Light Speed Anisotropy Research Articles

The Light Timing Calculations of the Interferometer in the Quest to Detect Light Speed Anisotropy and a Case Study of the Michelson-Morley and Miller Mt Wilson Experiments

This paper formulates the light timing calculations for each interferometer arm; one that is parallel to the direction of motion of the interferometer through space and the other that is perpendicular. The calculations are done for a vacuum-mode interferometer and then for a gas-mode interferometer. The calculations show that no light timing difference is detectable in a vacuum-mode interferometer, but once an optical medium is present in the light path down the arms of the interferometer, this is no longer the case and a timing difference is detectable. Further to this, the timing equations obtained from the analysis are used to model the historical experiments of Michelson-Morley and Miller (Mt Wilson) and predictions are made by the model that accurately match the actual recorded results from those experiments. Thus, this timing analysis confirms that there is a light speed anisotropy in a reference frame that is moving through space, indicating the presence of a preferred Aether reference frame through which the Earth is moving.

New global positioning system (GPS) test falsifies the Lorentz transformations and special relativity

The time transformation governing the operation of the global positioning system (GPS) clocks and the time corrections required to ensure sustained clock synchronization are determined to be the Selleri time transformation and not the Lorentz time transformation. This condition, as well as GPS-demonstrated light speed anisotropy, falsifies the Lorentz transformations and special relativity.

Optical data implies a null simultaneity test theory parameter in rotating frames

The simultaneity framework describes the relativistic interaction of time with space. The two major proposed simultaneity frameworks are differential simultaneity, in which time is offset with distance in “moving” or rotating frames for each “stationary” observer, and absolute simultaneity, in which time is not offset with distance. We use the Mansouri and Sexl test theory to analyze the simultaneity framework in rotating frames in the absence of spacetime curvature. The Mansouri and Sexl test theory has four parameters. Three parameters describe relativistic effects. The fourth parameter, [Formula: see text], was described as a convention on clock synchronization. We show that [Formula: see text] is not a convention, but is instead a descriptor of the simultaneity framework whose value can be determined from the extent of anisotropy in the unidirectional one-way speed of light. In rotating frames, one-way light speed anisotropy is described by the Sagnac effect equation. We show that four published Sagnac equations form a relativistic series based on relativistic kinematics and simultaneity framework. Only the conventional Sagnac effect equation, and its associated isotropic two-way speed of light, is found to match high-resolution optical data. Using the conventional Sagnac effect equation, we show that [Formula: see text] has a null value in rotating frames, which implies absolute simultaneity. Introducing the empirical Mansouri and Sexl parameter values into the test theory equations generates the rotational form of the absolute Lorentz transformation, implying that this transformation accurately describes rotational relativistic effects.

Observation of Saw-Tooth effect orbit at VEPP-4M collider

We study the relative position of the electron and positron closed orbits in the VEPP-4M single storage ring collider in experiments on orbit precision monitoring. A difference in the orbits can affect the accuracy of several fundamental experiments, e.g. precise comparison of the electron and positron spin frequencies (the CPT invariance test). In this case, the spin precession frequencies of particles should be compared within at least 5·10−9. The distinction of frequencies depends on the features of the radial orbits. Ideally, the difference in the electron and positron orbits is set only by distributed radiation losses of particle energy. The corresponding contribution to the total orbit distortions is called the Saw-Tooth effect orbit. Another example of possible precision experiment at VEPP-4M is search for the light speed anisotropy (LSA). In this case, it is necessary to ensure a stability of the difference in the radial orbits of electrons and positrons at a level of 1 μm.

On the Selleri Transformations: Analysis of Recent Attempts by Kassner to Resolve Selleri’s Paradox

This paper is a response to recent attempts by Kassner (2012) to resolve Selleri’s paradox, a construction involving light speeds on a rotating disc that undermines the validity of special relativity. Kassner’s first approach employed Einstein synchronization and failed as it led to an unphysical time discontinuity. His second approach ironically involved the introduction of the Inertial (or Selleri) transformations which explain the associated Sagnac effect using light speed anisotropy but preserve the paradox. His core methodology based on his belief that a clock synchronization procedure can be freely chosen is shown to be without foundation and therefore the paradox stands unresolved.

Process Physics: Emergent Unified Dynamical 3-Space, Quantum and Gravity: a Review

Experiments have repeatedly revealed the existence of a dynamical structured fractal 3-space, with a speed relative to the Earth of some 500 km sec−1 from a southerly direction. Experiments have ranged from optical light speed anisotropy interferometers to zener diode quantum detectors. This dynamical space has been missing from theories from the beginning of physics. This dynamical space generates a growing universe and gravity when included in a generalised Schrodinger equation and light bending when included in generalised Maxwell equations. Here we review ongoing attempts to construct a deeper theory of the dynamical space starting from a stochastic pattern generating model that appears to result in 3-dimensional geometrical elements, “gebits” and accompanying quantum behaviour. The essential concept is that reality is a process and geometrical models for space and time are inadequate.

Tests for Light Speed Isotropy: Experimental Method for Constraining the Mansouri-Sexl Parameter a by Using Ring Laser Gyroscopes

The Mansouri-Sexl theory is a well known test theory of relativity, alongside with the Standard Model Extension it is the golden standard for testing the predictions of special relativity. Mansouri and Sexl dealt with the theory of the Michelson-Morley, Kennedy-Thorndike and Ives-Stilwell experiments but left out the very interesting Sagnac experiment. In this paper we present a novel experimental measurement of light speed anisotropy via the reenactment of the Sagnac experiment using ring laser gyroscopes (RLG) and we constrain the Mansouri-Sexl parameter ato less than 0.5±0.98⇥10 6. In a recent paper [1] we have shown how to use fiberoptics gyroscopes for constraining the parameter a, in the present paper we show how the ring laser gyroscopes are used for constraining light speed anisotropy in the framework of the Mansouri-

One-way Speed of Light Using Interplanetary Tracking Technology

Light transmission in the Sun-Centered Inertial (SCI) frame is considered within a flat space-time metric of relativity theory. It is shown that this metric which is used to derive the Langevin metric that generates the accurate clock synchronization algorithm used in the Global Positioning System (GPS), also predicts one-way light speed anisotropy in an inertial frame that contradicts the principle of light speed constancy. This finding is tested and confirmed in the SCI frame using the range equations employed in the tracking of planets and spacecrafts moving within our solar system. These equations are based on the observation that light travels in the SCI frame at a constant speed c and have been extensively tested and rigorously verified. The results suggest a modification of the Lorentz Transformations that yields new transformations that are consistent with the observed light speed anisotropy and which better accord with the physical world.

REVIEW OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTIONS: DYNAMICAL SPACE

This is a review of the numerous successful gravitational wave detections and the implications for the nature of space and time. The prevailing space time paradigm in physics was founded on the putative “null” results of the Michelson-Morley (MM) 1887 interferometer experiment to detect light speed anisotropy and which resulted in two different new relativity theories: Lorentz relativity (Lorentz, 1904) and special relativity (Einstein, 1905), with the later invoking the claimed reality of space time, in place of separate phenomena of space and time. Miller (1933) repeated the MM experiment in 1925/26 and obtained non-null quality data, resulting in the determination of light speed anisotropy and establishing the key sidereal effect. It is now understood, since 2002, that both of these experiments are consistent and that the MM 1887 experiment was never null: Michelson had used Newtonian physics to calibrate the interferometer. Using Lorentz Relativity, but not Special Relativity, it is now possible to analyse the data from these experiments and which shows that the Michelson interferometer has zero sensitivity unless operated with a dielectric present in the light paths; air in the MM1887 and Miller experiments. Since that 2002 analysis various older and new light speed anisotropy experiments have produced fully consistent results, using different experimental techniques. These have included: RF EM Speeds in coaxial cable, optical fiber Michelson Interferometer, optical fiber/RF coaxial cables, earth spacecraft flyby RF doppler shifts, 1st order dual RF coaxial cables. These are all classical phenomena detectors. However in 2013 nanotechnology quantum detectors were invented that use correlations between electron barrier tunnelling current fluctuations in spatially separated zener diodes. Not only do all of these experiments, spanning 125 years, give a consistent anisotropy velocity, with speed ∼500 km/s, RA ∼5 h, Dec. ∼80deg S, but all showed significant fluctuations in that velocity. A neo-lorentzian interpretation of these results is that a dynamical 3-space is passing the solar system and exhibits turbulence/wave effects. These wave effects produce gravitational forces and so the experimental data implies that the Michelson and Morley experiment not only detected light speed anisotropy but detected “gravitational waves”. These gravitational waves have properties that are not consistent with the general relativity predicted waves, which travel at the speed of light, are transverse polarised and are weak and only produced by distant major astronomical events. Gravitational waves with these properties have never been detected. The zener diode quantum detectors reveal that quantum fluctuations are not random and intrinsic to a quantum system, but are imposed by the passing space: This discovery has major implications for the interpretations of quantum theory and the quantum to classical transition, which profoundly creates our reality. The dynamical space theory also posses an intrinsic inflation epoch.

Light Transmission and the Sagnac Effect on the Rotating Earth

Light transmission on the surface of the rotating Earth is examined using the Langevin metric of general relativity. It is shown that this metric which yields the rigorously tested and verified algorithm for clock synchronization in the Global Positioning System (GPS) also predicts east-west light speed anisotropy that is inconsistent with light speed isotropy postulated to hold at a local level on the rotating Earth. This light speed anisotropy is further demonstrated using experimentally confirmed light travel time in a simple speed calculation as well as the classical method of light speed relative to a terrestrial observer rotating with the Earth for light travel in the Earth-Centred Inertial (ECI) frame. These theoretical results are confirmed by experimental findings from GPS measurements and lead to the re-interpretation of the Sagnac effect normally treated as a time correction in GPS operation.

DISCOVERY OF DYNAMICAL 3-SPACE: THEORY, EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS-A REVIEW

The existence of space as a dynamical system was recently revealed in 2002, following the discovery that the Michelson-Morley light speed anisotropy experiment of 1887 was not null. Numerous later experiments have confirmed that discovery, as reviewed here, with the latest being the discovery of a very simple and cheap nanotechnology quantum detector method for observing space and its fluctuations/turbulence: Gravitational waves. As well over the last ten years the dynamical theory for space has been under development and has now been successfully tested against experiment and astronomical observations, explaining, in particular, the observed characteristics of galactic black holes, galactic rotations and universe expansion, all without &#34dark matter&#34 and &#34dark energy&#34.

One-Way Speed of Light Relative to a Moving Observer

The one-way speed of light relative to a moving observer is determined using the range equation of the Global Positioning System. This equation has been rigorously tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame where light signals propagate in straight lines at constant speed c. The result is a simple demonstration of light speed anisotropy that is consistent with light speed anisotropy detected in other experiments and inconsistent with the principle of light speed constancy. This light speed anisotropy was not observed before because there has been no direct one-way measurement of light speed relative to a moving observer.

A theoretical diagnosis on light speed anisotropy from GRAAL experiment

The light speed anisotropy, i.e., the variation of the light speed with respect to the direction in an “absolute” reference frame, is a profound issue in physics. The one-way experiment, performed at the GRAAL facility of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, reported results on the light speed anisotropy by Compton scattering of laser photons on high-energy electrons. So far, most articles concerned with the GRAAL data have established only the upper bounds on the anisotropy parameters based on available theories. We use a new theory of the Lorentz invariance violation to analyse the available GRAAL data and obtain the stringent upper limit of the order 2.4×10-14 on the Lorentz violation parameters. In the meantime, we also can reproduce the allowed light speed anisotropy appearing in the azimuthal distribution of the GRAAL experimental data, and find that the best-fit parameters are compatible with the competitive upper bounds.

Another Test of the Light Speed Invariance Postulate

In a paper in 1910 Tolman pointed out that the light speed invariance postulate of special relativity requires that the time for light to traverse a fixed distance between two points is independent of the movement of those points relative to the light source. The range equation of the GPS is used to directly test this proposition. This equation has been rigorously tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame where light signals propagate in straight lines at constant speed c. The result is a simple demonstration of light speed anisotropy that is consistent with light speed variation detected in other experiments and inconsistent with the light speed invariance postulate.

One-Way Light Speed Determination Using the Range Measurement Equation of the GPS

The one-way speed of light is determined using the range measurement equation of the Global Positioning System. This equation has been rigorously and extensively tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame, a frame that moves with the Earth as it revolves around the Sun but does not share its rotation. The result is a simple demonstration of one-way light speed anisotropy depending on the direction of propagation relative to the rotating Earth.

Mansouri-Sexl Test for Light Speed Anisotropy via Cosmic Aberration~!2010-02-11~!2010-02-26~!2010-06-30~!

The Mansouri-Sexl theory is a well known test theory of relativity. In the current paper we will derive the Man- souri-Sexl formalism for the light aberration and we will show how to improve on the theoretical and experimental basis by constraining both the Mansouri-Sexl parameter a(!) and the parameter b(!) . In the process of constraining the Man- souri parameters we devise a novel experiment for measuring and constraining light speed anisotropy as well. An over- whelming number of experiments dealing with light speed anisotropy are laboratory-bound and they are limited to con- straining only parameter a(!) ; we will also take the approach of setting up an astronomical experiment instead of a lab- based one as it befits the relativistic aberration effect. Our paper is organized as follows: in the first section we give a new and more complete derivation of the Mansouri-Sexl aberration effect. In the second part, we apply the newly expanded Mansouri-Sexl aberration formalism in order to devise an astronomical experiment used for constraining both the parame- ter a(!) and the parameter b(!) . This turns the Mansouri-Sexl aberration experiment into a very powerful tool for con- straining light speed anisotropy. 1. THE ROBERTSON-MANSOURI-SEXL TEST THEORY The test theories of special relativity differ in their as- sumptions about the form of the Lorentz transforms. The main test theories of special relativity (SR) are named after their authors, Robertson (1), Mansouri and Sexl (2-4) (RMS). These test theories can also be used to examine po- tential alternate theories to SR - such alternate theories pre- dict particular values of the parameters of the test theory, which can easily be compared to values determined by ex- periments analyzed with the test theory (5-20). The existing experiments put rather strong experimental constraints on any alternative theory. RMS starts by admitting by reduction to absurd that there is a preferential inertial frame Σ in which the light propagates isotropically with the speed c 0 . All other frames in motion with respect to Σ are considered non- preferential and the light speed is anisotropic. The light speed in the non-preferential frames can be deduced via sim- ple calculations described in (3). We start with the Mansouri- Sexl transforms: x=b(v)(X!vT) y=d(v)Y z=d(v)Z t=a(v)T+(v)x=(a!bv)T+bX

IMPROVED TESTS OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY VIA LIGHT SPEED ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENT

The Mansouri–Sexl theory is a well-known test theory of relativity. In the following paper we demonstrate a novel way of detecting second-order effects in terms of both lab and ion speed for light speed anisotropy detection. Prior literature15,18–21 has shown the way of constraining the Mansouri–Sexl parameter "a" via the Ives–Stilwell experiment, however, the prior approaches have proven to be incomplete in managing to constrain only one parameter, the "a" parameter. In the current paper we will take the unprecedented step of reconstructing the Mansouri–Sexl formalism for the Ives–Stilwell experiment and by showing how to improve on the theoretical and experimental bases such as to constrain both the parameter "a" and the parameter "b". Our paper is organized as follows: in the first section we give a new and more complete derivation of the Mansouri–Sexl Doppler effect. In the second part, we apply the newly expanded Mansouri–Sexl Doppler formalism in order to revise the principles of the Ives–Stilwell experiment. We continue by showing how the revised experiment is to be used in order to constrain both the parameter "a" and the parameter "b" in a measurement of light speed isotropy. This turns the Mansouri–Sexl Ives–Stilwell experiment into a very powerful tool for constraining light speed anisotropy.

Electromagnetic wave-guide experiments for detecting light-speed anisotropy

The Mansouri–Sexl theory is a well known test of the theory of relativity. The main test theories of special relativity (SR) are named after their authors, Robertson (Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 378 (1949)) and Mansouri and Sexl (Gen. Rel. Grav. 8, 497 (1977); 8, 515 (1977); and 8, 809 (1977)). These test theories can also be used to examine potential alternate theories to SR — such alternate theories predict particular values of the parameters of the test theory, which can easily be compared to values determined by experiments analyzed with the test theory. The existing experiments put rather strong experimental constraints on any alternative theory. Mansouri and Sexl promised an electromagnetic version of their theory, but for some reason that part was never delivered. In the following paper, we will construct the electromagnetic version and will demonstrate its application to constraining light-speed anisotropy. PACS No.: 03.30.+p

Detection of light speed anisotropy via a high-speed Ives–Stillwell experiment

The Mansouri–Sexl theory is a well-known test of the theory of relativity. In one of their three papers (R. Mansouri and S.U. Sexl. Gen. Rel. Grav. 8, 809 (1977).), Mansouri and Sexl deal with the transverse Doppler effect under a set of restrictive conditions. In this paper, we deal with the same effect under the most general conditions and will argue for a novel way of detecting high-order effects in a vacuum via an increased laboratory-speed re-enactment of the Ives–Stilwell experiment. We will demonstrate the presence of a high-order error term and we will set the experimental conditions for detecting such a term.PACS No.: 03.30+p

Mansouri–Sexl framework for the high-speed Sagnac experiment

The Mansouri–Sexl theory is a well-known test theory of relativity. Mansouri and Sexl deal with a large number of experiments such as Michelson–Morley, Kennedy–Thorndike, Ives–Stilwell but leave out the very interesting Sagnac experiment. In the following paper we will argue for a novel way of detecting high-order effects in vacuo via an increased rotational speed re-enactment of the Sagnac experiment. We will show the presence of a large-value error term and will set the experimental conditions for detecting such a term. We will also show how the Saganac experiment can be used for the detection of light-speed anisotropy in the framework of the Mansouri–Sexl test theory. PACS No.: 03.30.+p