factors for evaluating the damage effect of the newly added lightning component on samples that have suffered from multiple continuous lightning components. The influencing factors and analysis method for CFRP laminate lightning damage subjected to multiple continuous sequential lightning components may provide both experimental support and a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of the lightning effect and the refinement and improvement of a lightning direct effect test method for CFRP laminates in the future.

Experimental and analytical investigation on metal damage suffered from simulated lightning currents

The damage of two typical metal materials, Al alloy 3003 and steel alloy Q235B, subjected to four representative lightning current components are investigated by laboratory and analytical studies to provide fundamental data for lightning protection. The four lightning components simulating the natural lightning consist of the first return stroke, the continuing current of interval stroke, the long continuing current, and the subsequent stroke, with amplitudes 200 kA, 8 kA, 400 A, and 100 kA, respectively. The damage depth and area suffered from different lightning components are measured by the ultrasonic scanning system. And the temperature rise is measured by the thermal imaging camera. The results show that, for both Al 3003 and steel Q235B, the first return stroke component results in the largest damage area with damage depth 0.02 mm uttermost. The long continuing current component leads to the deepest damage depth of 3.3 mm for Al 3003 and much higher temperature rise than other components. The correlation analysis between damage results and lightning parameters indicates that the damage depth has a positive correlation with charge transfer. The damage area is mainly determined by the current amplitude and the temperature rise increases linearly with the charge transfer larger.