Light Rolling Research Articles

Comparing Vestibule Examination Techniques: Light Touch, Serial Forces, and the Lidocaine Test.

The purpose of this study was to compare techniques and pain scales that assess tenderness in the vulvar vestibule in provoked vestibulodynia, using the cotton swab test and a vulvalgesiometer, and assess topical lidocaine solution with each. This randomized study at a specialty vulvar clinic evaluated tender vestibules of reproductive-aged women with vestibulodynia using light rolling cotton swab touch at 6 sites and evaluated the vulvalgesiometer at 2 sites, randomizing the order of the initial tool. Participants reported pain using the Numerical Rating Scale 0-10 and the Verbal Pain Scale 0-3. With the vulvalgesiometer, the pain tolerance threshold was measured using forces of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g. After both initial tests, lidocaine 4% topical solution was applied for 3 minutes, and the swab test and vulvalgesiometer were repeated in the order initially performed, constituting the lidocaine test. Data analysis used t tests, Fisher exact tests, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and Spearman rank correlation. Sixteen patients completed the study, 8 starting with each instrument. Light swab touch evoked significant pain, and lidocaine reduced pain to zero or mild levels. The pain threshold was 25 g, and only 38% could tolerate testing past 100 g without lidocaine. The Verbal Pain Scale correlated well with the Numerical Rating Scale. Light rolling cotton swab touch using the 4-item verbal scale can map vestibulodynia tenderness that can be extinguished by lidocaine, consistent with distinguishing a mucosal condition. Forces by vulvalgesiometer of greater than 100-200 g may evoke pain other than mucosal allodynia.

A process for increasing plastic strain ratio of AA1050 Al alloy sheet

The process of heavy asymmetric rolling (90%) and annealing, followed by light rolling (10%-25%) and annealing has been known to improve the plastic strain ratios (the R-values) of AA1050 Al alloy sheets. The thickness of 90% asymmetrically rolled sheet is so thin that it is difficult to control the light rolling reduction. In order to better control the light rolling reduction, the heavy asymmetric rolling reduction was reduced to 60% in this study. The Al alloy sheets processed by the heavy asymmetric rolling (60%) and annealing, followed by light rolling (10%-25%) and annealing were subjected to the texture measurement. The R-values of the sheets were calculated from the measured sheet textures using the Bunge method. AA1050 Al alloy sheets processed by the 60% heavy asymmetric rolling and annealing for 1 h at 400°C, followed by 15% light rolling and annealing for 1 h at 400°C had an average R-value of 1.05, which is about 1.86 times higher than that of the initial sample.

A process for increasing plastic strain ratio of AA1050 Al alloy sheet

The process of heavy asymmetric rolling (90%) and annealing, followed by light rolling (10%-25%) and annealing has been known to improve the plastic strain ratios (the R-values) of AA1050 Al alloy sheets. The thickness of 90% asymmetrically rolled sheet is so thin that it is difficult to control the light rolling reduction. In order to better control the light rolling reduction, the heavy asymmetric rolling reduction was reduced to 60% in this study. The Al alloy sheets processed by the heavy asymmetric rolling (60%) and annealing, followed by light rolling (10%-25%) and annealing were subjected to the texture measurement. The R-values of the sheets were calculated from the measured sheet textures using the Bunge method. AA1050 Al alloy sheets processed by the 60% heavy asymmetric rolling and annealing for 1 h at 400°C, followed by 15% light rolling and annealing for 1 h at 400°C had an average R-value of 1.05, which is about 1.86 times higher than that of the initial sample.

An acute session of roller massage prolongs voluntary torque development and diminishes evoked pain.

Roller massage (RM) has been reported to reduce pain associated with exercise-induced muscle soreness and increase range of motion without force or activation impairments. The objective was to examine RM effects on evoked pain and contractile properties. Twelve men received three sets of 30-s RM at a perceived discomfort level of 7/10 on a visual analogue scale on the ipsilateral (IPSI-R) stimulated plantar flexors (PF), contralateral PF (CONTRA-R), Sham (light rolling on stimulated PF), or Control. At pre-test, post-test, and 5-min post-test, they received evoked maximal twitch, tetanus, and 70% maximal tetanic stimulation, and performed a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Data analysis included perceived pain and contractile properties. The 70% tetanus illustrated significant 9-10% increases in pain perception with Sham and Control at post- and 5-min post-test, respectively (p<0.01). There was no pain augmentation with IPSI-R and CONTRA-R. There were no main effects or interactions for most contractile properties. However, MVIC force developed in the first 200ms showed 9.5% (p=0.1) and 19.1% (p=0.03) decreases with IPSI-R at post-test and 5-min post-test. Data suggest that RM-induced neural inhibition decreased MVIC F200 and nullified the testing-induced increase in evoked pain associated with 70% tetanic stimulation.

Improvement in Plastic Strain Ratio of AA1050 Al Alloy Sheet by Enhancing the &amp;lt;111&amp;gt;//ND Texture Component

The average plastic strain ratio (the R-value) and the anisotropy parameter |ΔR| calculated from the measured texture of AA1050 Al alloy sheet treated by the heavy asymmetric rolling by 84% reduction in thickness and subsequent annealing for 1 h at 500 °C, followed by light rolling by 10% or 20% reduction in thickness and the subsequent annealing for 1 h at 500 °C increased by 1.52 times that of the non-processed specimen and reduced to 1/12 times that of the non-processed specimen, respectively.

Improvement of Algorithms for Automatic Gauge Control System of the Hot-Rolling Mill

The paper studies issues of improvement of the automatic gauge control system (AGCS) in the continuous hot-strip train. The factors influencing longitudinal strip gauge deviations have been classified. It has been proved that Davy McKee AGCS installed at the 2,000 mill of OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (OAO MMK) does not provide control accuracy factors required at the light gauge strip rolling. The paper considers the functional chart of the improved AGCS realizing algorithm of the dynamic gauge correction. Experimental studies confirm that the developed chart helps to decrease longitudinal strip gauge deviations and, hence – to improve the quality of the products.

Calculation of plastic strain ratio of AA1050 Al alloy sheet processed by heavy asymmetric rolling–annealing followed by light rolling–annealing

A study has been made of the texture evolution and the plastic strain ratios (the R-values) of AA1050 Al alloy sheets which were subjected to heavy asymmetric rolling–annealing followed by light rolling–annealing to improve the deep drawability of the Al alloy sheets. The heavily rolled Al alloy sheet evolved a shear texture consisting of {001}〈110〉 and ND//〈111〉. The R-values of the heavily rolled (90%) and annealed Al alloy sheets were measured and calculated from the measured sheet textures using the Bunge method. The calculated R-values were in good agreement with the measured data. A light rolling by 20% and annealing at 400°C following the heavy rolling–annealing decreased the rotate cube texture component, {001}〈110〉, of the sheet texture and in turn increased the ND//〈111〉 component and gave rise to the highest average R-value (R‾) and the lowest |ΔR| value. The calculated R‾ and |ΔR| values were in fairly good agreement with the measured data.

Structural monitoring for asset management of railway bridges

This paper demonstrates the advantages of site monitoring to aid modelling of the existing condition of a railway bridge with structural problems and to assess the current structure and future remediation. The authors undertook monitoring and assessment on a major 28-span post-tensioned prestressed concrete box-girder bridge on a strategically important railway line in India. The bridge exhibited significant longitudinal web cracking, which restricted its load-carrying capacity to relatively light urban passenger rolling stock. Monitoring of rail traffic was supplemented by full-scale load tests for both static and dynamic loading. Optical strain sensors and electric resistance strain gauges were used for strain measurement and piezoelectric sensors were used to record accelerations. Sensors were also installed to record crack widths. A programme of numerical modelling was undertaken with finite-element models developed for both cracked and uncracked conditions. Results were compared with field data and the models were then refined to achieve a representative model for use as a predictive tool for future assessment and structural remediation of the bridge.

Natural quintessence in string theory

We introduce a natural model of quintessence in string theory where the light rolling scalar is radiatively stable and couples to Standard Model matter with weaker-than-Planckian strength. The model is embedded in an anisotropic type IIB compactification with two exponentially large extra dimensions and TeV-scale gravity. The bulk turns out to be nearly supersymmetric since the scale of the gravitino mass is of the order of the observed value of the cosmological constant. The quintessence field is a modulus parameterising the size of an internal four-cycle which naturally develops a potential of the order (gravitino mass)4, leading to a small dark energy scale without tunings. The mass of the quintessence field is also radiatively stable since it is protected by supersymmetry in the bulk. Moreover, this light scalar couples to ordinary matter via its mixing with the volume mode. Due to the fact that the quintessence field is a flat direction at leading order, this mixing is very small, resulting in a suppressed coupling to Standard Model particles which avoids stringent fifth-force constraints. On the other hand, if dark matter is realised in terms of Kaluza-Klein states, unsuppressed couplings between dark energy and dark matter can emerge, leading to a scenario of coupled quintessence within string theory. We study the dynamics of quintessence in our set-up, showing that its main features make it compatible with observations.

A Simplified Model for Calculating Hydrodynamic Lubrication Film Thickness in Elastoplastic Line Contacts

The present paper proposes a simplified model for calculating hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in elastoplastic line contacts. According to the Saint-Venant’s principle, the pressure in the contact is taken as uniformly distributed, this gives the contact surface elastic deformations in the inlet zone far away from the contact center close to real ones while gives those close to the contact center greater than real ones. This treatment is validated for hydrodynamic lubricated elastic contacts for relatively light loads and high rolling speeds. It gives the film thickness at the contact center a little higher than that calculated based on the real elastic model. The treatment is extended to a hydrodynamic lubricated elastoplastic line contact. The contact surfaces in the inlet zone are assumed as elastic and their deformations are calculated based on the uniform pressure distribution in the elastoplastic contact area. An inlet zone analysis is taken for obtaining the calculating equation of the hydrodynamic film thickness at the contact center. The equation overestimates the central film thickness but gives a satisfactory film thickness prediction for the heavy load which gives significant plastic deformations in the elastoplastic contact. It is found that when the load is lighter than 0.6 wpc, the contact can be taken as elastic when calculating the central film thickness, while when the load is heavier than 0.6 wpc, the contact can be taken as fully plastic; Here wpc is the critical load for the contact fully plastic deformation. The plastic deformation in an elastoplastic line contact is found to reduce the hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in the contact. This reduction is greater for higher rolling speeds and heavier loads. However, it is significantly dropped with increasing surface hardness.

A small, silent, low friction, linear actuator for mechanical nociceptive testing in veterinary research

Air pressure is commonly used to drive a mechanical stimulus for nociceptive threshold testing. This may be bulky, noisy, non-linear and suffer from friction, hence development of a better system is described. A novel, light (14 g) rolling diaphragm actuator was constructed, which supplied 20 N force via a constant actuation area irrespective of the pressure and position in the stroke. Three round-ended pins, 2.5 mm diameter, mounted in a triangle on the piston, provided the stimulus. Pressure was increased manually using a syringe with the rate of rise of force controlled at 0.8 N/s by warning lights. The pressure/force relationship was calibrated using a static force transducer and mercury column. Data were collected with the actuator attached to the antero-medial radius of 12 cats and four dogs. Mechanical threshold was recorded when the animal withdrew the limb and/or turned towards the actuator. Safety cut-off was 20 N. The pressure/force relationship was linear and independent of the start point in the actuator stroke. Baseline feline thresholds were 10.0 +/- 2.5 N (mean +/- SD), which increased significantly 30 min after butorphanol administration. Baseline canine thresholds were 5.5 +/- 1.4 N and increased significantly between 15 and 45 min after administration of fentanyl or butorphanol. The system overcame the problems of earlier devices and detected an opioid-induced increase in threshold. It has considerable advantages over previous systems for research in analgesia.

Dislocation-Source Hardening in Nanostructured Steel Produced by Severe Plastic Deformation

Annealing-induced hardening and deformation-induced softening behavior has recently been found in nanostructured aluminum (fcc) produced by severe plastic deformation. It has also been demonstrated that annealing led to a decrease in ductility while deformation led to an increase in ductility. These mechanical responses are totally opposite to those in conventional coarse-grained samples. The present study explores the effect of post-process annealing or deformation on mechanical properties of nanostructured interstitial free (IF) steel (bcc). Accumulative roll-bonding was used to produce the nanostructured IF steel. The deformation structure was characterized by a lamellar boundary structure with a mean spacing of about 200 nm, consisting of high-angle boundaries, low-angle dislocation boundaries and dislocations in the volume between the boundaries. When the deformed sample was annealed at 400oC for 0.5 h, the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength increased and the elongation to failure decreased markedly. In contrast, when the annealed treatment was followed by a light rolling deformation of 15 % thickness reduction, the strength decreased and the elongation to failure increased. These results are consistent with those observed in the aluminum samples. Structural observations by transmission electron microscopy indicated that a removal of dislocations between the boundaries leads to a lack of dislocation sources, resulting in a higher stress to activate alternative dislocation sources. It was suggested that deformation rather than annealing could be a new route to improve the ductility of nanostructured metals and that a moderate light deformation gives a good balance of strength and ductility.

Thermomechanical Processing for Recovery of Desired $$ {\left\langle {001} \right\rangle } $$ Fiber Texture in Electric Motor Steels

A processing route has been developed for recovering the desired λ fiber in iron-silicon electrical steel needed for superior magnetic properties in electric motor application. The λ fiber texture is available in directionally solidified iron-silicon steel with the \( {\left\langle {001} \right\rangle } \) columnar grains but was lost after heavy rolling and recrystallization required for motor laminations. Two steps of light rolling each followed by recrystallization were found to largely restore the desired fiber texture. This strengthening of the \( {\left\langle {001} \right\rangle } \) fiber texture had been predicted on the basis of the strain-induced boundary migration (SIBM) mechanism during recrystallization of lightly rolled steel from existing grains of near the ideal orientation, due to postulated low stored energies. Taylor and finite element models supported the idea of the low stored energy of the λ fiber grains. The models also showed that the λ fiber grains, though unstable during rolling, only rotated away from their initial orientations quite slowly.

Retention of the ‹001› Fiber Texture for Fe-Si Electric Motor Steels

The ideal sheet texture for electric motor steels, the λ fiber, with 〈001〉 normal to the rolling plane, that can be produced by directional solidification, is largely lost by the required heavy rolling reduction and recrystallization needed to produce thin motor laminations. However by two successive light rolling reductions, followed in each case by recrystallization, the desired texture was largely recovered. Taylor and finite element modeling supported the hypothesis for this successful processing: the low Taylor factor of the λ fiber grains. Although starting from similar grain sizes, the second light deformation produced a much larger recrystallized grain size than did the first light deformation. This result suggests that a lower average Taylor factor in the structure before deformation, resulting in lower stored energy, can increase the recrystallized grain size.

Quantum corrections in quintessence models

We investigate the impact of quantum fluctuations on a light rolling quintessence field from three different sources, namely, from a coupling to the standard model and dark matter, from its self-couplings, and from its coupling to gravity. We derive bounds for time-varying masses from the change of vacuum energy, finding $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{e}/{m}_{e}\ensuremath{\ll}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ for the electron and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{p}/{m}_{p}\ensuremath{\ll}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ for the proton since redshift $z\ensuremath{\sim}2$, whereas the neutrino masses could change of order one. Mass-varying dark matter is also constrained. Next, the self-interactions are investigated. For inverse power law potentials, the effective potential does not become infinitely large at small field values, but saturates at a finite maximal value. We discuss implications for cosmology. Finally, we show that one-loop corrections induce nonminimal gravitational couplings involving arbitrarily high powers of the curvature scalar $R$, indicating that quintessence entails modified gravity effects.

Sharpening of Cube Texture during Grain Growth in High Purity Aluminum

Grain growth in cube-textured aluminum was investigated by transmission Laue photographs obtained at the same point in specimens with progressing annealing at the heating rate of 20 deg/h. High purity aluminum for electrolytic capacitor was cold rolled to 98 % reduction, and subsequently partially annealed at 230 °C for 6 h and rolled 22 % reduction. On the light rolling, asterisms toward RD were observed near by direct beam, suggesting that lattice rotation around TD was caused in cube grains by light rolling. After annealing to 300 deg, fine Laue spots were detected in the asterisms. Those fine spots were indexed as 100 spots due to diffraction in {100} nearly parallel to the ND-TD plane. After disappearance of Debye arcs due to diffraction in untransformed matrix, cube texture was observed with orientational spread around TD. With continuing annealing to 540 °C , grain growth occurred at the expense of cube grains whose orientations deviated from the exact cube orientation around TD , resulting in sharp cube texture formation.

Influence of Repeating of Partial Annealing and Light Rolling Process on Cube Texture in High Purity Aluminum

Influence of Repeating of Partial Annealing and Light Rolling Process on Cube Texture in High Purity Aluminum

Pt-10 mass%Rh合金における立方体集合組織の形成

Using the X-ray pole figure method, hardness test and optical metallography, rolling and recrystallization textures were investigated. After 98% cold reduction, copper type rolling texture developed at the rolling surface. Sharp cube texture with orientational spread around rolling direction was observed after annealing. To intensify the cube texture, the process of partial annealing and light rolling before final annealing is effective in the platinum-rhodium alloy as in the case of aluminum. Orientational spread around the rolling direction was attributed to lattice rotation during rolling in the cube band near to the specimen edge.

圧延横方向まわりに方位回転したアルミニウム立方体方位粒の回復，再結晶，粒成長

Mechanism of formation of sharp cube texture was investigated by transmission X-ray diffraction at the same point of specimens after various thermal and mechanical treatments. In cube oriented grains formed by partial annealing after heavy cold rolling, lattice rotation occurs mainly around transverse direction during light rolling. Upon slow heating from room temperature, polygonization was observed in deformed cube grains. Polygonization was attributed to recovery in TD rotated cube regions. Cube grains grow by bulging out of those boundaries to unrecrystallized region. After formation of cube texture with orientational spread of around TD, grain growth begin on final annealing at high temperature among TD-rotated cube grains, resulting of formation of sharp cube texture.

Sharpening of the Cube Texture in AA3004 Alloy by Three Step Processes of Partial Annealing and Light Rolling

Sharpening of the Cube Texture in AA3004 Alloy by Three Step Processes of Partial Annealing and Light Rolling