Light Naphtha Research Articles

Ti–Mn coating prepared by tungsten inert gas cladding and its inhibiting coking property

AbstractThe Ti–Mn cladding layers with different ratios were prepared on the surface of 310S steel using tungsten inert gas (TIG) technology for inhibiting coking in ethylene cracking, and the cladding specimens were oxidized by muffle furnace for 10 h at 800°C. The coking evaluation tests of the oxidized specimens with different Ti–Mn powder ratios were carried out with light naphtha at 850°C. The results show that when the ratio of Ti to Mn was 3:1, a protective layer of TiO2–TinO2n‐1–Mn5O8 was formed on the surface of specimen, and with the decrease of Ti element content, unstable Fe‐Ti spinel compounds appeared on the surface. When the ratio of Ti to Mn is 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1, the coking inhibition rate was 40%, 46%, and 59%, respectively. Catalytic coke formed on the surface of coating. When the ratio of Ti to Mn was 3:1, the inhibiting coking rate on the surface of the coating reached 80%, and the inhibiting coking performance was optimal, which inhibited the catalytic coking of Fe and Ni metal particles. With the increase of Ti content and the decrease of Mn content, the graphitization degree of coke decreased according to Raman spectrum.

Determining the emission rates of volatile organic compounds and modeling their dispersion from the petroleum and chemical storage tanks of the largest oil terminal in the southwest of Iran

This study aimed to investigate the air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with an emphasis on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). Due to surface evaporation from the storage tanks of the largest petroleum and chemical product terminal in the export port of the southwestern Iran, the field measurements of the emission sources were performed using the TANKs 4.0.9d software, and VOC emission modeling was performed using the PHAST software. Among 36 point sources (32 external floating roof tanks and four internal floating roof tanks), the emission rates of the VOCs of the storage tanks were determined using the TANKs 4.0.9d software in the area of 3.8 km2 during 12 months (March 2017-January 2018). The highest rate of VOC emissions from the tanks was observed in July, with the highest temperature and wind speed in the region. According to the results, the total emission rate of the VOCs from the storage tanks was 881.74 ton/year, and the highest emission rate was observed in the external floating roof tanks (865.7 ton/year; 98.18%). The contribution of the internal floating roof tanks was 16.04 ton/year (1.81%), and the highest and lowest VOC emission rates in the export port were observed in the light naphtha tank No. 67 and jet naphtha storage tank (56.73 and 4.18 ton/year), respectively. In addition, the highest and lowest BTEX emission rates from the storage tanks were observed in the gasoline tank No. 62 and jet naphtha tanks No. 93 and 94 (0.37 and 0.05 ton/year), respectively.

Light Paraffinic Naphtha to BTX Aromatics over Metal‐Modified Pt/ZSM‐5

AbstractWe investigated the conversion of light paraffinic naphtha (C5‐C6) into BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) aromatics using 1.0 wt % Pt‐M/ZSM‐5 (modifier M=1 wt% Zn, 2 wt % of Fe, La, Ga) prepared using wet‐impregnation method. The effects of Pt and modifier on light naphtha conversion, yield and aromatic selectivity (benzene, toluene, xylene, C9+ aromatics) were studied in fixed‐bed flow reactor in atmospheric pressure, at 550 °C, and WHSV 1.0 h−1. Catalytic efficiency of modified Pt or Pt‐M ZSM‐5 catalysts has been equated to conventional ZSM‐5 [Si/Al2=30] catalyst. While the yield of total aromatics was slightly increased over Pt/ZSM‐5 comparison to parent ZSM‐5 from 32 wt % to 37 wt %, the value for in situ formed mesoporous Pt‐Ga/ZSM‐5 was significantly improved reaching 60 wt %. The higher selectivity to aromatics is attributed to the induced mesoporous volumes and dehydrogenation activity of Ga species. These species associated with Pt were effective in the conversion of light naphtha to olefins, which later converted into aromatics by secondary reactions: cracking, isomerization and dimerization. The Pt‐Ga/ZSM‐5 showed good stability toward the selective production of aromatics at a low toluene/benzene ratio ∼0.5 due to Pt component.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Composite Foams for Oil Spill Recovery Application

The aim of this paper is the synthesis and characterization of a composite silicone foam filled with expanded graphite (EG) for oil spill recovery applications. The EG foams were obtained using a foaming slurry consisting of a mixture of siloxane compounds as the matrix with an EG filler. The effect of the filler content’s performance on an innovative composite silicone-based foam was investigated. All the obtained samples exhibited an open cell morphology. Each foam was evaluated in four commonly used oils (kerosene, pump oil, naphtha and crude oil). Additionally, kinetics was studied in order to investigate the physical, chemical and mass transport mechanisms that act during the absorption phenomenon and uptake evolution of the contaminants. Foam filled with 3% of EG exhibited the highest absorption capacity, particularly with light oils kerosene and virgin naphtha (854 and 1016 wt.%, respectively). Furthermore, the kinetic study showed that pseudo-second order mechanisms better fitted the composite absorption performances, suggesting that the oil sorption into EG filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foams could be related to chemisorption mechanism. The results evidenced a good oil sorption capability and water/oil selectivity indicating this class of materials as a potentially applicable material for oil spill remediation.

Isomerization of Alkanes over Ionic Liquids Supported on SBA-15

Exploring the catalytic efficiency of ionic liquid supported on mesoporous material as heterogeneous organ catalysts for example, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride + AlCl3 (different ratio) immobilized on SBA-15 that contains 0.5% platinum, with regard to isomerization of n-pentane and n-hexane, along with commercial light naphtha feed conversion reactions. The prepared materials were characterized by several instrumental methods, which include temperature-programmed desorption to evaluate acid strength. The reactions were performed in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor having high pressure by the down-flow method. This valuable novel isomerization reaction was strongly influenced by many key parameters, for instance, temperature, pressure, weight hourly space velocity, and flow rate of H2, which are discussed in detail. The Pt/EMIM-AlCl4(1:1)20/SBA-15 ionic liquid catalyst showed superior catalytic performance out of the four-catalyst system examined toward the above reactions, which is undoubtedly due to its significant turnover frequencies values of 8.6 s–1 and 8.5 s–1 and specific reaction rates values of 8.01 × 10–4 mol g–1 s–1 and 8.00 × 10–4 mol g–1 s–1 for n-pentane and n-hexane correspondingly. The order of catalytic activity is Pt/EMIM-AlCl4(1:1)20/SBA-15 > Pt-EMIM-Tf/SBA-15 > Pt/EMIM-Al2Cl7(1:2)20/SBA-15 > Pt-EMIM-Al2Cl7(1:2)30/SBA-15.

Combustion characteristics of crude oils for gas turbine applications by DCN measurements and NMR spectroscopy

Operating combined cycle gas turbines and/or low speed diesel engines on light petroleum crudes rather than distillate or heavy fuels produced from them avoids the carbon emissions associated with refining while continuing to achieve high energy conversion efficiencies. However, crude assays generated for refinery feed stock characterization do not include an ignition propensity property indicator, and the wide distillation range of crudes disfavors the use of the Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index or Cetane Index used to characterize heavy or distillate fuel ignition quality. Here, the derived cetane number (DCN) of a single (whole) light crude is reported and the liquid volume fractions and DCNs of light end distillation fractions of this and three other light crudes are compared. Using ASTM D86 distillation method, four crudes were distilled into four light fractions as typically reported in crude assays: 1) light naphtha; 2) heavy naphtha; 3) kerosene; 4) light gas oil. DCNs were obtained using an ignition quality tester (IQT) and ASTM D6890 procedures. The DCNs of the fractions 1) – 4) for all crudes increased from 23 to 35 for the lowest boiling point fraction to 50–60 for the highest tested, in the range of the DCN measured for one of the whole crudes (52.6). The large DCN variation with distillation temperature suggests that preferential vaporization is likely relevant to pre-vaporized/premixed gas turbine combustion behaviors near operational limits. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were also acquired for the distilled samples. A QSPR regression developed using a Scheffé simplex-polynomial descriptor indicates that n-paraffinic CH2 groups play the most significant role in determining crude global ignition propensity. Results suggest that the reactivity potential of crude oils can be estimated reasonably well by employing a well-trained QSPR prediction tool for DCN, based upon key chemical functional groups determined from 1H and 13C NMR spectral analyses.

The effects of sulfides and sulfur/phosphorus‐containing compounds on coke formation during thermal cracking of light naphtha

AbstractIn this study, coke deposits during thermal cracking of light naphtha in the presence of sulfur‐ and sulfur/phosphorous‐containing compounds with different addition methods were investigated from the points of morphology and structure. Sulfur/phosphorous‐containing compounds were applied by continuous addition, pretreatment, and pretreatment followed by continuous addition. As for continuous addition, the amount of coke was decreased with increasing the mass concentration of sulfides in short‐term cracking periods. Catalytic coke was inhibited because of passivating the metal by sulfides at the initial stage of coking process. When phosphides were combined with the mixture of sulfides, the coke formation was further decreased as the synergistic effects of adsorption of sulfur and phosphorous onto the metal led to the decreased activity of metal surface. In the case of pretreatment with sulfur/phosphorous, the reduction in coke formation at the initial stage of cracking process was due to the adsorption of S/P‐containing radicals on the oxide film. In further cracking operation, an enrichment of Fe and Ni in the oxide layer from the pretreatment process leads to the appearance of coke filaments in coke layers. The combined addition method, the surface pretreatment with dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)/triphenyl phosphite (TPPI) followed by continuous addition of sulfides/TPPI in the feed, shows the best coking inhibition performance. The inhibition rate is up to 88.8% and 78.5% respectively when the cracking time is 1 and 3 h. The combined application strengthened the coverage of catalytic activity sites by sulfur/phosphorous‐containing radicals. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the structural characteristics of coke deposit at the applied conditions were mainly amorphous coke. Variant coke filaments were also observed at the conditions of pretreatment and pretreatment followed by continuous addition. The analyses of Raman spectra indicated that the application methods decreased the graphitization degree of coke deposited and increased the structure defects of the coke matrix. During naphtha cracking, sulfur/phosphorous‐containing compounds reduced dehydrogenation and condensation by which hydrocarbons were degraded to coke.

Preparation, Characterization, and Kinetics Model of MoCo/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization of Light Naphtha

The subject of this work is to study the effect of pH, molybdenum content and some of the transition metals (such as Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel) on the catalyst properties and performance of oxidative desulfurization (ODS). To achieve this aim, the mesoporous 5%Co10%Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. Then, the as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption/desorption, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD). The catalytic activity was measured with catalytic ODS setup. The catalyst with 10wt%Mo (as an active metal) and 5wt%Co content (as a promoter) at pH=4 represented the optimum performance for oxidative desulfurization. The 5%Co10%Mo/γ-Al2O3 has the Surface Area =170.61 m2/g, Pore Volume =0.64 cm3/g, Average Pore Diameter = 15.18nm when these parameters were increased, it led to the best operation condition of sulfur removal. The SEM images showed that the application of Co and Mo metals reaches more homogenous impregnation. The NH3-TPD result introduced the strong acidic sites of 5%Co10%Mo/γ-Al2O3. The obtained results proved that the total sulfur (all kind of sulfur in the feed) of light naphtha decreased from 160ppm to 20ppm during ODS process with the optimized catalyst. In that case, the kinetics of oxidative desulfurization of the optimized catalyst (5%Co10%Mo/γ-Al2O3) was studied. Moreover, a kinetic affinity model was utilized to determine the kinetic parameters of this reaction and the modeling results showed good agreement with experimental data.

Optimization approaches to the integrated system of catalytic reforming and isomerization processes in petroleum refinery

In this paper, we deal with the optimization of a cluster comprising two key processes in petroleum refinery: catalytic reforming, and light naphtha isomerization. We propose a novel hybrid methodology which combines direct and indirect approaches. In the direct approach we consider the complete kinetic model and we adopt derivative-free approaches since the analytic expression of the model is not available. In the indirect approach we propose a surrogate modelling based optimization and we apply state-of-the-art solver to retrieve the optimal operating condition and flowsheet configuration of the process. The hybrid method consists of two steps: (i) we compute different good feasible solutions by means of the indirect approach, and (ii) we apply the direct approach using the solutions of the previous step as starting points. Computational experiments for different scenarios are finally discussed.

Local structure elucidation and reaction mechanism of light naphtha aromatization over Ga embedded H-ZSM-5 zeolite: Combined DFT and experimental study

Abstract Local structures and mechanisms for n-pentane aromatization on Ga embedded H-ZSM-5 zeolite (Ga/ZSM-5) were elucidated using Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the role of Ga/ZSM-5 zeolite in aromatics synthesis. XAS data suggests that Ga ligates with four oxygen or four hydrogen atoms. Catalytic tests results suggest that conversion by Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst cannot occur via C6–C8 non-aromatic intermediates, while the availability of Ga metal sites promotes the aromatization of C2 and C3 species. Therefore, conversion of n-pentane to benzene or toluene comprises four steps, i) cracking, ii) GaH2 activation, iii) cyclization, and iv) dehydrogenation. Our model predicts the key intermediate in n-pentane aromatization on Ga/ZSM-5 zeolite to be a five-membered Ga-C4 ring structure. The ring undergoes expansion to form a seven-membered Ga-C6 ring. Moreover, we discuss thermodynamics and kinetic results for the benzene and toluene formation pathways. Our results provide new finding for the role of Ga/ZSM-5 zeolites in n-pentane aromatization processes.

Performance of Naphtha in Compression Ignition Modes Using Multicomponent Surrogate Fuel Model

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines have been considered a promising technology for achieving diesel-like efficiency with less NOx and soot emissions than diesel engines. In recent research, naphtha has emerged as a suitable fuel for GCI owing to its octane number and its potential to reduce CO2 and production costs. The present work develops a multicomponent surrogate fuel model for heavy and light naphtha fuels by matching their distillation profiles and covering the measured concentrations of the various hydrocarbon classes and properties. The developed naphtha multicomponent surrogate model shows better prediction results than the primary reference fuel (PRF) surrogate model and exhibits good agreement with the measured data. The performance of naphtha in compression ignition (CI) combustion modes is investigated using the surrogate model and engine experiments. Naphtha fuels under CI combustion modes show better soot, HC, and CO emissions than diesel owing to the longer ignition delay and higher burned gas temperature. Moreover, as naphtha fuels are less affected by the injection pressure, naphtha CI engines appear to operate at a lower injection pressure than diesel engines.

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИЗОМЕРИЗАЦИИ ЛЁГКОГО УГЛЕВОДОРОДНОГО СЫРЬЯ В ПРАКТИКЕ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ НЕФТИ

The features of high-, medium- and low-temperature processes of light naphtha isomerization, operating conditions of the used catalysts and quality specification of the feedstock’s are considered.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОЦЕССА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ УЗКОЙ ФРАКЦИИ С5 - С6 В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИЗОМЕРИЗАЦИИ ЛЕГКОЙ НАФТЫ

Approaches of problem points estimation for increasing productivity and increasing the accuracy of isolating the C5-C6 fraction in light naphtha isomerization technology are considered. It is shown that the elimination of these problem points is possible by increasing the efficiency of existing internal contact devices of the distillation column, or by increasing the efficiency of the furnace. The final solution to the problem should be determined on the basis of mathematical modeling of the process.

Enhancement of light naphtha quality and environment using new synthetic nano-catalyst for oxidative desulfurization: Experiments and process modeling

Batch oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is investigated here for the removal sulfur compound from light naphtha using homemade new nano-catalyst. The catalyst is made of manganese dioxide supported on zeolite nanoparticles which shows an excellent catalytic performance with good impregnation, high activity, good pore size distribution and larger surface area. Different reaction temperature, time and initial sulfur concentration are used to have a deeper insight of the process. The experimental results reveal that the conversion of sulfur compound is increased by increasing the initial sulfur concentration, the reaction temperature and batch time.A mathematical model of the process is developed and validated using the experimental data within gPROMS software with high accuracy. The validated model (errors less than 5% between experimental and predicted results) is then utilized to obtain the optimal operation conditions of the process giving maximum conversion of sulfur (higher than 99%) resulting in an environmentally friendly fuel.

The efficiency of soft sensors modelling in advanced control systems in oil refinery through the application of hybrid intelligent data mining techniques

Quality variables cannot be automatically measured to all nor be measured at a high cost, infrequently, nor with high delays, such as laboratory analysis and online analyser. Therefore, data-driven soft sensors are inferential models which use online available sensors, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate among others, to predict the quality variables. Soft sensors which are built using historical data of the processes are normally developed from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems connected with PLC or DCS (distribution control systems) as the daily reports on the oil refinery processes. These systems are then obtained from laboratory observation/measurements. Notably, the main issue in the development of the soft sensor is the treatment of missing data, outlier detection, selection of input variables, model training, validation, and soft sensor maintenance to adopt the heavy-duty oil refineries to improve the products of the crude oil and increase yield. In this article, the improvement in the virtual sensor based on hybrid soft computing methods (FLS and NN), which are combined into ANFIS, will be employed to construct the soft sensor model. Moreover, RST will be used to reduce the fuzzy rules and discretisation method to optimise and deal with the large continuous data. It was found from the implementation of rough set theory and discretisation methods that these two methods solved the complexity and nonlinearity of the soft sensor model. This model was employed for the refining process measurements data of the oil refinery from two different crude oil sources, in which the database of the measurements and processes was combined to improve the quality of data and discover the knowledge stored in the data pattern. It was indicated from this study result that the ANFIS model is able to manage the complex data to predict two important parameters of light naphtha (API and RVP) compared to the simple regression model. Additionally, controlling and monitoring the process are crucial actions performed to achieve the 4th industrial revolution and IoT. This study has contributed to the assistance in breaking the barriers of privacy between oil industries and the applicability of soft sensors modelling in the changes of data sources to achieve remarkable data analysis. The analyses result of RVP show the efficiency of ANFIS compare with linear regression regarding the generalization and overfitting.

Energy performance of Power-to-Liquid applications integrating biogas upgrading, reverse water gas shift, solid oxide electrolysis and Fischer-Tropsch technologies

Abstract Power-to-liquid (P2L) pathways represent a possible solution for the conversion of carbon dioxide into synthetic value-added products. The present work analyses different power-to-liquid options for the synthesis of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels and chemicals. The FT section is integrated into a complete carbon capture and utilization route. The involved processes are a biogas upgrading unit for CO2 recovery, a reverse water gas shift, a solid oxide electrolyser and a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. The upgrading plant produces about 1 ton/h of carbon dioxide. The recovered CO2 is fed to either a reverse water gas shift reactor or a solid oxide electrolysis unit operating in co-electrolysis mode for the generation of syngas. The produced syngas is fed to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor at 501 K and 25 bar for the synthesis of the Fischer-Tropsch products, which are further separated into different classes based on their boiling point to yield light gas, naphtha, middle distillates, light waxes and heavy waxes. The developed process model uses a detailed carbide kinetic model to describe the formation of paraffins and olefins based on real experimental data. The effect of Fischer-Tropsch off-gas recirculation has been studied against a one-through option. Finally, energy integration of each configuration plant is provided. Results from process simulations show that the best model configurations reach a plant efficiency of 81.1% in the case of solid oxide electrolyser as syngas generator, and 71.8% in the case of reverse water gas shift option, with a global carbon reduction potential of 79.4% and 81.7%, respectively.

Re-Design Pyrolysis Reactor Prototype for the Conversion of Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuel

In this research, a pyrolysis reactor with a capacity of 5 kg has been designed. Innovation in the pyrolysis reactor is the adsorbents that are used (lime CaCO3 + iron fiber Fe2O3) in the reactor. This study aims to determine the optimal reaction conditions. Tests carried out at 200-400°C temperature intervals and a range of 40-90 minutes. The best product is 86.40% liquid yield at 350°C with a processing time of 90 minutes. ASTM distillation studies of the oil produced showed that 67% fraction was in the range of the light naphtha, 12% fraction was in the range of heavy naphtha and 21% fraction was in the range of the medium naphtha. Comparing the physical parameters of the sample oil with standard fuels, it was observed that the fractions collected were in the range of gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil. This research contributes significantly to increasing knowledge about the feasibility of pyrolysis, providing opportunities for the recycling sector to spread take-off systems, in the Circular Economy.

Optimization of SRT-VI Pyrolysis Furnaces of High-Capacity Ethylene Plant

The development and solution of an optimization model of real-time control of pyrolysis of straight-run naphtha are considered. The model takes into account the constraints imposed by downstream units of a high-capacity production plant on the pyrolysis process, among which are the primary pyrolysis-gas fractionation unit, pyrolysis-gas compression unit, pyrolysis-gas separation unit, ethylene and propylene refrigeration cycles, reactors of hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds, and separation columns. Optimization is performed using a mathematical model comprising three parts: calculation of the physicochemical characteristics of straight-run naphtha from data of density measurements and Engler distillation, calculation of the kinetic parameters of the process, and determination of the yields of 14 main products of the pyrolysis. The errors of modeling the yields of various pyrolysis products are as follows (rel %): ethylene ±1.5, propylene ±2.8, butadiene ±3.3, and benzene ±3.1. In the optimization, “light” (density 0.706 kg/L) and “heavy” (0.72 kg/L) straight-run naphthas were studied. For both types of feedstock at a target ethylene yield of 10.45 t/(h furnace) under the target constraints, the profit was maximized and the standard naphtha consumption was minimized. The results were compared with the requirements for the pyrolysis according to the standard operating procedures, according to which the ethylene yield did not reach the target value for either type of feedstock and was 10.32 and 9.68 t/(h furnace), respectively. After optimization, the maximum profit was 1143 and 935 cu/(h furnace), respectively. The minimization of the standard consumption gave 1.79 t/t for light naphtha and 1.84 t/t for heavy naphtha. The constraints were met, and the target ethylene yield was reached. It was concluded that the pyrolysis of straight-run naphtha taken directly from a supplier’s pipe is inefficient and that the feedstock should be prepared in stirred intermediate tanks, with naphtha density measurements and Engler distillation performed according to the standard operating procedures, the data of which should then be used in the optimization.

Correction to Catalytic Upgrading of Light Naphtha to Gasoline Blending Components: A Mini Review

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Catalytic Upgrading of Light Naphtha to Gasoline Blending Components: A Mini ReviewAbdullah Aitani*Abdullah AitaniMore by Abdullah Aitanihttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5071-4034, Muhammad Naseem AkhtarMuhammad Naseem AkhtarMore by Muhammad Naseem Akhtar, Sulaiman Al-KhattafSulaiman Al-KhattafMore by Sulaiman Al-Khattaf, Yaming Jin*Yaming JinMore by Yaming Jin, Omer KoseogluOmer KoseogluMore by Omer Koseoglu, and Michael T. KleinMichael T. KleinMore by Michael T. Kleinhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-1512Cite this: Energy Fuels 2020, 34, 2, 2617Publication Date (Web):February 12, 2020Publication History Published online12 February 2020Published inissue 20 February 2020https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b04074Copyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views589Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (274 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Design of an environmentally friendly reactor for naphtha oxidative desulfurization by air employing a new synthetic nano-catalyst based on experiments and modelling

Due to the environmental legislations related to sulfur content and proceeding with the challenges to find an appropriate catalyst of such contamination producing clean fuel, a main thrust for improving of more efficient technologies on new oxidative catalyst is viewed a vital issue in fuel quality development. So, in this study, the sulfur compound (ethyl mercaptan) presents in light naphtha feedstock is removed by oxidative desulfurization (ODS) in a batch reactor using a new homemade nano-catalyst and air as oxidant under different reaction conditions (reaction temperatures, reaction time and the initial sulfur concentrations) that has not been studied in such field. The catalyst is zinc oxide supported on zeolite nanoparticles which is locally prepared by Incipient Wetness Impregnation (IWI) method. Mathematical model of the relevant reactions is also developed in this study to match the experimental results via obtaining the optimal kinetic parameters utilizing optimization techniques within gPROMS program. Such optimization is conducted using two approaches (linear and nonlinear regression) and the results showed that the nonlinear approach is more accurate than linear approach. The optimal kinetic parameters are then used to achieve a clean fuel via getting the optimal operation conditions based on the maximum conversion. Where, higher than 99% of the process conversion has obtained at temperature of 327.4 K, reaction time at163.6 min and initial concentration of 335.3 ppm.