Lightweight Bricks Research Articles

Engineering Value in Projects Building Construction: Case Research Sofifi 3-Story ASN Official House - North Maluku Province

The sustainability of construction projects often hinges on managing costs effectively, as illustrated by the case study of an ASN housing building project in Sofifi, North Maluku. This research aims to achieve significant cost savings by optimizing the selection of construction materials and methods, utilizing the Value Engineering Method. This method systematically assesses the value of each component relative to its function, promoting an innovative approach to minimizing unnecessary expenditures. The research followed several structured stages: information gathering, creative ideation, analysis, evaluation, and development, each focusing on identifying feasible alternatives to reduce costs. The analysis identified two key solutions: replacing conventional flooring with precast materials for floor work and substituting lightweight brick walls with red brick walls. Implementing these changes reduced the total project cost from IDR 2,295,005,206 to IDR 1,698,939,324, achieving savings of IDR 596,115,883 (35%). The findings of this study provide practical implications for construction project management, offering a structured approach to material and method selection that can be adapted to broader-scale projects for enhanced cost-efficiency.

The Effect of Adding the Mishraq Sulfur Ore on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Al-Angor and Al-Nahrawan Clays to Producing Lightweight Bricks

This paper aims to examine the possibility of producing lightweight laboratory clay Bricks by adding sulfur ore powder in different weight ratios ranging from 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, to 50% as supplementary materials to two types of clays taken from two different sites, which is the Al-Angor clay region near the city of Ramadi and the Al-Nahrawan clay region. The bricks burned at temperatures of 950 and 1050 C°٬ and the longitudinal Shrinkage tests, bulk density, water absorption, compression strength, and efflorescence were measured. The X-ray diffraction analysis was executed to determine the formed metal phases. The results of the tests showed a direct proportion between longitudinal contraction and water absorption ratio with the addition of sulfur ore and high burning temperature. While bulk density and compression strength are inversely proportional to the sulfur ratio and high burning temperature. Efflorescence tests showed a decrease in the efflorescence rate with an increase in the proportion of sulfur ore.

Pemanfaatan Abu Cangkang Kopi Sebagai Substitusi Semen Untuk Bahan Beton Ringan Menggunakan Bahan Tambah Sikament NN

The chemical reaction of cement and water produces compounds that are alkaline and react with various acids so that they can reduce the quality of concrete. To minimize this effect, pozzolanic materials need to be added. Organic pozzolan materials such as coffee shell ash waste can be used as material for making lightweight foam concrete which can be applied to non-structural buildings such as lightweight bricks. This research was conducted to see the effect of coffee shell ash substitution for cement on the properties of fresh concrete and the mechanical properties of lightweight foam concrete and to find the most optimal substitution composition for coffee shell ash for cement as well as lightweight foam concrete with FAS 0.5. Substitution of coffee shell ash for cement weight was carried out with variations of 0% BBN, 5% BBAAK1, 10% BBAAK2, and 15% BBAAK3 using 1% superplasticizer additive. The test object used is a cylinder with dimensions of 15 cm x 30 cm. The number of test objects used was 24 pieces. Tests for compressive strength and split tensile strength were carried out at the age of 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests carried out at 28 days for the lightweight foam concrete variations BBN, BBAAK 1, BBAAK 2 and BBAAK 3 were respectively 15.29 MPa, 12.21 MPa, 18.29 MPa and 19.52 MPa. The greater showing variation in the percentage of coffee shell ash substitution used, the greater the resulting compressive strength and split tensile strength values. This is because Sikament NN also plays a role in increasing the compressive strength of concrete

Shear Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Ferrocement Beams with Light Weight Core Material

In this paper, the shear behavior of ferro-cement hollow beams is investigated experimentally and analytically. Ten reinforced concrete beams with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 × 200 × 1300 mm and a clear span of 1000 mm were cast and tested until failure under a two-point loading system. Ferrocement beams in this research contained either an autoclaved aerated lightweight brick core (AAC) or an extruded foam core (EFC) and were reinforced with either expanded metal mesh (EMM) or welded wire mesh (WWM). The structural behavior of the studied beams, including first crack, deflection, ultimate load, crack pattern, failure mode, and ductility index, was investigated. The experimental data were used to validate finite element models created with the ABAQUS finite element program. It can be concluded that the optimum performance of ferrocement beams can be achieved using beams with a second layer of expanded steel mesh as additional reinforcement, which led to an increase in the ultimate load and maximum deflection by 12.9% and 22.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the Numerical results agreed with the experimental results, where the ratio between the NLFE ultimate loads and the experimental ultimate loads varies between 1.02 and 1.07, with an average ratio of 1.04.

Effect of the Utilization of Lightweight Brick Wastes and Silica Fume Addition on the Concrete Compressive Strength

Effect of the Utilization of Lightweight Brick Wastes and Silica Fume Addition on the Concrete Compressive Strength

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Tiram Sebagai Substitusi Semen pada Campuran Bata Ringan

Indonesian coastal areas of tourist spots that cause large amounts of seafood waste, such as oyster shells, led to the idea of reducing beach pollution by using oyster shells as a partial substitute for lightweight bricks as construction material. Lightweight bricks require high costs and have a heavy mass as walls, so oyster shell powder, which contains calcium carbonate and has a smaller specific gravity, is expected to qualify the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements for lightweight bricks. The research method is quantitative experimental, which observes the effect of variables based on SNI. The composite of the lightweight brick combination is 0.35 Water Cement Ratio (FAS): 1 cement: 2 sand: 1 foam agent: 50 water, and the variable of oyster shell powder added to the cement is 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% of cement. The quality test for oyster shell powder for making lightweight bricks based on SNI 8640, 2018, includes density, water absorption (porosity), and compressive strength tests. The result of average density analysis for 0% = 986 kg/m³, 3% = 954 kg/m³, 6% = 978 kg/m³, 9% = 920 kg/m³, and 12% = 903 kg /m³. According to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), the porosity test results maximum is 25%, the result of average porosity analysis at 0% = 21.2%, 3% = 19.2%, 6% = 17.2%, 9% = 23%, and 12% = 24.6%. Compressive strength analysis results at 0% = 2.3 MPa, 3% = 1.9 MPa, 6% = 2.1 MPa, 9% = 1.7 MPa, and 12% = 1.6 MPa. In conclusion, oyster shell powder waste can reduce density, reduce porosity to the optimum point, increase the porosity afterward, increase compressive strength to the optimum point, and reduce compressive strength after passing the optimum point.

Penggunaan Kapur Tohor dan Abu Vulkanik pada Bata Ringan Terhadap Berat Jenis, Daya Serap Air, dan Kuat Tekan

Light brick is a material commonly used in building walls besides red brick. Quick lime and volcanic ash were used in this research as substitute materials for making CLC lightweight bricks. This research aims to analyze using quicklime as a cement substitute and volcanic ash as a sand substitute to test density, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength. Light brick testing refers to the SNI standards for wall masonry. This research also compares the production costs of substitute lightweight bricks with conventional ones. The method used is quantitative experimentation and data analysis techniques using regression analysis. The influencing variable in this research is the independent variable, namely the use of volcanic ash: quicklime in variation A 0%: 0%, variation B 9%: 15%, variation C 9%: 30%, and variation D 9%: 45%. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that using volcanic ash affects increasing density and compressive strength and reduces the value of water absorption capacity. The optimum test results were in Variation D with an average density value of 956 kg/m3, water absorption value of 17%, and compressive strength value of 2.08 MPa.

Implementation of the Fp-Growth Algorithm on Spare Parts Supply Requests

Manufacturing companies rely on machines for operational activities to produce finished goods. Common factors constraining the demand and supply of spare parts are the high number of spare parts managed and irregular patterns of demand for spare parts. These varying quantities also require investment in spare parts inventory and longer response times than predicted. The research aims to apply the FP-Growth algorithm approach to find association rules and produce patterns of demand and supply of spare parts in lightweight brick manufacturing companies based on transaction data on demand and supply of spare parts from January – March 2023. The approach used is associated with the applied algorithm. In this research, the primary process of the FP-Growth algorithm is to create a combination of each item until no more combinations are formed using minimum support and minimum confidence parameters. Based on the results of making association rules using spare parts demand data from the machine maintenance department, it is stated that the regulations formed from processing the RapidMiner application with a confidence value of 100% recommend FD Regular Bolt spare parts, then the next rating with a confidence value of 94% is Steel Nuts, seven rules recommend Nuts. Steel. Therefore, it is recommended that FD Regular Bolts and Steel Nuts carry out safety stock to maintain stock availability and place them on shelves included in the fast-moving inventory category.

Analysis of the effectiveness of using EPS sandwich panel versus lightweight bricks at residential project: Case study at residential houses in Jakarta

Effectiveness in material selection in construction projects has a major impact on the use of costs incurred during the construction period. The quality used must also be in accordance with standards based on building functions and have national standard quality. The implementation time on residential project construction projects that require work to be completed quickly in accordance with good results and in accordance with those stated in the contract must be carefully designed and planned. Data collected from literature and catalogues, and recorded from site will be analysed and discussed Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out and choose the use of effective non-structural material as a wall for residential projects.

Calculating Flanking Transmission for Improved Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings

The complexities of airborne noise insulation in tropical buildings provide challenges for predicting the value of airborne noise in buildings. The analysis employs standardized metrics, the Weighted Sound Reduction Index (DnT,w), to evaluate the impact of wall, floor, and ceiling combinations on acoustic performance. Notably, the study addresses the persistent challenge of flanking transmission, contributing to disparities between predicted and measured values. This study focuses on common construction materials in Indonesia. The outcomes reveal that lightweight construction materials, such as lightweight brick walls, consistently exhibit superior sound reduction, emphasizing their potential benefits in tropical regions. Additionally, the choice of ceiling materials, particularly gypsum board over wooden ceilings, significantly influences acoustic outcomes

Investigation of Multi layered Mitigation Systems for Protection from 120mm Mortar HE Top Attacks

This paper investigates the protection of reinforced concrete (RC) structures from the Mortar 120mm HE (high explosive) top attacks. Two multi-layered mitigation systems are proposed to be added on RC structures' roofs to achieve full protection against the Mortar 120mm destroying effects (i.e. ballistic penetration and explosion effects). The proposed mitigation systems combine relatively high-strength materials, to stop or slow down the projectile, with lightweight porous materials, to attenuate the explosion shock wave. Another function of the porous materials is to increase the thickness of the proposed mitigation systems and hence increasing the explosion stand-off distance. Traditional construction materials, steel and RC, were used as cheap high-strength materials, whereas commercial rigid polyurethane foam and light-weight brick were examined as shock wave absorbers. Two firing tests of the 120mm bomb from cannon barrels against one-story RC structures strengthened with the proposed protection systems were executed. A numerical simulation of the real firing tests was performed via Autodyn hydrocode to further analyze the performance of the constituting components in alleviating the round effects. The current study demonstrated that the proposed mitigation systems, which are based on the multi-layering concept, are efficient and have their merits in defeating the Mortar 120mm HE attacks.

Effect of straw fibers addition on hygrothermal and mechanical properties of carbon-free adobe bricks: From material to building scale in a semi-arid climate

To achieve net-zero carbon emissions in a building's lifecycle, a comprehensive approach is required, addressing both embodied and operational carbon footprints. To support this goal, this study assesses the environmental, hygrothermal, and mechanical characteristics of different carbon-free adobe bricks bio-sourced with straw and evaluates their impacts on improving the energy performance of a one-story case study building located in a semi-arid climate. At the material scale, the mechanical performance, hydrothermal behavior, and durability of carbon-free straw-reinforced adobes, with weight percentages of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%, at different sizes: long straw (100–200 mm) and crushed straw (5–25 mm) were studied. The results show that incorporating straw into bricks increases porosity, enabling the production of lightweight bricks that comply with Moroccan standards for lightweight structures, possessing a density lower than the accepted limit of 1750 kg/m³. Furthermore, the thermomechanical properties of reinforced adobes were considerably improved compared to non-reinforced ones, with a gain in mechanical compressive and flexural strengths of 31.2% and 184%, respectively. However, it is important to note that in the case of adobe bricks reinforced with long straw (BLS), the findings revealed that, unlike other thermomechanical properties, long straw has a negative effect on compressive strength. Additionally, thermal conductivity decreased by 93.8% and 86.8% for a 4% inclusion of long and crushed straw, respectively. At the building scale, the indoor hygrothermal comfort was evaluated with respect the hot, semi-arid region in southern Morocco. The results show that the reinforced adobe material is able to reduce the indoor temperature of the case study building from 3 °C to 12 °C during the summer time, compared to the outdoor temperature, with a time lag of up to 5 h between the interior and exterior. Moreover, it successfully maintained diurnal indoor air temperature fluctuation within 2 °C. In addition, indoor relative humidity remained in the recommended 40%–65% by ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2022, over 78% during the monitoring period, even when the outside relative humidity fluctuated significantly (5–95%). Finally, a Morris-based sensitivity analysis was carried out on nine design parameters of the case-study building to assess the impact of varying the thermal properties of reinforced adobe bricks on cooling and heating energy performance, respectively. Thermal conductivity was found to have a significant impact on cooling energy demands and a lesser influence on heating demands. The study also indicates that straw-reinforced adobe bricks can improve cooling energy performance by up to 17.8% without compromising the overall embodied carbon of the building envelope.

Potential of Pressmud Waste from Sugar Industry in Brick Manufacturing for Green Business and Sustainability

The construction industry in Malaysia is currently witnessing sustained expansion, as seen by the rising demand for residential properties, commercial structures, and other infrastructures throughout our country. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify suitable materials and proportions for manufacturing lightweight bricks utilizing industrial waste materials. This study investigates the feasibility of using pressmud, a sugarcane refinery waste, as a fine bio-aggregate for the production of construction materials. Binary blended cement-pressmud bricks were formed by mixing Ordinary Portland cement with pressmud at various weights percentages (50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%). Various experiments were undertaken to investigate and compare the characteristics of pressmud bricks and commercial sand bricks. The experiments focused on density determination and compression tests (standard brick). The compression tests demonstrated that cement-pressmud bricks with a weight ratio of up to 20% exhibited a compatible strength to standard brick, with values ranging from 17.16 MPa to 23.01 MPa. The pressmud bricks exhibited reduced weight, with 10% and 20% variants weighing 17-23% less than the standard brick. Thus, it can be concluded that pressmud possesses significant potential as a bio-aggregate for producing lightweight and cost-effective construction materials when used in appropriate proportions.

Lightweight bricks based Vietnamese red clay for radiation protection: A deep look for the impacts of compressive strength on the characterization, and gamma ray shielding evaluation

In Vietnam, bricks are widely used for the construction of buildings and roads. There, due to the construction of new nuclear facilities, it is required to produce local anti-radiation materials to reduce construction costs and increase safety levels. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop a new lightweight brick based on Vietnamese red clay mineral that has adequate shielding ability against γ-rays. The new material is a mixture between the Vietnamese red clay (90 wt %) and epoxy resin (10 wt %). The mixture was compacted under different pressure levels varying between 7.61 MPa and 114.22 MPa. The density of the fabricated bricks was enhanced by 13% by increasing the pressure rates. Additionally, the experimental measurements for the linear attenuation coefficient show an enhancement by 31.8%, 23.7%, 29.5%, and 36.4% at γ-ray energies of 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, 1.252 MeV, and 1.332 MeV, respectively, with enhancing the pressure levels between 7.61 MPa and 114.22 MPa. The improvement in the linear attenuation coefficient decreases the required half-value thickness, lead's equivalent thickness, and transmission factor while it is associated with an increase in the radiation protection efficiency of the fabricated bricks. A thickness of 20 cm of the fabricated bricks under a pressure rate of 114.22 MPa has a radiation protection efficiency of 78.5% at γ-ray energy of 1.252 MeV. The high RPE values for the thicker thicknesses of Vietnamese fabricated bricks make it suitable to be used in the construction of buildings in radioactive zones.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND TIMES OF RED BRICK AND LIGHT BRICK WORK ON THE MADRASAH MALLIMIN MUALLIMAT TAMBAK BERAS JOMBANG BUILDING PROJECT

The problem in implementing the construction of the Madrasah Muallimin Muallimat Tambak Beras Jombang Building is that the available funds and time are limited. The approach regarding the material needed for this building work is light brick compared to other work items. In wall masonry work using light brick/hebel, it is necessary to analyze whether the work time can be faster and whether the price comparison obtained is cheaper. The research method used is Value Engineering analysis to produce cost savings. The results of this research include: a) Based on the results of cost and time analysis for wall items, namely by proposing alternative materials as replacements for the initial materials, resulting in cost savings of Rp. 28,298,995.61, and b) When compared with productivity, a builder is able to complete a red brick wall in 133 days, whereas with light brick wall material a builder is able to complete the work in 66 days. So, in terms of work speed, lightweight bricks are faster than red brick walls.

Increasing Production Capacity by Designing Facilities to Reduce Production Costs

This research discusses facility design in the lightweight brick manufacturing industry. Every year the production costs of making lightweight bricks continue to increase due to increases in raw material prices, increases in minimum wages and increases in several auxiliary materials. The increase in selling prices cannot offset the increase in production costs because price competition in the market is high. This research aims to plan to increase the production capacity of lightweight bricks from initially 679.4m³ per day to 794.7m³ per day by designing facilities at lightweight brick manufacturing companies. This research also calculated how much it costs to produce lightweight bricks before designing, namely with a capacity of 679.4 m³ per day and how much it costs to produce lightweight bricks after designing the facilities, namely 794.7 m³ per day. The results of this research are in the form of production capacity data from each production work floor, as well as production work floors where facilities were designed so that a production capacity of 794.7 m³ per day could be achieved. And also calculate how much production costs will be with a production capacity of 679.4m³ and 794.7m³ per day.

Pengaruh Filler Plastik dan Optimasi Faktor Proses Produksi Cellular Lightweight Concrete

The use of plastic has become a common thing in different lives. The effect of using these plastic products is to create plastic waste. As the population increases, the accumulation of plastic waste will increase. So that it can be done by applying the 3R method, namely reduce, reuse, and recycle. Plastic waste is used as a lightweight brick reinforcement material. This study aimed to determine the factors that most influence the density value of cellular lightweight concrete with plastic filler and optimize the production process. The method used is the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental design was chosen Central Composite Design with three factors. The independent variables used in this study were the amount of plastic, the fraction of sand: cement, and the volume of water. The amount of plastic used is 2 grams, 3 grams, and 4 grams. The fraction of sand:cement was 4:3, 3.3:2, and 2:1. The volume of water used was 60 mL, 80 mL, and 100 mL. The results of this study indicate that the optimal value for the density of lightweight bricks is found in the amount of plastic of 7.745 grams, the fraction of sand:cement is 5.8:2, and the volume of water is 139.509 mL. The surface response from the second-order equation is the saddle point with the optimal point at the stationary point. The stationary points obtained are 2.821, 2.726, and 1.769. The research analysis results show that the independent variable that most influence the density value is the fraction of sand: cement.

Failure Behavior of Masonry Wall under Bidirectional Forces

The objective of this research is to investigate the failure behavior of masonry walls under bidirectional forces (vertical and lateral loads) for application in the construction of small community buildings with limited load-bearing capacity. To achieve this, three types of bricks, namely clay bricks, lightweight bricks, and block bricks, were subjected to testing in accordance with industrial product standards specific to each brick type. These tests aimed to assess the load-bearing capacity of masonry walls, utilizing full-sheet and half-sheet walls with dimensions of 1.0 meter ×1.0 meter, available in three different styles: 1) walls without gaps, 2) walls with window openings, and 3) walls with door openings, all designed to endure both vertical and lateral forces. The study's findings revealed that the primary mode of failure was attributed to diagonal shear failure, primarily induced by lateral forces rather than vertical ones. Masonry walls subjected to vertical forces displayed no signs of cracking because this was a non-destructive test. In contrast, masonry walls subjected to lateral forces exhibited cracks in diagonal patterns and straight lines as the predominant forms. Notably, both half-sheet and full-sheet brick walls exhibited more prominent cracks compared to block brick walls and lightweight bricks. Cracking was observed in the interfaces between the bricks and the mortar, as well as within the bricks and mortar themselves. Furthermore, it was observed that brick walls with window and door openings had 82 and 76 percent of the brick area compared to walls without gaps, respectively. These walls were able to withstand forces until failure, approximately 48 and 70 percent less on average. Lastly, the study highlighted that the strength of a brick wall is contingent on the tensile strength of the bricks and the shear strength of the mortar.

Analisis Perbandingan Biaya Struktur Pembangunan Rumah Metode RISHA dan Konvensional di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, Sulawesi Utara

RISHA innovation is a variation of precast cement created by the Center for Settlement Research and Development, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. The aim of this research is to determine the comparison of the use of structures using the RISHA and conventional methods in South Minahasa Regency. This research is a type of descriptive and comparative research. Primary data in this research was collected by direct observation and interviews, while secondary data was collected by means of literature study. This research was conducted in March-June 2023 located in South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The results of the research between the RISHA and conventional methods showed that the cost difference in building structures including sloofs, columns and beams was Rp. 2.589.926,52 atau 5,30 % greater for the conventional method and for wall work using the RISHA method using lightweight bricks amounting to Rp. 18,030,415.00 while the conventional method with red brick walls is Rp. 16,585,245.00 with a difference of Rp. 1,444,751.00 or 8,01 %. However, the RISHA method can affect plastering and wall plastering work where the RISHA method has a smaller wall area because the sloof, column and ring balk sections of the RISHA method no longer need to be plastered and plastered so it is more efficient/cheaper than the conventional method.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Masker Medis dan Limbah Serabut Kelapa sebagai Substitusi Pasir dalam Pembuatan Bata Ringan

Lightweight brick is a type of lightweight brick that is superior to the previous one. The purpose of this study was to analyze variations in the optimal composition of lightweight bricks (CLC) innovation by utilizing medical mask waste and coconut fiber waste as a substitute for sand based on bulk density and water absorption, compressive strength test, and soundproof test. The method used is the experimental method. Test object with variations in composition, namely 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Each variation has 3 samples with a total of 12. The values for bulk density and water absorption are in accordance with SNI 8640-2018. The compressive strength test was carried out using a cube specimen with a side of 15 cm aged 14 days. Soundproof test using a sound level meter. The results obtained at 10% variation with a mixture of 10% medical mask waste and 10% coconut fiber waste are the optimal composition in the manufacture of innovative lightweight bricks. The bulk density and water absorption were 0.0741%, the compressive strength test was 11.86 MPa, and the soundproof test was 24.3 dB. This lightweight brick innovation of 10% variation can be an alternative to smart, environmentally friendly and economical building materials.Keywords : Lightweight Brick (CLC), Medical Mask Waste, Coconut Fiber Waste, Content weight and Water absorption, Compressive Strength Test, Soundproofing Test