Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms Research Articles

LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION IN A MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM

Abstract: With the development of mobile devices and the advent of smartphones, the Internet has become part of everyday life. Any category of information about weather, flight schedule, etc. it is just a click away from the keyboard. This availability of data has led to a continuous increase in connectivity between devices, from any corner of the world. Combining device connectivity with systems automation allows the collection of information, its analysis and implicitly decision-making on the basis of information. Their introduction and continued expansion of devices that communicate in networks (including the Internet) have made security issues very important devices as well as for users. One of the main methodologies that ensures data confidentiality is encryption, which protects data from unauthorized access, but at the cost of using extensive mathematical models. Due to the nature of IoT devices, the resources allocated to a device can be constrained by certain factors, some of which are related to costs and others to the physical limitations of the device. Ensuring the confidentiality of data requires the use of encryption algorithms for these interconnected devices, which provide protection while maintaining the operation of that device. The need for these types of algorithms has created conditions for the growth and development of the concept of lightweight encryption, which aim to find encryption systems that can be implemented on these categories of devices, with limited hardware and software requirements. The paper proposes a lightweight cryptographic algorithm implemented on a microcontroller system, comparing its performances with those of the already existing system (based on x86).

Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for IOT Devices

Lightweight cryptography is a new concept for securing data more effectively while using fewer resources and providing greater throughput, conservatism, and low battery consumption. Every fraction second, the Internet of Things (IoT), which connects billions of objects, generates massive amounts of data. As the number of devices grows, so does the amount of data generated, and the security of that data becomes a concern. In IoT architecture, gadgets are essentially smaller and low-powered. Because of their complexity, traditional encryption methods are computationally expensive and take many rounds to encrypt, basically wasting the limited energy of IoT devices. However, a less sophisticated method may jeopardise the intended fidelity. There are various lightweight cryptography techniques available, and we choose one of the symmetric encryption techniques known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The speed of this algorithm is six times that of triple DES.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The importance of light-weight encryption cipher in restricted IoT systems to make intelligent technology safer for devices

Light-weight Cryptography is a subset of cryptography that aims to create interaction with low-power enabled devices. The use of constrained devices in most of the fields has created the need of light-weight cryptography. Many modern algorithms are designed to be used without hardware optimization tools as part of a computer software framework. This reality makes it difficult for devices with minimal computing capacity, small volumes, and low power consumption to use most current cryptographic algorithms. The foundation of light-weight cryptography has become cryptographic data protection techniques in low-cost systems. Light-weight cryptography is important in the case of the providing security to wireless sensor devices. Light-weight algorithm developers are sometimes forced to choose between two algorithm criteria, often mutually specific: protection, cost, and productivity. In practice, two of the three design goals are easy to optimize: protection and expense, while it is very challenging to simultaneously optimize all three design goals, safety and efficiency or cost and performance. Several Light-weight Cryptography algorithms are implemented in this respect: software and hardware. They have several and frequently contradictory features. In this regard two types of ciphers were used depending on the algorithm: one is block cipher and the other is stream cipher. In this paper, we are going to discuss the major role of Light-weight Cryptography in IoT devices and its challenges to run constrained devices in a specific Filed. As previously stated, the limitations of the research Lightweight Block Ciphers PRESENT, CLEFIA and Stream Ciphers Grain, Rabbit will be discussed.

A performance comparison of lightweight cryptographic algorithms suitable for IoT transmissions

In the past decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged and has been of great importance in the digital world arousing the interest of the scientific community. The requirements of new small intelligent devices brought numerous security and privacy concerns. In order to secure the exchanged data through the IoT, integrity and authentication protocols are required and are usually constructed under hash functions. We notice that the most conventional cryptographic standards are not suitable for multiple platforms hardware/software. The expressed need is to construct lightweight functions and algorithms suitable for constrained environments including small devices. In this context, we propose a review of the research progress on IoT architecture. Further, we present and compare some selected lightweight cryptographic algorithms regarding security, performance, and resource requirements. The main goal of the present paper is to highlight the need to provide security systems for IoT applications through lightweight cryptographic mechanisms.

Developed Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for The Application of Image Encryption: A Review

As a consequence of the fast evolution of information technology, a substantial amount of digital information is created and disseminated over various kinds of networks. The digital image represents one of the most commonly utilized formats of digital data since it has a straight visual effect. Moreover, a digital image holds important possibilities and extra information, for instance, personal photographs are capable of conveying the persons' physical appearance as well as other details like their ages and health. So, it is significant to protect digital images from unauthorized accessing that certainly specifies the need for developing efficient lightweight cryptographic algorithms to ensure the digital images' privacy. In this review paper, several developed lightweight cryptographic algorithms and their application in digital image encryption were presented. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the recently existing related works was achieved for these developed algorithms.

Lightweight design of SM4 algorithm and realization of threshold scheme

Aiming at the lightweight design of SM4 cryptographic algorithm, a lightweight cryptographic algorithm scheme is proposed and implemented in hardware. Based on the work of Li et al., a 4-bit S-box is selected. The original 8-bit look-up table S-box in the SM4 algorithm is replaced with a 4-bit cyclic shift S-box, and the same circuit structure is used to save resources in hardware implementation. A threshold scheme based on the principle of secret sharing is proposed to improve the overall security of the scheme against side-channel attacks. The input information is divided into three groups, and all operations are converted from GF(24) to GF(22) through a multiplier and a squarer, which further reduces the circuit consumption and improves the security of the algorithm. In the realization of the threshold scheme, virtual values are intro-duced to ensure that the scheme meets the uniformity, and the decomposition method is used in the inverter to re-duce the number of operations and the proportion of space. After theoretical deduction, the threshold scheme as a whole has the ability to resist first-order and second-order DPA attacks. The overall hardware implementation of the program uses a total of 2803 logic elements, which proves that it achieves the goal of lightweight while ensuring safety.

A Countermeasure of Power Attack for Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Using Bit Permutation Operation

The implantation security of cryptographic algorithm is very important. This paper proposes a method to resist power consumption attack for lightweight cryptographic algorithms. Using bit permutation operation as a countermeasure, we ensure that the position of each data of the original intermediate value data has changed after the bit is permutated, which greatly increases the difficulty of the attack. SKINNY is taken as an example for evaluate the effect of the proposed countermeasure. The experiment results show that the key will not reveal over 100,000 energy traces by using the countermeasure.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Cryptography Ransomware Detection for Low-End Embedded Processors

A crypto-ransomware has the process to encrypt victim’s files. Afterward, the crypto-ransomware requests a ransom for the password of encrypted files to victims. In this paper, we present a novel approach to prevent crypto-ransomware by detecting block cipher algorithms for Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. We extract the sequence and frequency characteristics from the opcode of binary files for the 8-bit Alf and Vegard’s RISC (AVR) processor microcontroller. In other words, the late fusion method is used to extract two features from one source data, learn through each network, and integrate them. We classify the crypto-ransomware virus or harmless software through the proposed method. The general software from AVR packages and block cipher implementations written in C language from lightweight block cipher library (i.e., Fair Evaluation of Lightweight Cryptographic Systems (FELICS)) are trained through the deep learning network and evaluated. The general software and block cipher algorithms are successfully classified by training functions in binary files. Furthermore, we detect binary codes that encrypt a file using block ciphers. The detection rate is evaluated in terms of F-measure, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. The proposed method not only achieved 97% detection success rate for crypto-ransomware but also achieved 80% success rate in classification for each lightweight cryptographic algorithm and benign firmware. In addition, the success rate in classification for Substitution-Permutation-Network (SPN) structure, Addition-Rotation-eXclusive-or structures (ARX) structure, and benign firmware is 95%.

Review of the Lineal Complexity Calculation through Binomial Decomposition-Based Algorithms

The ubiquity of smart devices and IoT are the main forces behind the development of cryptographic primitives that preserve the security of this devices, with the resources constraints they face. In this sense, the development of lightweight cryptographic algorithms, where PRNGs are an essential part of them, provides security to all these interconnected devices. In this work, a family of sequence generators with hard characteristics to be analyzed by standard methods is described. Moreover, we introduce an innovative technique for sequence decomposition that allows one to extract useful information on the sequences under study. In addition, diverse algorithms to evaluate the strength of such binary sequences have been introduced and analyzed to show which performs better.

WITHDRAWN: Cluster based data-aggregation using lightweight cryptographic algortihm for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of large number of SNs that are distributed to capture data from other nodes. In WSN, there are diverse secure data aggregation methods are used; however, it fails to address the authentication process. It is extremely confronting to implement authentication while preserving the energy consumption in WNS. The prevailing approaches concentrates on various limitations like sharing security key, key length to enhance authentication. However, it leads data aggregation network exposed to malicious activities. This work presents a novel method to address security and energy issues in WSN which is known as a secure Lightweight cryptographic data-aggregation algorithm (SLC-DAA). The proposed SLC-DAA uses cryptographic primitives like hash functions and XOR operations. This method is used to providing promising solutions in cluster based data-aggregation using higher security and energy consumption model. When compared to existing approaches, the proposed model is simple and provides better computational efficiency and privacy protection.

A lightweight cryptographic algorithm for the transmission of images from road environments in self-driving

With the large-scale application of 5G in industrial production, the Internet of Things has become an important technology for various industries to achieve efficiency improvement and digital transformation with the help of the mobile edge computing. In the modern industry, the user often stores data collected by IoT devices in the cloud, but the data at the edge of the network involves a large of the sensitive information, which increases the risk of privacy leakage. In order to address these two challenges, we propose a security strategy in the edge computing. Our security strategy combines the Feistel architecture and short comparable encryption based on sliding window (SCESW). Compared to existing security strategies, our proposed security strategy guarantees its security while significantly reducing the computational overhead. And our GRC algorithm can be successfully deployed on a hardware platform.

Security analysis and performance evaluation of a new lightweight cryptographic algorithm for cloud computing

Nowadays, cloud computing is rapid growth in the IT industry, which provides a new way to manage the different information systems. The rapid development of technology makes it essential to use this technology and to benefit from its advantages. With raising awareness and worries about cloud services and information security, understanding and knowledge are growing for the usage of algorithms security into the processes and data systems. The primary purpose of this research work is to undertake a security analysis and performance assessment of a new lightweight cryptographic algorithm for enhancing data security in cloud computing. It focuses on studying the performance and security analysis algorithm architecture base on computational time and key sensitivity, statistical analysis, image histogram, and entropy change analysis in cloud computing environment. It also, provides a performance comparison of general symmetric algorithms used to secure the cloud services: DES, AES, Blowfish, RC4, HIGH, SF, and SIT.

A new lightweight cryptographic algorithm for enhancing data security in cloud computing

Data has been pivotal to all facets of human life in the last decades. In recent years, the massive growth of data as a result of the development of various applications. This data needs to be secured and stored in secure sites. Cloud computing is the technology can be used to store those massive amounts of data. . The rapid development of this technology makes it more critical. Therefore, it has become urgent to secure data from attackers to preserve its integrity, confidentiality, protection, privacy and procedures required for handling it. This paper proposed a New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm for Enhancing Data Security that can be used to secure applications on cloud computing. The algorithm is a 16 bytes (128-bit) block cipher and wants 16 bytes (128-bit) key to encrypt the data. It is inspired by feistal and substitution permutation architectural methods to improve the complexity of the encryption. The algorithm achieves Shannon's theory of diffusion and confusion by the involvement of logical operations, such as (XOR, XNOR, shifting, swapping). It also features flexibility in the length of the secret key and the number of turns. The experimental results of the proposed algorithm presented a strong security level and an apparent enhancement in measures of cipher execution time and security forces compared to the cryptographic systems widely used in cloud computing.

Design and Implementation of a Strong and Secure Lightweight Cryptographic Hash Algorithm using Elliptic Curve Concept: SSLHA-160

Cryptographic hash function assumes a fundamental job in numerous pieces of cryptographic algorithm and conventions, particularly in authentication, non-repudiation and information trustworthiness administrations. A cryptographic hash work takes a commitment of optional tremendous size message and conveys a fixed little size hash code as a yield. In the proposed work SSLHA-160 (a strong and secure lightweight cryptographic hash algorithm), each 512-digit square of a message is first diminished to 256-bit. A cryptographic hash work takes a contribution of discretionary enormous size message and delivers a fixed little size hash code as a yield. In the proposed work SSLHA-160 (A strong and secure lightweight cryptographic hash algorithm), each 512- digit square of a message is first diminished to 256-bit and afterward partitioned into eight equivalent block of 32 pieces each and each 32-cycle block is additionally separated into two sub-block of 16-piece each. These two sub-blocks go about as two purposes of an elliptic curve, which are utilized for computing another point which is of 16 pieces. The new point esteems are thusly handled to produce message digest. SSLHA-160 is easy to develop, simple to actualize and displays solid torrential slide impact (avalanche), when contrasted with SHA1, RIPEMD160 and MD5.

Decentralized Data Aggregation: A New Secure Framework Based on Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms

Blockchain has become very popular and suitable to the Internet of Things (IoT) field due to its nontamperability and decentralization properties. The number of IoT devices and leaders (who own IoT devices) is increased exponentially, and thus, data privacy and security are undoubtedly significant concerns. In this paper, we summarize some issues for the BeeKeeper system, a blockchain‐based IoT system, proposed by Zhou et al., and then aim for presenting an improved solution for decentralized data aggregation (DDA) on IoT. Firstly, we formally state the security requirements of DDA. Secondly, we propose our basic DDA system by using secret sharing to improve its efficiency and smart contracts as the computing processors. Moreover, the proposed full‐fledged system achieves data sharing (e.g., a leader to access data of others’ devices), which is realized by using local differential privacy and cryptographic primitives such as token‐based encryption. Finally, to show the feasibility, we provide some implementations and experiments for the DDA systems.

Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices: A Review, Comparison and Research Opportunities

IoT is becoming more common and popular due to its wide range of applications in various domains. They collect data from the real environment and transfer it over the networks. There are many challenges while deploying IoT in a real-world, varying from tiny sensors to servers. Security is considered as the number one challenge in IoT deployments, as most of the IoT devices are physically accessible in the real world and many of them are limited in resources (such as energy, memory, processing power and even physical space). In this paper, we are focusing on these resource-constrained IoT devices (such as RFID tags, sensors, smart cards, etc.) as securing them in such circumstances is a challenging task. The communication from such devices can be secured by a mean of lightweight cryptography, a lighter version of cryptography. More than fifty lightweight cryptography (plain encryption) algorithms are available in the market with a focus on a specific application(s), and another 57 algorithms have been submitted by the researchers to the NIST competition recently. To provide a holistic view of the area, in this paper, we have compared the existing algorithms in terms of implementation cost, hardware and software performances and attack resistance properties. Also, we have discussed the demand and a direction for new research in the area of lightweight cryptography to optimize balance amongst cost, performance and security.

Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for Guessing Attack Protection in Complex Internet of Things Applications

As the world keeps advancing, the need for automated interconnected devices has started to gain significance; to cater to the condition, a new concept Internet of Things (IoT) has been introduced that revolves around smart devicesʼ conception. These smart devices using IoT can communicate with each other through a network to attain particular objectives, i.e., automation and intelligent decision making. IoT has enabled the users to divide their household burden with machines as these complex machines look after the environment variables and control their behavior accordingly. As evident, these machines use sensors to collect vital information, which is then the complexity analyzed at a computational node that then smartly controls these devicesʼ operational behaviors. Deep learning‐based guessing attack protection algorithms have been enhancing IoT security; however, it still has a critical challenge for the complex industries’ IoT networks. One of the crucial aspects of such systems is the need to have a significant training time for processing a large dataset from the networkʼs previous flow of data. Traditional deep learning approaches include decision trees, logistic regression, and support vector machines. However, it is essential to note that this convenience comes with a price that involves security vulnerabilities as IoT networks are prone to be interfered with by hackers who can access the sensor/communication data and later utilize it for malicious purposes. This paper presents the experimental study of cryptographic algorithms to classify the types of encryption algorithms into the asymmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithm. It presents a deep analysis of AES, DES, 3DES, RSA, and Blowfish based on timing complexity, size, encryption, and decryption performances. It has been assessed in terms of the guessing attack in real‐time deep learning complex IoT applications. The assessment has been done using the simulation approach and it has been tested the speed of encryption and decryption of the selected encryption algorithms. For each encryption and decryption, the tests executed the same encryption using the same plaintext for five separate times, and the average time is compared. The key size used for each encryption algorithm is the maximum bytes the cipher can allow. To the comparison, the average time required to compute the algorithm by the three devices is used. For the experimental test, a set of plaintexts is used in the simulation—password‐sized text and paragraph‐sized text—that achieves target fair results compared to the existing algorithms in real‐time deep learning networks for IoT applications.

CoopECC: A Collaborative Cryptographic Mechanism for the Internet of Things

The emergence of IoT applications has risen the security issues of the big data sent by the IoT devices. The design of lightweight cryptographic algorithms becomes a necessity. Moreover, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a promising cryptographic technology that has been used in IoT. However, connected objects are resource‐constrained devices, with limited computing power and energy power. Driven by these motivations, we propose and develop a secure cryptographic protocol called CoopECC which leverages the organization of IoT nodes into cluster to distribute the load of cluster head (CH) among its cluster members. This technique proves that it optimizes the resource consumption of the IoT nodes including computation and energy consumption. Performance evaluation, done with TOSSIM simulator, shows that the proposed protocol CoopECC outperforms the original ECC algorithm, in terms of computation time, consumed energy, and the network’s lifespan.

Lightweight, Single-Clock-Cycle, Multilayer Cipher for Single-Channel IoT Communication: Design and Implementation

The area of lightweight cryptography for constrained nodes has been quite well researched since the advent of RFID tags. However, the important issue of the integrated design of a secure, ultra-low power, small-footprint IoT transceiver has not received sufficient attention. The objective of this paper is to present such a transceiver and evaluate its data rate and power in the presence of the cryptographic overhead and compare its security with that of prior lightweight cryptographic algorithms. The proposed secure transceiver design is based on two main novel ingredients. The first is the Edge-Coded Signaling (ECS) protocol - a recently introduced technique for single-channel, high-data rate, low-power dynamic signaling that does not require any clock and data recovery. The second ingredient is a novel high-speed symmetric block cipher, HSA5/1, that is based on the well-known $A5/1$ cipher and that generates a full keystream in one clock cycle. Both ingredients are combined to design a lightweight, high-speed, multilayer cipher with a tunable impact on ECS’s power consumption, energy efficiency, and data rate. The multilayer cipher provides additional layers of packet security that make it difficult for an attacker to even receive a legitimate packet, let alone decrypt its data by attacking the HSA5/1 protocol itself. In addition, the multilayer encryption method may be easily configured to modulate the communication security overhead as a function of the number of clock cycles made available to the encryption/decryption stage. The secure ECS transceiver is prototyped and verified on both an embedded and an FPGA platform. It has also been synthesized for an ASIC implementation in $65nm$ CMOS technology that is shown to preserve the low-power operation of ECS, consuming only $27~\mu W$ of power at a clock frequency of $25MHz$ while requiring only one clock cycle for executing 148-bit-key encryption/decryption unit.

Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for Internet of Things enabled Networks: An Overview

Internet of Things is a worldwide set-up of interconnected entities that permits millions of devices to communicate with each other. Combined with reliable communication, ensuring security concerning confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity is a great challenge in IoT. Unsecured IoT devices open gateway for attacks. Unprotected and vulnerable devices, at times, allow easy entry for hackers, enabling them to have access to the shared network and personal, corporate assets. Conventional security measures are not suitable and cannot be applied to IoT technologies because of their minimum storage, low processing capacity, and limited computing power. Besides, scalability and heterogeneity issues arise when a variety of devices are interconnected. This paper presents the security threats and requirements of IoT cryptography, technology, and trends. The paper also discusses the challenges faced and the comparison of solutions already existing in IoT security.