Lighting System Research Articles

Dairy farmer, engagement and understanding of One Health and antimicrobial resistance - a pilot survey from the lower north island of Aotearoa New Zealand

BackgroundReducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires a multidisciplinary One Health approach, which necessitates buy-in from all stakeholders. In Aotearoa New Zealand, where the dairy industry is one of the largest users of antimicrobials, there are ongoing efforts to optimise antimicrobial usage (AMU) to minimise the development of AMR. These include regulations around the veterinary authorisation of the use of antibiotics by farmers without the need for a specific prescription (“the RVM process”) and programmes such as the New Zealand Veterinary Association’s antibiotic ‘Traffic Light System’. The goal of this pilot survey was to develop and trial a questionnaire to determine how much Aotearoa dairy farmers understand about One Health, AMR, the RVM process and how their actions regarding AMU affect the wider environment.MethodsA 55-question semi-structured questionnaire was piloted on 15 dairy farms in the Lower North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand via an in-person semi-structured interview between September and November 2021.ResultsNone of the interviewed farmers could define the term One Health. However, the majority found the RVM process to be of use on their farm, although admitted they generally felt frustration regarding AMR, seeing it as a blockage to productivity, and lacked awareness regarding how their actions were related to its development. Of the farmers interviewed over half had not heard of the traffic light system, and of those who had, one admitted they refused to adhere to it.ConclusionsThis survey’s novel findings have highlighted that there are notable gaps within dairy farmer understanding of AMU, AMR and One Health as well as highlighting that veterinarians could do more to keep their clients informed of their important role within One Health. There is still a lot more work to do with regards to vets, farmers and industry representatives working together to embrace One Health. Simple solutions would be to encourage farmers returning unused drugs to their veterinarians for correct disposal and to actively engage farmers further regarding AMU and AMR, so that these end-product users do not feel disconnected from the process.

Fun with electricity: A novel ballistics gelatin model with LED tracking for ultrasound needle guidance.

Use of ultrasound (US) for procedural needle guidance can improve success rates, safety, and accuracy. Often, training is performed on task trainers, which can be prohibitively expensive. Determining undesired needle placement is difficult when the needle is poorly visualized with US. Currently available simulation phantoms cannot provide real-time feedback on the location of needle placement. The primary objective was to develop and determine feasibility of a low-cost simulation phantom with an internal circuit and LED light system to determine when a needle contacts internal structures. We also aimed to determine whether its use was associated with increased comfort level. Emergency medicine (EM) residents (PGY-1 to PGY-3) performed in-plane and out-of-plane US needle guidance using homemade phantoms. Comfort levels were assessed by pre- and post intervention survey. Outcomes were measured on Likert scale (minimum = 1, maximum = 5). The primary outcome was change in confidence markers before and after the simulation task. Secondary outcomes were survey results of comparisons of these models to prior training experiences on simulators and humans. All EM residents (30) in our program were invited to participate. Twenty participants enrolled and completed the study. In the primary outcome, median comfort with out-of-plane and in-plane guidance increased after using the model but was more pronounced for out-of-plane guidance. On a posttest survey, residents rated the models overall very similar to prior experience on simulators (median 5/5 [IQR 4.0-5.0]) and moderately similar to humans (median 3/5 [IQR 3.0-4.0]). We created a low-cost ballistic gelatin phantom with an internal electric needle guidance system. Use of the phantom for training was associated with increased learner comfort with the procedure. Learners rated the characteristics of the phantom as similar to higher-cost commercial equipment and humans.

Novel deterioration diagnosis device for individual photovoltaic modules useable without disconnecting electric wiring in solar cell string

A novel deterioration diagnosis device for individual photovoltaic modules useable without disconnecting electric wiring in a solar cell string was proposed by improving the authors' previous deterioration diagnosis device for a single separated photovoltaic module. As with the previous device, this proposed device employed a xenon flash lighting system and a detector capacitor. An auxiliary diode network was newly installed as the additional improvement to enable connection of the previous device to the solar cell string and to realize the diagnosis of each photovoltaic module connected in the solar cell string. Before performing demonstration test experiments of the proposed device, preliminary assessment of its diagnostic capability was carried out through numerical simulations. The simulation results suggested the validity of the proposed device. Based on this positive evaluation, a prototype experimental apparatus of the proposed device was then assembled and the demonstration test experiments were carried out by using it. As a result, both the usability without disconnecting electric wiring in the solar cell string and sufficient deterioration diagnosis capability of the proposed deterioration diagnosis device for individual PV modules connected in a solar cell string were successfully confirmed.

MOVEMENT-CONTROLLED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM WITH MINIMAL POWER CONSUMPTION

Energy consumption in the public lighting system represents the largest part of the energy usage of a community, while the maintenance and operation of the system are a considerable expense for every city. This paper focuses on products and innovative components for street lighting, proposing a consumption-reducing solution based on an intelligent system for remote measurements and control with dimming technologies for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The results indicate that considerable energy savings are achieved and the service life of the lamps is extended. A movement-controlled street light system is controlled according to the specific mode. The modes are controlled by two sensors, which are the light-dependent resistor (LDR) and the infrared (IR) sensor. This system can automatically turn on and off the lights according to traffic flow. It operates at night, and the focus is only on the one-way road at a junction. The street light will be on when there is at least one road user; otherwise, it will turn off. This design can save a great deal of energy compared to conventional street lights that keep a light throughout the night. Moreover, the maintenance cost can be reduced, and the lifespan of the system will increase. As a result, the system has been successfully designed and implemented as a model system.

Design of subsurface defect detection system based on two channels

With the continuous improvement of quality requirements for optical components, the detection of subsurface defects in optical components has become a key technology. However, there is a problem with existing detection techniques, which is that they cannot simultaneously and independently detect subsurface defects at the micrometer and nanometer levels. This article analyzes the scattering field model of subsurface scratches and conducts simulation experiments on the relationship between scattering light intensity and system aperture. Based on the simulation results, a dual channel experimental system with adjustable spot size was designed to achieve automated measurement of subsurface defects. The narrow channel was used to detect micrometer-level subsurface defects and the wide channel was used to detect nanometer-level subsurface defects. The experimental results verified the correctness of the simulation experiment. In order to improve the sensitivity of the system, we designed an aperture based on the scattering field distribution of surface and subsurface defects, which is used to block the interference signal on the sample surface and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the subsurface defect signal. The experimental results show that this aperture plays an important role, and the detection sensitivity of the system reaches 100 nm. We used four algorithms for data processing and found that the IQR algorithm is most suitable for this system. Finally, the detection results were compared under different spot sizes, and it was found that small spot sizes have better detection effects on nanoscale subsurface defects. In practice, the spot size can be dynamically adjusted according to the detection needs to achieve the optimal configuration of detection speed and sensitivity.

Salmon lice biology, environmental factors, and smolt behaviour with implications for the Norwegian salmon farming management system: A critical review

AbstractIn 2017, a new regulatory management system, the traffic light system (TLS), was implemented to estimate the effects of salmon lice from Norwegian salmon aquaculture on marine survival of wild Atlantic salmon and forms the basis of aquaculture capacity regulation. The TLS relies on observational data and a set of models to estimate the risk for negative impact on wild salmon populations. This review of the literature that forms the basis for the TLS as well as other relevant studies is presented in the context of the currently practiced TLS and suggestions are made for immediate and long‐term improvements. The main findings of this review are that: (1) assumed timing and duration of smolt migration contribute to unreliable observational and modelled data and overestimates of infection pressure; (2) production of lice larvae from farmed salmon is overestimated; (3) TLS model systems rely on or are calibrated by the same potentially flawed data; (4) lice‐associated mortality in wild salmon smolts may be overestimated; and (5) lice infection levels on farms are not associated with measurable effects on wild salmon. Recommendations to improve the accuracy and reliability of the TLS, and hence its environmental efficiency include the more complete use of available biological and physical environmental variables, adjusting the time period that observational data are registered and modelled data are integrated, adjusting the interpretation of data including recognition of uncertainty in model outcomes, and use of more realistic assumptions concerning lice‐induced mortality thresholds.

Impact on Annual Energy Cost due to Air-Conditioner selection for Hotel Business setup in North India

Energy consumption is a critical factor in determining the overall cost and profitability of a hotel. High energy consumption can significantly increase operating costs, which directly impacts the overall financial performance of a hotel (Filimonau et al., 2011). By reducing energy consumption, hotels can effectively lower their operating costs and increase profitability. This can be achieved through various measures such as implementing energy-efficient lighting systems, optimizing HVAC systems, using smart technologies for better control and monitoring of energy usage, and adopting energy-saving practices in areas such as heating, cooling, and ventilation. Implementing these energy-saving measures can not only reduce the hotel's carbon footprint but also improve its competitiveness in the market (Čingoski & Petrevska, 2018). Additionally, promoting energy conservation in a hotel can also contribute to enhancing its reputation and attracting environmentally conscious guests (Filimonau et al., 2011). Overall, the impact of energy consumption on the cost and profit of a hotel is significant. Keywords Energy consumption, Air-Conditioner Selection, Advance Technologies, Energy Saving, AC Star Rating, Five Star AC, Inverter AC, Split AC, Window AC.

Indoor positioning systems based on visible light communication

Indoor positioning systems (IPS) are crucial in the ever-expanding landscape of wireless communication systems. These systems can generally be classified into four categories based on the underlying positioning technologies. One of them is based on visible light technology using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In this paper, we first present a simple transmission model from the sender to the receiver in a visible light system. Subsequently, we construct a higher-precision, cost-effective model based on the technology proposed by Epsilon. Next, we introduce the most commonly used fingerprint recognition method and triangulation method in visible light indoor positioning. Traditional fingerprint recognition methods have issues such as significant errors. Recent studies have proposed various improvements based on different problems. To address the problem of high position errors, new research introduces an accurate Visible Light Positioning (VLP) method based on location fingerprinting and meta-heuristic. The method presented in this paper addresses the issue of position errors being affected in special cases. A typical IPS is an indoor positioning system utilizing dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The system design involves arranging LED lamps in a rectangular grid shape and using a basic positioning unit. The research discussed in this paper also explores the calculation of channel gains and simulation results of positioning errors. In the proposed positioning system, the coarse position is obtained through the ID acquisition process. When the mobile unit receives one or more LED signals, the ID acquisition process is used to obtain the nearest LEDs ID based on the highest Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). Simulation results indicate an average positioning error of 18 millimeters at a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 10 dB. Through the results of our research, we conclude that the wide applicability of VLC technology makes it a cornerstone in many fields. In our daily lives, optical communication positioning technology continues to improve, promising broader applications in the future.

Research and simulation of an office lighting

This research thoroughly examines the evaluation and optimization methods of office lighting aimed at improving energy efficiency and the working environment through the implementation of advanced lighting technologies. Including a comprehensive technical survey of existing lighting conditions, the development of scientifically substantiated recommendations takes into account regulatory requirements and contemporary practices in the field of lighting technology. An analysis of lighting efficiency, selection of optimal light sources, calculation of their placement for maximum efficiency, and assessment of the impact on energy savings are performed, with the goal of achieving better working conditions and reducing energy consumption. The study includes the following steps: illuminance as a critical factor affecting employee productivity and comfort; technical survey of the lighting system in the office space; methodology for conducting the technical survey – measurements of illuminance in different areas of the space using a lux meter; assesment of the need for luminous flux according to norms and standards for office spaces; selection of the type and power of LED lamps for the new lighting system; calculation of the number and placement of LED lamps to provide the necessary level of illuminance in the automated system DIALux Evo Pro; assessment of the expected results in the context of energy savings and improvement of working conditions; calculation of energy expenditures for the new lighting system; potential impact of the research results on energy management and energy audit in the construction sector. The research conclusions suggest strategies for the implementation of an innovative lighting system, which leads to the optimization of energy consumption and significant improvement of lighting quality. These strategies are expected not only to improve the working environment but also to lead to substantial energy resource savings in offices, thereby promoting ecological sustainability and financial efficiency.

Multiscale Seismic Monitoring in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG)

Abstract The Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geoenergies and Geosciences (BULGG) is located in south-central Switzerland in the middle of a 5.2-km-long tunnel, which connects the Bedretto valley to the Furka railway tunnel. BULGG is a multidisciplinary laboratory that facilitates experiments and research across various fields. From a seismological perspective, a dense seismic network is deployed that allows real-time monitoring of both natural and induced seismicity occurring in the tunnel and the surroundings. In addition, a multilevel monitoring approach during experiments leads to the generation of real-time high-resolution earthquake catalogs issuing event-based alerts and is the input for a simple traffic light system (magnitude and/or ground-motion based), which provides essential information for the advanced traffic-light system (probabilistic approach). We have set up two separate real-time monitoring systems that monitor the background seismicity, as well as injection experiments, with both systems built on the SeisComP framework. The background monitoring, serving as the backbone network, includes broadband sensors at the surface and along the tunnel, as well as strong-motion sensors and high-frequency geophones along the tunnel and in boreholes. The sampling rate is divergent and depends on sensor type and proximity to faults (200–2000 Hz). Acoustic emission sensors and high-frequency accelerometers sampled at 200 kHz constitute the experimental setup that locates in multiple experimental volumes, which include fluid injections, extractions, and tunneling activities. All sensors transmit real-time data to a common server (SeedLink), which serves multiple clients for processing, real-time visualization, archiving via SeisComP, and risk control via dedicated software. A standardized workflow is applied to both background and experimental monitoring, encompassing automatic picking, automatic phase association and location, and magnitude estimation. Advanced methods are implemented in real time that include double-difference relocation and earthquake detection based on waveform cross correlation. BULGG provides a unique environment to implement novel methods in observational and network seismology across scales.

Analysis Of Calculation Of Illumination Needs At Tadulako University Hospital

Introduction: Lighting in the room varies, this is adjusted to the activities carried out in the room. Each room has its own lighting standards. The provision of electric power must meet sufficient capacity to serve the load. The construction of the Tadulako University College Hospital project cannot be separated from the need for electricity. In this building, electric power is used to meet lighting, air conditioning and medical needs. Method: This study uses a comparative analysis method to determine the suitability between the lighting calculation results and established standards, as well as a quantitative method in calculating lighting factors. Results and Disscussion: This study shows that the use of Downlight and LED Panel lamps at Tadulako University Hospital has met the standards of PERMENKES NO. 24 of 2016. Downlights are used in public spaces and corridors because they provide more focused and bright lighting, while LED Panels are used in special rooms for the comfort of patients and medical personnel. The trial showed that all rooms comply with the established lighting standards. Conclusion: This study concluded that the lighting system in Tadulako University Hospital using Downlight and LED Panel lamps has met the standards set by PERMENKES NO. 24 of 2016. LED Panel lamps are used in certain rooms to provide comfort for patients and medical personnel, while Downlight lamps are used in public rooms and corridors because the lighting is more focused and bright.

Development of waste glass frits-based phosphor in glass system for solid-state lighting with high thermal stability

Development of waste glass frits-based phosphor in glass system for solid-state lighting with high thermal stability

A survey on machine learning algorithm applications in visible light communication systems

A survey on machine learning algorithm applications in visible light communication systems

Real-time hierarchical parallel rendering and display of light field images

Light field display technology has attracted considerable interest due to its remarkable 3D display capabilities and compatibility. However, the real-time capture of massive light field image data remains a significant challenge in this field. To improve rendering efficiency and achieve high-quality 3D display, a real-time hierarchical parallel rendering method is proposed. The method parallelizes the rendering pipeline of light field images from multi-levels. Firstly, instancing technology is exploited for parallel rendering of high-dimensional orthogonal parallax information. Secondly, perspective coherence of parallax, lighting, and texture information are used for the parallel rendering of one dimensional parallax effects. Thirdly, the data processing process has been simplified and accelerated by using parallel scanning slicing algorithms and parallel pixel recombination. This multi-level parallel processing architecture significantly reduces the loops and repetitive calculations. An efficient rendering pipeline was developed to achieve real-time rendering of 200 viewpoint light field images with anisotropic lighting effects at a 4 K resolution. The frame rate is 40 frames per second (fps). Compared to traditional methods, this algorithm reduces the time required to render one frame of light image by 17 times. A light field display system was made to validate the effectiveness of the method. High performance 3D images were outputted using the rendered light field images.

Leveraging the Integration of IoT Devices for Energy Optimization in Office Blocks

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in office buildings has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing energy efficiency and optimizing resource utilization. In the context of modern workplaces, the adoption of smart technologies offers a transformative approach towards achieving energy optimization goals. Internet connected smart devices are ubiquitous and hence opens new opportunities for optimising energy consumption within office blocks. This research paper explores the integration of IoT devices within an office environment to improve energy efficiency and sustainability. The research paper aims to review a simple and low-cost smart workplace model that employs IoT technology, cloud storage, and data analytics for real-time monitoring and analysis of energy consumption patterns within an office environment. The study examines the implementation of an integration of IoT sensors within an office environment enabling HVAC and lighting systems to dynamically adjust energy use based on real-time conditions such as occupancy levels, ambient temperature, and daylight availability. Through the identification of trends, anomalies, and opportunities for optimization, the study seeks to qualify adaptive control strategies that can effectually reduce energy waste and improve general operational productivity in office buildings. The findings from this research underwrite to the growing field of smart offices by demonstrating the potential of integrating IoT devices for energy optimization in modern office blocks.

Web-based Internet of Things on environmental and lighting control and monitoring system using node-RED, MQTT and Modbus communications within embedded Linux platform

This paper presents our innovative approach in the field of Internet of Things (IoT). Our focus was on enhancing the research environment at Cheng Shiu University's laboratory through the creation of a dynamic network monitoring setup and lighting control system. Our aim was to simplify equipment management and promote energy efficiency. The core of our development is the Raspberry Pi 4B embedded Linux platform, which serves as a host for both a Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker and a Node-RED server. Python programs, developed in PyCharm IDE, utilize multiple threads for efficient data exchange via Modbus TCP and MQTT protocols, facilitating seamless interaction between PLCs and MQTT broker servers. The Node-RED IoT development tool was instrumental in crafting a cross-platform Human-Machine Interface (HMI) web server with MQTT Publish/Subscribe capabilities, ensuring smooth communication with the MQTT broker server. By configuring the Apache HTTP server to direct to the Node-RED web directory, we can effectively monitor laboratory conditions and manage the lighting system. The experimental results validate the cost-effectiveness of our approach in transforming traditional control systems into a web-based supervisory control system, thereby enhancing the overall functionality of existing equipment. This project underscores our commitment to advancing IoT solutions in practical settings.

Exploring the relationship between office lighting, cognitive performance, and psychophysiological responses: A multidimensional approach

Recognizing the growing importance of optimizing work environments for better cognitive performance, this study examined the relationships between general office lighting, psychophysiological responses and cognitive performance. Sixteen healthy adults in their 20s participated in experiments under nine different lighting conditions combining three levels of correlated color temperature (i.e., 4,000K, 5,000K, and 6,500K) and three levels of illuminance (i.e., 200 lx, 500 lx, and 800 lx). In the experiments, subjects’ primary and complex cognitive performances were measured and their psychophysiological responses such as mental workload, drowsiness, mental fatigue and stress, and visual fatigue were evaluated. Statistical analyses revealed that higher correlated color temperature and illuminance significantly enhanced primary cognitive performance but did not significantly impact complex cognitive performance or most psychophysiological responses. Notably, psychophysiological responses and cognitive performances were found to have mutual relationships rather than one being an absolute independent variable for another. The study suggests that tailored smart lighting systems could enhance cognitive performance in office environments by dynamically adjusting lighting conditions based on real-time psychophysiological feedback.

Performance in professional soccer players: normative data and benchmarks from official matches for metabolic power and high-intensity activities.

The opportunity to compare data among players using normative data and benchmarks may represent a helpful tool for coaches to assess the players' physical performance easily and quickly. This study aimed to create normative data and benchmarks that can be exploited to compare professional soccer players' physical capacity competing in the Premier Division Championship (series A). Match data from six professional soccer teams competing in the Premier Division championship (Serie A and Italy Cup matches) were collected during the entire season. Players (N.=112) were divided based on the role positioning as follows: forwards and wingers (FW), midfielders (MF), side-backs (SB), and center-backs (CB). All the teams analyzed competed with a 4-3-3 formation, and only players who played for the entire match (85-95 minutes) were considered. The video analysis system STATS SportVU was used to collect the data during official matches. Average metabolic power (AP) was considered to estimate the energy cost. The number of power events (PE), distance (m) covered at more than 25 W/kg (D25), and finally, the distance covered at v>25 km/h (VHS) were considered as high-intensity assessments. Standardized T-scores (scaled from 0 to 100) were calculated for each role and variable. T-score data was used to create performance bands combined with qualitative description (ranging from extremely poor to excellent), and a traffic light system approach was implemented to simplify the data's interpretation. The results could be used to compare different athletes' performance quickly and effectively, to detect symptoms of overtraining, and to give helpful insights to coaches on what the training should be focused on.

ULiDR: An inertial-assisted unmodulated visible light positioning system for smartphone-based pedestrian navigation

Visible Light Positioning (VLP) techniques have attracted considerable attention owing to their cost-effectiveness, high precision, and ubiquitous infrastructure. However, conventional VLP demands supplementary hardware for Light Emitting Diode (LED) modulation, which entails retrofitting existing indoor light systems for positioning applications. Thus, it is costly for wide-scale adoption. Moreover, the built-in Photodiodes (PDs) in smartphones can only provide a limited sampling rate (around 10 Hz), making it challenging to identify LEDs and extract each LED’s light intensity by Frequency Division Multiplexing and Fast Fourier Transform. To alleviate these problems, we develop a novel inertial-aided Unmodulated Visible Light Positioning system (uLiDR) for resource-constrained platforms like smartphones. Firstly, we evaluate the feasibility of unmodulated LED for precise ranging using smartphones. Next, we introduce a selective fusion strategy to mitigate LED occlusion in pedestrian navigation. As slight tilts of the phone are unavoidable during walking, we leverage attitude information calculated by the built-in sensors to handle the phone’s tilt in VLP. Then, we implement the tightly-coupled integration of uVLP and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) in an optimization-based framework. The initial location is vital for PDR, and thereby, we proposed an Angle of Arrival (AoA)-based method to provide a precise initial location estimation for PDR. Experimental results show that the proposed uLiDR can achieve precise pedestrian navigation and effectively suppress the error accumulation of PDR.

The Impact of Smart Home Technologies on Energy Efficiency, Cost Savings, and Environmental Benefits

The results of this study addressed the effectiveness of smart home technologies in terms of energy consumption, cost reduction, and environmental advantages in Nigerian homes. Given the growing energy requirements and concern for the environment, assessing the efficiency of such technologies is critical for socioeconomic development. We collected data using a combination of surveys and statistical analysis in five major Nigerian cities: Lagos, Abuja, Kano, Port Harcourt, and Enugu. We evaluated smart home technologies such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, appliances, plugs, and energy monitoring systems based on their energy savings (%), monthly cost savings (NGN), kilogram of CO2 emissions cut, and percent adoption. We used descriptive analysis and regression modeling to analyze the data collected from the respondents. The introduction of smart technologies reduced general energy use by fifteen to twenty-five percent, with smart appliances recording the highest reduction of up to 25%. This feature demonstrated how monthly cost savings varied depending on the technology and geographical location, resulting in significant increases of up to 4000 NGN per household, each household saw a reduction in CO2 emissions by 500 kg to 700 kg annually, resulting in significant environmental benefits. According to the studies, smart home technologies can help promote energy conservation and therefore reduce CO2 emissions in Nigerian households. However, there are still widely recognized obstacles, like high initial costs and a low level of awareness. offering financial incentives, improving Information Promotion of existing policies and overhauling the distribution systems to increase the pace of uptake and impact returns.