Light Pink Color Research Articles

조선시대 관복 담홍포 담론 연구 (제1보)

This study investigates when and why the light pink Dan-ryoung appeared as part of the official uniform of the Joseon Dynasty and which official uniform used the light pink color. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, books written by scholars, and related laws were used as research materials. The following results were obtained by analyzing the arguments of kings and officials on light pink uniforms and laws related to official uniforms. 1. Red was the color of the king as well as the color of Dang-sang-gwan's Gong-bok (one of the official uniforms). 2. The colors such as To-hong, Dam-hong, Do-hong, Bun-hong, Cheon-hong that appeared in Sang-bok (among official uniforms) were relatively lighter than red. 3. To-hong started to be used in Sang-bok at the time of King Se-jong and was used at the time of King Seong-jong in Sang-bok because it was the preferred color. 4. In the Joseon Dynasty, safflower (the basis of red color dye) was cultivated extensively; in addition, people liked red dyeing because it was relatively easy apply; subsequently, a ban on red dyeing was continually issued. 5. Kings Se-jong and Jung-jong ordered officials to use Do-hong and Bun-hong to distinguish the red color of the king. After Im-jin-oe-ran, Cheon-hong was officially designated the color of Sang-bok. 6. The reasons why Dam-hong was used in official uniforms were twofold: the preference for red-like colors and the influence of the Confucian hierarchy to distinguish the king.

Development of squamous neoplasia in esophageal iodine‐unstained lesions and the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes of Japanese alcoholic men

We investigated the development of esophageal neoplasia in biopsy specimens of the distinct iodine-unstained lesions (DIULs) ≥ 5 mm detected in 280 of 2,115 Japanese alcoholic men who underwent screening by esophageal iodine staining. Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) was diagnosed in 155 of them, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) in 57, and invasive SCC in 35. The size of the DIULs increased with the degree of neoplasia. Most LGINs were flat and were missed before iodine staining. Some DIULs became a light pink color (PC) about 2 min after staining, and 2.6, 56.1 and 96.0% of the LGIN, HGIN and invasive SCC lesions, respectively, were PC-sign-positive. Multiple DIULs of any size markedly increased the risk of LGIN [adjusted OR (95%CI) = 10.1 (7.12-14.5)], HGIN [27.9 (14.6-53.4)] and invasive SCC [21.6 (10.1-46.4)], and were strongly associated with the presence vs. absence of DIULs ≥ 5 mm [13.3 (9.21-19.1)], inactive heterozygous aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2*1/*2) vs. ALDH2*1/*1 [2.60 (1.79-3.78)], and less-active alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B*1/*1) vs. ADH1B*2 allele [2.61 (1.87-3.64)]. The combination of ALDH2*1/*2 and ADH1B*1/*1 synergistically increased the risk of LGIN [4.53 (2.17-9.47)], HGIN [10.4 (4.34-24.7)] and invasive SCC [21.7 (7.96-59.3)]. Esophageal neoplasia developed at earlier ages in those with ALDH2*1/*2. Biopsy-proven HGIN was diagnosed as invasive SCC in 15 (39.5%) of 38 patients after endoscopic mucosectomy or surgery. In conclusion, large size, non-flat appearance, positive PC sign and multiplicity of DIULs and ALDH2*1/*2 and ADH1B*1/*1 were associated with development of esophageal neoplasia in Japanese alcoholics. Biopsy-proven HGIN should be totally resected for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Variabilidade de colônias de Kabatiella zeae em meios de cultura e morfologia de isolados do fungo

Trinta e cinco isolados de Kabatiella zea obtidos de diferentes materiais genéticos de milho foram utilizados para avaliar as características morfológicas e crescimento micelial. Os meios de cultura utilizados foram BSA (batata, sacarose e ágar), MA (malte e ágar), AV (aveia e ágar) e FA (farinha de milho e ágar). Discos de 5 mm de diâmetro, retirados das margens de colônias crescidas em meio BSA, por 10 dias, foram colocadas no centro das placas contendo os respectivos meios de cultura. As placas foram incubadas a 24°C com fotoperíodo de 12 horas, por 10 dias. As características morfológicas dos isolados e as características das colônias foram avaliadas em BSA e o crescimento micelial, nos quatro meios. Todos os isolados apresentaram variabilidade em relação aos meios de cultura. Observou-se que a dimensão dos conídios variou de 3-4 x 27-33 μm, de largura e comprimento, respectivamente. Verificou-se que 80% dos isolados apresentaram coloração clara (rosa) e aspecto Coriáceo e enrugado, e o maior crescimento micelial foi observado no meio BSA.

Processing and characterisation of various mixed oxide and perovskite-based pigments for high temperature ceramic colouring application

The potential of using new mixed oxides based on perovskite and cerium oxide-based pigments, for high temperature (above 1000 ◦ C) ceramic colouring applications is presented in this paper. The solid-state synthesis method was used to manufacture the various pigment precursor powders used in this study. In the case of Er6MoO12, orange–yellow colours were observed at calcination temperatures of 1200 ◦ C and 1300 ◦ C with different soaking times. Examination of the X-ray diffraction pattern generated after heat treatment at 1200 ◦ C for 2 h revealed the single-phase nature of the compound. However, when applied to unleaded commercial transparent glaze, the pigment powder changed to a light pink colour indicating instability of the pigment in the glaze. Similarly mixed oxides such as Ba0.5La0.5 Na0.5 Cu0.5Si4O10 and Ba0.5La0.5 Na0.5 Cu0.5Si2O6 produced vivid blue and violet–blue colour powders, respectively when calcined between 950 ◦ C and 1050 ◦ C for different soaking times. X-ray diffraction patterns for Ba0.5La0.5 Na0.5 Cu0.5Si4O10 showed the presence of the phases which included (a) BaCuSi4O10 (b) La2Si2O7 (c) SiO2 and La2O3 (trace) whereas Ba0.5La0.5 Na0.5 Cu0.5Si2O6 confirmed the presence of the phases such as (a) BaCuSi4O10 and (b) BaCuSi2O6. These pigment powders were also not stable and light-green colours were observed when they were immersed in the unleaded commercial transparent glaze. Finally, AxB(2−x−y)CryO3 (A = rare earth and B = Al) perovskite-type compounds produced a variety of shades of red and yellow colour depending on the rare earth, the value of x and y, and the calcination temperature. An intense brownish-red colour was obtained when the rare earth Erbium was used with x =1 ,y = 0.06. From the X-ray diffraction trace, Er (Al Cr)O3 was found to be the only phase present. SEM micrographs indicated the presence of agglomerates as well as two different types of crystals in terms of morphology. EDX spectra confirmed that both types of crystals had the same composition. When applied in an unleaded transparent glaze, the brownish-red colour pigment powders turned into very pale yellow in the glaze, again indicating instability of the pigment powder in the commercial transparent glaze. Crown Copyright © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Abstract. The symbiotic association between the new sponge species Mycale vansoesti and the coralline alga Amphiroa sp. from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) is described. The alga completely pervades the sponge. The color of the sponge ectosome is white, both on the external surface and on the atrial wall, but where the alga is present the sponge takes on the light pink color of the alga. The sponge spicular complement is characterized by mycalostyles, anisochelae of two types, sigmas (often “C” shaped), and extremely abundant toxas organized in bundles forming toxadragma. In the association, the sponge shows very low silicate value, and consequently the alga represents the main skeleton of the sponge. On the other hand, the sponge affects the morphology of the alga, leading to a cylindrical shape, with thalli running parallel to the sponge surface. This association seems to be obligate for the sponge, as we found no sponges of this species living in isolation.

밀양지방 토종개의 형태학적 특징 및 유전적 다양성 연구

This study was carried out to investigate the physical characteristics (height, body lenght, chest depth, head type, ear type, body color, eye type and tail type) and genetic diversity using 15 microsatellite DNA markers (PEZ 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 and FHC 2079) in 44 random Miryang native dogs(6 months~12 years old). The height, body lenght, and chest depth of Miryang native dogs were 43-55 ㎝(mean 49.5 ㎝), 45-60 ㎝(mean 54.3 ㎝), and 50-64 ㎝(mean 57.9 ㎝), respectively. Miryang native dog was medium sized. The head and eye type were reverse-triangle(100%), triangle (90.9%) and newborn moon(9.1%), respectively. Most of body color had white coat color(93.2%), light pink tongue color(100%), light black anal color(90,9%) and pink claw color(100%). The ear type showed erect ear(100%), and half-curled(56.8%), upward(34.1%), curled(9.1%) in tail type, respectively. Number of alleles observed at a single locus ranged from 2 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 14 (PEZ 13), with average number of alleles per locus of 6.13. The expected heterozygosities of 15 microsatellite loci were estimated based on gene frequencies. The highest expected heterozygosity, 0.863 was estimated in PEZ 13 locus and the lowest, 0.455 in PEZ 21 and FHC 2010 locus. And the mean expected heterozygosity of 15 microsatellite markers was calculated as 0.635. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were ranged from 0.348 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 0.837 (PEZ 13), and the mean PIC value was calculated as 0.570. Of the 15 markers, PEZ 10, PEZ 13, PEZ 17 and FHC 2054 loci have relatively high PIC value (＞0.7) in Miryang native dog. In order to determine the efficieney of parentage control, exclusion probabilities (PE) were calculated for each allele. The highest PE 1 and PE 2 in PEZ 13 locus was caculated to 0.548 and 0.710, respectively. And the total exclusion power in PE 1 and PE 2 was calculated to 0.9895 and 0.9996, respectively. These results can give basic information for perservation and research in Miryang native dog, and phylogenetic relationships of the Korean native dog and Asian dog breeds.

Determinação de fenol urinário por cromatografia em fase gasosa em trabalhadores que utilizam resinas fenólicas em fundições

O fenol é utilizado na indústria como agente desinfetante no preparo de resinas fenólicas e pigmentos de tintas. Apresenta-se no estado sólido à temperatura ambiente, com coloração fracamente rósea, odor acre e higroscópico. Na exposição ocupacional aguda o composto pode levar a lesões eritematosas e, cronicamente, afetar a maturação celular no compartimento medular ósseo devido à formação de quinonas livres e 1,4-benzoquinona, proveniente do metabolismo hepático da hidroquinona via CYP2E1. A monitorização biológica possui relevância nas situações de exposições ocupacionais. Para tal, utiliza-se o fenol urinário, considerado bioindicador de exposição a este composto. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi validar uma técnica de extração líquido-líquido para quantificar o fenol urinário, por meio da cromatografia em fase gasosa com detetor de ionização por chama (CG/DIC) em urina de trabalhadores expostos ao fenol em fundições. O método mostrou-se linear de 5 a 200 µg/mL; coeficiente de regressão linear (r²) de 0,999; limites de detecção e quantificação 2,0 e 5,0 µg/mL, respectivamente; precisão intra-ensaio entre 4,5 e 8,9% e inter-ensaio entre 5,7 e 14,2%; exatidão entre 6,2 e 11,9% e recuperação superior a 87%. O método demonstrou ser simples e rápido. Amostras provenientes de trabalhadores expostos ao fenol foram analisadas comprovando a aplicação da técnica na monitorização biológica.

Avaliação da uva cv. Isabel para a elaboração de vinho tinto

Isabella grape, originated from the South of the United States, is one of the most important varieties of Vitis labrusca. Today it is the most diffused variety in the Serra Gaucha, the southern viticultural region of Brazil, where it represents near 45% of the total production. Isabella grape is used to make red table wine and juice and it is commercialized as table grape too. Due to its importance, this work was carried out from 1988 to 1994 to study grape maturation, cluster characteristic, must composition and chemical and sensory attributes of its red table wine. The results showed that Isabella grapes had small and loose clusters, with large berries and seeds. The must showed a light pink color, good level of sugar, low malic acid and low titratable acidity. The wine has an attractive red color; the aroma is intense and shows a good varietal characteristic; finally, sensory analysis shows the wine needs a better balance and softness.

クロロフェノール類の酵素処理における水溶性反応生成物

Reaction products of chlorophenols with laccase were investigated. Chlorohydroquinone and 4-chlorocatechol of reaction products in solution obtained from reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol with laccase were identified by GC/MS and HPLC. Similarly, dichlorodihydroxybenzene and trichlorodihydroxybenzene were estimated as a reaction product of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol with laccase, respectively. The color of solution was changed to light pink after enzymatic reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol with laccase. The color of solution disappeared after it was reduced by addition of sodium hydrosulfite. It was concluded the formation of chloro-p-benzosemiquinone caused light pink color in enzymatic reaction. This result was supported with calculated UV/VIS spectrum of chloro-p-benzosemiquinone by ZINDO program.

Valence State of Europium in CaS Prepared Using Alkaline Polysulfide Flux

Red calcium sulfide phosphors were prepared using the flux method. Light yellow or pink body colour was obtained for powders synthesized from Na2Sx or K2Sx, respectively. The pink colour is related to the absorption band of Eu2+ in the visible region, whereas this band is absent in the yellow powder. Diffused absorption spectra and time-resolved photoluminescent spectra show that europium exists mainly in the trivalent or divalent form for yellow or pink powder, respectively. The presence of Eu3+ in the CaS matrix implies the co-insertion of the flux alkaline ions to respect the electrical neutrality. Because of their similar sizes, Na+ is easily substituted for Ca2+, while K+ can be inserted only in small amounts. Only Eu2+ emission is observed, and the efficiency is nearly the same in both cases. However, the quenching concentration is about one order of magnitude higher (10-2 mol Eu) for the pink powder. The high efficiency observed for the yellow powder may be due to the capture of one electron by Eu3+ leading to excited Eu2+ and to light emission when electron and hole are recombined.

An unexpected side reaction in the guaiacol assay for peroxidase

In routine guaiacol assays for thyroid peroxidase and lactoperoxidase employing a newly purchased bottle of guaiacol from Aldrich Chemical Co., we were surprised to find the formation of a blue color instead of the expected amber color classically associated with this assay. This was observed also with horseradish, myelo-, and cytochrome c peroxidase. The blue color ( A max ∼ 650 nm) was not formed with guaiacol reagents obtained from two other chemical companies, nor was it seen with a bottle of old Aldrich guaiacol that had been in use in the laboratory for more than 10 years. In the present investigation we provide evidence that formation of the blue color is closely associated with the presence of a low concentration of catechol (∼0.5 mol%) in the new Aldrich guaiacol reagent. Catechol itself, even in much higher concentration, is a very weak donor for peroxidase, forming a light pink color. The blue color in Aldrich new guaiacol is not formed to the exclusion of 470-nm-absorbing product(s). Formation of the latter is, however, inhibited, and use of Aldrich new guaiacol for assay leads to low values for peroxidase activity. Other dihydroxyphenols (resorcinol and hydroquinone) do not mimic the action of catechol in formation of the blue color. Resorcinol is a very potent inhibitor of peroxidation of guaiacol. Possible schemes are proposed for formation of the products that may be associated with the amber and blue colors.

The morphology of false anthers in Craterostigma plantagineum and Torenia polygonoides (Scrophulariaceae)

The ontogenesis of the prominent excrescences of the filament of two melittophilous species is investigated and the biological implications are discussed. In Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. the bases of the filament bulges are fused with the lower lip of the corolla. The bulges are bright yellow, of grainy structure, and they flank the entrance of the flower tube. This character syndrome can be interpreted as a plastic (three-dimensional) false anther or anther dummy. The flower of Torenia polygonoides Benth. carries a yellow, spotlike anther dummy in the centre of the lower lip. The staminal excrescences of T. polygonoides are completely free of the lower lip of the corolla, pin-shaped, and of a light pink colour. Thus, they lack the characteristic, yellow signal colour that is typical for anther dummies in general. Possibly, they have no optical function at all, but act as a guide rail.

Geographic Variation of Group Size, Ontogeny, Rattle Calls, and Body Size in Aphelocoma ultramarina

Geographic Variation of Group Size, Ontogeny, Rattle Calls, and Body Size in Aphelocoma ultramarina

Stability of dobutamine hydrochloride and verapamil hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose injections

The stability of dobutamine hydrochloride (250 micrograms/ml) and verapamil hydrochloride (160 micrograms/ml) alone and in combination in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection was studied. Solutions were stored both in plastic i.v. bags and in amber-colored glass bottles at 24 degrees C and 5 degrees C for up to seven days. Before storage and at various times during storage, solutions were assayed at least in triplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography, pH was recorded, and visual appearance was noted. All solutions tested under all conditions retained at least 90% potency for seven days. In plastic i.v. bags, dobutamine either alone or in combination with verapamil in both diluents turned a light-pink color in 24 hours at 24 degrees C. The intensity of the pink color increased with time in 0.9% sodium chloride injection; in 5% dextrose injection, solutions, became clear in 48 hours. The pH of solutions prepared in plastic i.v. bags in 5% dextrose injection decreased from 4.0 to 3.1 during the seven-day period at 24 degrees C; results for solutions in amber bottles were similar. At 5 degrees C, the pH and clarity of all solutions in bags and bottles remained stable for seven days. At the concentrations tested, dobutamine hydrochloride combined with verapamil hydrochloride is stable in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and 5% dextrose injection for 48 hours at 24 degrees C and for seven days at 5 degrees C.

Ruby from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, in the Hodono Valley, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

Ruby, purplish red to pink, found in the Hodono valley, Ehime Prefecture, occurs in an amphibole-zoisite rock with a minor amounts of garnet, paragonite, and chlorite.The corundum is idiomorphic granular, up to 5 cm in diameter, and transparent purplish red to colorless. Optical properties are uniaxial (−) e=1.761(2), and ω=1.769(2). Density (meas.) is 3.887(5). Red fluorescence is displayed by long (3650 A) and short (2536 A) wave ultraviolet rays. Cell dimensions are a=4.760(1), c=12.992(3)A, c⁄a=2.729, and cell volume 254.9(1)A3. Infrared absorption bands occur at 780 cm−1, 641 cm−1, 595 cm−1, 450 cm−1, and 378 cm−1.Microprobe analyses for the minor oxide abundance of corundums with dark purplish red to light purplish pink color are Fe2O3 0.44−0.39 vrt%, Cr2O3 0.44−0.01 wt%, SiO2 0.0−30.00 wt%, and MnO 0.01−0.00 wt%. The abundance of Cr2O3 varies among different grains or within a single grain, and corresponds to the shade of red.The mineral assemblage of the corundum is briefly discussed.

PROCESSING FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SENSORY QUALITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIGER

ABSTRACTLiver pretreatment, nitrite level, cooking temperature, addition of calcium‐reduced dried skim milk (CRDSM) and fat content were investigated for their effects on the sensory quality of braun‐schweiger. Liver pretreatment, such as scalding at 93°C for 2 min, soaking in brine at 0°C for 1 hr or freezing, had a significant effect on color but not on the overall acceptability of the product. Braun‐schweiger made with or without nitrite showed a difference in color but not in flavor. Cooking temperatures affected texture, flavor, overall acceptability, spreadability, product stability, and color of the finished product. The addition of 3.5% CRDSM enhanced the flavor and improved the stability of liver sausage cooked at high temperatures. Braunschweiger containing 20, 30, and 35% fat showed no significant differences in overall acceptability. High fat content in the product favored creamy texture and improved slice‐ability but resulted in a light pink color.

Study on the color of anodized films on Al-Mn-Cr alloys

Al-Mn-Cr alloys were anodized in a sulfuric acid solution and color of anodized films was measured quantitatively. Dependence of the color on alloy compositions and heat treatment was studied and a coloring mechanism was discussed in terms of quantum chemistry. Following results were obtained:(1) When super saturated solid solutions were anodized, films on high manganese alloys showed light pink color while films on high chromium alloys developed yellow color. When contents of manganese and chromium were intermediate, light pink and yellow hues overlapped and the film color turned to be brown because the stimulus value, Y, lowered.(2) When alloys had been precipitation annealed prior to anodizing, high chromium alloys developed slight coloring. However, the color was grey because of the extremely low stimulus value.(3) Coloring by manganese and chromium was due to Mn3+ and Cr6+, respectively. Formation of films with slightly greenish color on annealed alloys was possibly due to Cr3+ contribution.(4) Dispersed precipitates in films resulted in blackening by scattering. Scattering by smaller precipitates produced bluish color.(5) It appeared that the coloring mechanism active in the present study was similar to that of colored glass, laser materials or certain jewels.

Caffeine bleaching of Stentor coeruleus.

AbstractAfter a few days in caffeine solution the dark blue‐green ciliate Stentor coeruleus loses all visible pigmentation. The cells remain viable and transparent if the solution is then diluted. In time, however, a light pink color is regenerated in maintenance concentration of the drug. In caffeine‐free medium the major dark green pigment is regenerated. Decolorized, pink, and normal stentors can thus be compared, alive, in searching for the functions of these pigments. Unexpectedly, the pigments are not necessary for the lightavoidance response.

Cacotheline as a reagent for the detection of ferrous and ferric iron

1. Cacotheline has previously been employed as a colorimetric reagent for the detection of Sn +2 and V +3 ions. The present investigation covers its use as a reagent for the detection of Fe +2 and Fe +3 ions. 2. Fe +2 ions give a pink colour with a solution of cacotheline at a pH lying between 1.48 and 4.58 in the presence of a sufficient concentration of sodium oxalate, which serves to bind the Fe +3 ions by complex formation. At a pH below 1.24, only a very light pink colour is produced and this develops slowly. When the pH of the solution is about 5.2, a blue colour is obtained. The limit of identification is 1.5 γ and the concentration limit is 1 : 40,000 of Fe +2. While testing for Fe +2 at very low concentration, it is necessary to employ a very dilute solution of cacotheline (0.025%), while for solutions of higher concentrations saturated cacotheline solution (about 0.25%) is recommended. A detailed investigation has been made concerning the conditions determining the stability of the pink colour. 3. It has also been observed that sodium malonate, sodium citrate, sodium malate, sodium tartrate and sodium lactate are effective as complexing agents for binding Fe +3 ions. 4. Orthophosphate has not been found effective as a complexing agent under the conditions adopted, while pyrophosphate and metaphosphate have been found effective. 5. Fe +3 ions are reduced to Fe +2 by exposure to sunlight or the light from a Philip's Repro lamp in the presence of the appropriate buffer solution and sodium oxalate.

Alkaline Intrusives of Lutingshan and Ch'iaoshan in S. Shansi*

The known areas of alkaline rocks in Shansi are all situated in or near regions where different systems of trendlines meet. As indicated on any map of Shansi by the sudden diversion of the Fenho river towards W we should find near the bend a crossing of trendlines and it is here that the Linfen (P'ingyang) intrusives are situated. The newly discovered intrusives, which are described in this paper, are Lutingshan and Ch'iaoshan and they may be considered distant satellies of the main intrusive body Lungwangmiao (cfr. Nyström: Some alkaline rocks of Shansi province). They are both typical “shoulder” intrusives, reinforcing the edge of a limestone plateau.Lutingshan of which the highest eminence consists of Carboniferous sandstone, harbours in its S slope an almost circular stock of about 4000 m. diameter, the most striking feature of which is its topography. The rock composing this igneous body is obviously of two different kinds: the rim showing a jagged “shark's teeth” contour has offered stronger resistance to erosion, wheras the centre is deeply excavated, the whole resulting in what one may call a “pseudo‐crater”, about 200 m. deep. The rim rock is light grey banatite, inclining to akerite, and the centre a red, easily weathered alteration‐product of banatitic orgin, the alteration probably being of hydrothermal nature and having taken place during the latter stages of solidification. There are veins of pink gramte‐aplitic composition in the rim. There are highly metamorphosed inliers of limestone in die southern part of the intrusive and here a valley provides an outlet from the “crater”. There is also a narrow canyon providing exit towards SW. These topographical features are without parallel in the other alkaline areas in Shansi.The other intrusive Ch'iaoshan may be seen from Lutingshan at a distance of a few km. towards E. It looks like a dark, cone‐like eminence, rising above the rather undisturbed layers of Ordovician limestone. At closer inspection it is seen that this cone represents the northern semicircular part of a bat‐tike intrusive which spreads along a faultline running NE‐SW. It is sculptured in numerous peak, of which the northern eminence, mentioned above, is the highest. The topography suggests a variety of rocks of different hardness. Ch'iaoshan no doubt marks the spot where, through intersection of trendlines, the crust has been particularly weakened. This is also made probable by the numerous satellites which—in contrast to Lutingshan—are very prevalent round Ch'iaoshan.The high northern peak consists of a coarse crumbling pink porphyrv extremely affected by cleavage. Towards the centre of die intrusive the rock becomes more dense and firm but there are numerous miarolithic cavities. It is of light pink colour and has bisilicate crystals scattered throughout. Since this seems to be fairly representative of a large mass of the intrusive, a chemical analysis was made and the composition is strongly alkaline, but with quartz, in fact a nordmarkite and very similar to certain alkaline rocks of W Shansi. There are dykes, of a snow‐white banatite and veins of granite‐aplite, showing thus rapid differentiation both in a dioritic and in a granitic direction. The satellites are of banatitic character. Here and there grass‐green patches of epidote are seen in die outlying parts of the intrusive. No inliers of limestone have been seen.Concerning the association of rocks in these two intrusives, they show undoubted consanguineity both with each other and with the parent intrusive Lungwangmiao. From a hypothetical parent rock of akeritic composition there has been differentiation both in a granitic (aplitic) and in a dioritic (banatitic) direction. The syenitic differentiation (resulting ultimately in nepheline and nosean‐bearing rocks) so characteristic for die alkaline areas in W. Shansi, is conspicuous by its absence and there are no alkaline pyroxens (aegirine or aeg. augite) to be seen. The nordmarkite in Ch'iaoshan is an intermediary member in the granitic differentiation process.Regarding the age of the intrusions it is not possible to arrive at anv definite conclusion because of the absence of sediments, contemporaneous, or younger than die igneous action. But since the intrusions are so obviously connected with the Fenho‐Weiho graben diastrophism, which produced fault‐scarps, along which Pliocene beds are interbedded with conglomerates from the scarps and since, on exposed surfaces of the parent (Lungwangmiao) intrusive, Hipparion‐beds can be found covering outcrops of igneous rocks, it seems that until further information is forthcoming, we may in a preliminary and tentative way establish the time of intrusion to be during the closing stages of maximum diastrophism of mid‐Tertiary time.