Lamp Light Intensity Research Articles

Z-Scheme Ag2S-Ag-In2O3 Heterostructure with Efficient Antibiotics Removal under Natural Sunlight.

The widespread distribution of antibiotics in natural waters is a great threat to human health. Photocatalytic degradation is an environmentally friendly technology to remediate antibiotic-polluted waters, driven by endless solar energy. Herein, a Z-scheme Ag2S-Ag-In2O3 heterostructure photocatalyst is prepared to remove antibiotics under environmental conditions. Under natural sunlight (light intensity: ∼78 mW/cm2) irradiation, the optimal Ag2S-Ag-In2O3 (10-ASAIO) exhibits considerable performance for decomposing diverse antibiotics, including norfloxacin (NOR), tetracycline hydrochloride, sulfisoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and ofloxacin. The NOR photodegradation rate constant of 10-ASAIO reaches 0.025 min-1, which is 12.50, 5.00, and 6.25 times higher than that of In2O3 (0.002 min-1), Ag-In2O3 (0.005 min-1), and Ag2S-In2O3 (0.004 min-1), respectively. This performance of the 10-ASAIO photocatalyst for decomposing NOR under natural sunlight exceeds most of the previously reported photocatalysts under a xenon lamp. Particularly, due to the intermittency of natural sunlight, a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp (light intensity: 5.1 mW/cm2) is also used as a light source, and 72.20% of NOR can be degraded with irradiation for 12 h. The effects of many water characteristics (water bodies, coexisting inorganic anions, pH, and humic acid) on the degradation performance of 10-ASAIO have been investigated, which exhibits stable degradation efficiency in variable aquatic environments. A 10-ASAIO catalyst-coated frosted glass sheet is fabricated to settle the problem of recovery of powder photocatalysts, and the immobilized catalyst shows outstanding activity and stability to decompose NOR. The photocatalytic mechanism and pathway of degrading NOR over 10-ASAIO have also been systemically investigated and proposed. The ecotoxicity (phytotoxicity and biotoxicity) of the 10-ASAIO photocatalyst and treated NOR solution have been tested by their toxic effects on cabbage seeds and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This work provides a feasible photocatalytic system for environmental pollutant remediation under natural sunlight or an LED lamp.

Transparent low moisture permeable coating for perovskite solar cell encapsulation

The perovskite solar cell has potential to become next generation photovoltaics due to its high power conversion efficiency and easy processing. However, the perovskite solar cell is very sensitive to moisture and temperature which needs to be protected by low temperature processable moisture permeation coating. Furthermore, the encapsulating coating has to be transparent so the perovskite solar cell can be kept its transparency and used in integrated building structure or tandem with Si solar cell, etc. The coating material should be solventless which will not damage the perovskite layer and release any harmful volatile organic compounds during the coating application process. A solventless hybrid coating made from polyfluoroesterimide and silica nanoparticle has been developed which can be cured within minutes using mercury lamp (light intensity 935 W/m2) at room temperature. The coating exhibits low moisture permeation and high transparency. The performance improvement is due to the presence of water repelling characteristic of fluoro moiety and less moisture permeable inorganic silica component. The encapsulated devices exhibit long-term stability when they were subjected to the environment of 65 °C and 65%RH for >400 h.

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ КАЗНЫ УФЫ

In the article archival documents of implementation of the Letter of Legitimacy of rights and benefits to Rus- sian towns, signed on April 21, 1785 by Catherine II, are investigated and the history of Ufa city budget formation in XIX century for realization of its vital functions in the framework of the city government is examined. Of special interest are the tables of Ufa's annual incomes and expenses, the reports of Ufa town council on the incoming and outgoing money, bills of exchange and other monetary documents. The following are consid- ered the main sources of replenishment of Ufa's treasury: taxes and dues from land (for construction of houses, different enterprises and institutions) and real estate (profitable houses, drinking houses, inn, etc.), dues from trade and crafts (registration of different documents, certificates, auction sales), revenues from exploitation of the city property (trade rows, bathhouses, warehouses, etc.), deductions from profits of public banks, libraries, theatres and museums, and also fines and donations from different public organizations and private persons. Using a concrete example, the structure of the cost estimate was examined: participation in the maintenance of government institutions; maintenance of the city public administration and orphan's court; military service; maintenance of the fire brigade; public education; medical, veterinary and sanitary units, etc. Of interest is the history of discussions on the consolidation of the bank in the bishop's quarter, the erection of a fence around Ushakov Park, and the issue of an ammeter and photometer for checking the light intensity of electric lamps. The presented materials draw special attention to the detailed consideration of the budget items of income and expenditure by the members of the Ufa City Council, the care of the savings of the citizens of the city, the expenditure of funds with the actual economic situation and with the forecast for the future.

Estimation of Reliability through the Wiener Degradation Process Based on the Genetic Algorithm to Estimating Parameters

In this paper, the researcher suggested using the Genetic algorithm method to estimate the parameters of the Wiener degradation process, where it is based on the Wiener process in order to estimate the reliability of high-efficiency products, due to the difficulty of estimating the reliability of them using traditional techniques that depend only on the failure times of products. Monte Carlo simulation has been applied for the purpose of proving the efficiency of the proposed method in estimating parameters; it was compared with the method of the maximum likelihood estimation. The results were that the Genetic algorithm method is the best based on the AMSE comparison criterion, then the reliability was estimated by an inverse Gaussian distribution according to the characteristics of the Wiener process. It was also applied based on real data taken from an experiment intended to determine the degradation in the light intensity of lamps under specific experimental conditions

Polydopamine-Bi2WO6-Decorated Gauzes as Dual-Functional Membranes for Solar Steam Generation and Photocatalytic Degradation Applications.

The dual-functional Bi2WO6/polydopamine (PDA)-modified gauze membrane has been developed for applications in photocatalytic degradation and solar steam generation. Two types of membrane were prepared by changing the growth sequence of Bi2WO6 nanomaterials and PDA on gauze substrates. The spatial distribution of Bi2WO6 and polydopamine has a great influence on light absorption, photocatalytic degradation, and solar steam generation performances. Bi2WO6 photocatalysts can absorb short-wavelength light for the photocatalytic decoloration of organic dyes. The photothermal polydopamine can convert light into heat for water evaporation. Besides, the gauze substrate provides water transport channels to facilitate water evaporation. The morphology, surface chemistry, and optical properties of Bi2WO6-PDA modified gauzes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectra. The photothermal properties, wetting properties, and solar steam generation rates of the composite films were also studied. Degradation of 96% of indigo carmine was achieved after being irradiated for 120 min in the presence of G/PDA/BWNP. The water evaporation rates of the G/BWP/PDA sample under the irradiation of an Xe lamp (light intensity = 1000 W/m2) reached 1.94 kg·m−2·h−1.

The Effect of Color Type and Light Intensity of Light Emitting Diode (LED) Light Traps on the Types and Number of Pest Insect Catches in Rice Plantations

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the type of color and light intensity of the light emitting diode (LED) Light traps on the type and number of insect pests in rice plantations. The research was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018, in Kencong Village, Jember Regency. The data collection method used Scan sampling, for 11 weeks, one week interval, starting at 07.00 p.m. to 04.00.a.m. The number of plots was 4 pieces, each 100 m2. The distance between the plots is 100 meters. Light traps in each plot, red, yellow, blue and white. Each color consists of 4 light intensities, namely 3 watts, 5 watts, 7 watts and 9 watts. Observation parameters: types and number of insect pests catches. The different types and numbers of insect pests caught were using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The normality of the data used the Shapiro-Wilt test. Statistical significance p < 0.05. Correlation between lamp color and light intensity, using the Spearman correlation test. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The conclusions of the study were: The types of insect pests at various colors and intensity of LED light traps showed similarities, consisting of 5 orders, 6 families and 6 species. The red LED trap light indicates the highest number of pest catches. The number of insect pest catches of red LED was 475 individuals. A light intensity of 9 Watts indicates the highest number of insect pest catcheswere 568 individuals. The spearman correlation coefficient between the type of LED color and the light intensity (r) = - 0.415.

Ultraviolet light accelerates the degradation of polyethylene plastics.

Polyethylene plastics are widely used in daily life in the packaging of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, and chemicals. In this study, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was exposed to an ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence lamp in simulated aging and degradation experiments. Ultraviolet degradation mechanisms were investigated on the surface after sunlight and UV lamp exposure. The plastic surfaces' molecular and surface degradation results were compared with their Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectra. By growing the length of exposure time increased stages of degradation were observed. After UV lamp and sunlight exposure, changing degradation levels were also determined with spectroscopic evaluations and the results were compared. LDPE was selected since it has a simple structure and a number of branched polymer structures that facilitate easily disruption of the chemical bond. Breaks in the polymer chain were easily seen in the plastics at the end of degradation and a fragile structure was formed throughout the polymer chain after accelerating UV light aging. The FTIR spectrum clarified the changed and fractured molecular bond structures of UV-exposed polyethylene. The change in the molecular structure of the plastic caused small changes in its color and small variations in this color change were detected by recording the Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum. The Philips UV lamp's light intensity and the wavelength spectrum range were measured. The UV lamp and sun UV light doses were calculated and compared.

Lux Meter as A Measuring Instrument for Operating Lamp Light Intensity Based on Arduino Uno R3

The light in the operating room has a special luminance intensity standard, so the light intensity needs to be known, because it adapts to lighting needs and functions. The lamps used for operating lighting must meet the requirements stipulated by law, good lighting is lighting that suits your needs, for operating rooms that are 300-500 lux and for operating tables 10,000-20,000 Lux. The problem in the field is that not all hospitals have a lux meter measuring instrument, so when taking measurements if there is an unsuitability of the light it brings a third party, from the problem so that it is not dependent, the research method used is the experimental method, with Arduino uno R3 programming. The Lux meter that has been made has been successful and has been tested with a calibration tool, in this case the calibration test is carried out in the hospital. Based on the calibration test data shows quite good results, the measurement data has been tested 20 times with a distance of 1 meter and 20 times at a distance of 1.5 meters. Based on the measurement and comparison of data, it can be concluded that the error of the tool is relatively low, namely 0.01% at a distance of 1 meter with a difference of 2 lux, and an error value of 0.23% at a distance of 1.5 meters with a difference of 24 lux. For distance measurement and timer, the error is 0% so that it has a difference of 0%.

Impact of artificial light intensity on nocturnal insect diversity in urban and rural areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia.

Continuous urban developments have resulted in increased demand for street furniture, one of which is street light columns. Artificial light at night (ALAN) pose significant impacts on insect diversity in urban and rural areas. The ALAN is a significant driver of decline in insect diversity. This study evaluated the impact of light intensity and sky quality at night on insect diversity in rural and urban areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Insect traps were installed in both areas during night. Light intensity of nearby road lamps was measured using light meter, while sky quality was measured using sky quality meter. Rural areas exhibited low light intensity (10.33 flux/f.candle) and good sky quality (18.80 magnitude/arcsec2). Urban areas exhibited intense light (89.33 flux/f.candle) and poor sky quality (15.49 magnitude/arcsec2). Higher insect diversity was recorded for rural areas where insects belonging to seven orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Dermaptera) were collected. However, insects of four orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera) were found in urban areas indicating low diversity. Lepidopteran insects were frequently recorded from rural areas indicating they are attracted to artificial light. It is concluded that excessive ALAN and poor sky quality at night disrupt insect biodiversity. Therefore, ALAN and sky quality must be considered responsible for decline in insect biodiversity along with other known factors.

Comparative Effectiveness of Two Light Curing Units on the Properties of Dental Resin Composites

Background: Setting of conventional glass ionomers cement and dental resin composites as filling materials is predominantly through polymerization reaction, which is usually induced by light. The objective of this study was to assess the temperature changes, light intensities, sorption and solubility capability and comparative micro hardness in Dental Resin Composites (DRC) by using two different light curing units that is Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). Methods: This analytical, experimental, in-vitro study was spanned over one month, conducted in the laboratory of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences. Through non-probability, convenient sampling, 60 samples of DRCs was prepared as 10mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness in the steel moulds by a single trained operator. Effect of heat generation, light intensities, sorption and solubility and micro hardness during polymerization of DRCs were all measured. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS with descriptive statistics and two sample independent t-tests. The p-value of <0.05 was considered significant at 95 % confidence level. Results: Mean surface micro hardness of DRC was found to be 15.48±0.46 and 18.26±0.53 when QTH and LED lamps were employed respectively. Whereas, mean light intensity of QTH and LED lamps were found to be 434 and 925mW/cm2. No significant difference in temperature change during polymerization reaction (p=0.128) and in sorption and solubility capability (p=0.001) of DRC was observed. Conclusion: Light-emitting diodes were evaluated to be more effective than Quartz Tungsten Halogen Light in achieving increased surface micro hardness of DRC. Keywords: Light; Glass Ionomer Cements; Tungsten; Hardness.

A new structure of microwave‐driven UV lamp

Microwave-driven electrodeless UV lamps are widely used in industry. However, the ultraviolet light intensity of the traditional UV lamps is non-uniform. In this article, a novel microwave-driven UV lamp structure for underwater sterilization is developed, which equalizes the UV light intensity of each lamp at different positions. Based on the electromagnetic theory and the Drude model, finite difference time domain algorithm is adopted to obtain the dimensions of this new structure. An experimental system is established, and four UV lamp tubes are successfully excited and intensity of UV light at 253.7 nm is tested by spectrometer. Results show that the UV radiation of each lamp is almost same. The sensitivity of the structure is analyzed by changing the microwave power and electron density of the UV lamp. It can be found that significant changes in microwave power and electron density exhibit little effect on the uniformity of light intensity. Meanwhile, the microwave power should be large enough to excite the UV lamp and electron density may affect the S11 a little. Therefore, this structure can be applied to different types of UV lamps.

An improved electricity efficiency method based on microcontroller and IoT with infrared sensor

This paper proposes an improved electricity efficiency method using an infrared sensor and internet of things (IoT). Almost all field of human work require electrical energy, especially for household needs. The averages household has many lamps in each room, so if it is not controlled, it will be wasteful of energy. However, this work is carried out to gain a better understanding of a new method for saving energy. The main advantage of this work is the simplification of the sensor used, in which only the infrared sensor required. Although the proposed approach faces numerous challenges, it successfully provides result as parameters that it can be processed rapidly using low-cost microcontrollers. The idea is based on the microcontroller and internet implementation with infrared sensor to monitor the number of people in home to control the lamp light intensity. The idea is proven in two ways: design and experiment. In this paper, the implementation of Raspberry Pi and Arduino is created to monitor the number of people in room and control the lamp intensity through internet or web. Arduino uses for the sensor processing and Raspberry Pi as server. The web is used to display the monitoring result by retrieving data from database that created using MySQL. The result indicates that the electricity bill decreased between 7.7-8.2% over 2 months implementation. The conclusion of this study suggests that the research in this area could be directed toward to be used in saving electricity usage in human life, especially for household.

Analysis and optimization of rubidium spectrum lamp to eliminate frequency fluctuations of rubidium atomic frequency standard

Rubidium atomic frequency standard (RAFS) is the most widely used frequency standard in space. The light used to pump the atoms and detect the resonance signal is emitted by rubidium spectrum lamp, so the light intensity of rubidium spectrum lamp directly determines the performance of RAFS. This paper discussed on-board RAFS’ output frequency fluctuations caused by rubidium spectrum lamp. The reason of frequency fluctuations from rubidium lamps was described. To obtain stable lamp light intensity, analysis and optimization of the lamp was developed. Relevant experiments were carried out to verify the optimization. The study content of this paper is beneficial to improve the performance of a single temperature controlled space RAFS physics package.

Ambient light adaptive LED light dimmer

This paper presents the design of an Adaptive Light Dimmer based on the method of sensingambient light content to adjust lamp's light intensity accordingly, and thus regulating the room's light content. The device is designed to work with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. This would be useful in less developed countries where AC electricity is not well spread and renewable DC sources, such as solar, can be better utilized. It functions by using the TSL2561 light sensor, ATTiny85 microcontroller to output PWM to the LED driver, LT3795 LED driver to output current to an LED and LT3014 LDO to lower the input voltage and power the microcontroller and sensor. The dimmer is designed to work with a 48V input voltage and operate from an input light range of 20 to 100 Lux. Above 100 Lux the light is off and below 20 Lux the light is fully on.

Performance and kinetics of algal-bacterial photobioreactor (AB-PBR) treating septic tank effluent.

Septic tank effluent contains high organic and nutrient contents. This study aimed to evaluate treatment performance of an algal-bacterial photobioreactor (AB-PBR) treating the septic tank effluent. The experimental unit employed a transparent plastic medium made from recycled drinking water bottles for attached-growth biofilm. Red LED lamp (light intensity ∼100 μmol/m2/s) was applied as an energy source for the growth of algal-bacterial biofilm in the AB-PBR. The experimental results showed that AB-PBR operated at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days gave the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of 64, 45 and 35%, respectively, by which the effluent COD concentrations could meet the effluent standards of Thailand, but the effluent TN and TP concentrations needed to be further removed. The Stover-Kincannon model was applied to determine the kinetic values of COD and TN removals with R2 values greater than 0.8. Microbiological examinations indicated Chlorella sp. is the predominant algal species growing in the AB-PBR, while the amplicon sequencing information analytical results revealed the bacterial phylum of Proteobacteria to be the predominant bacterial group.

Lamplight Stabilization for GPS Rb Atomic Clocks via RF-Power Control.

Recent evidence indicates that the signal-in-space user-range-error (SIS-URE) for GPS is strongly influenced by the satellite atomic clock's rubidium (Rb) lamplight intensity jumps. Following a proposal by Bloom and Bell, we have implemented RF-power control of an RF-discharge lamp of the type employed in Rb atomic frequency standards (RAFS). Since Rb lamplight intensity jumps are mapped onto the clock's output frequency via the light-shift effect, stabilization of the Rb light emitted by the lamp has the potential to significantly improve the RAFS' long-term frequency stability, and hence the GPS SIS-URE. Here, we not only demonstrate that RF-power control of the discharge lamp is possible, but also that by employing such control the fluctuations in Rb lamplight intensity can be reduced by orders of magnitude, providing a pathway for significant improvement in global navigation satellite systems.

Mitigation of Lamplight-Induced Frequency Jumps in Space Rubidium Clocks.

Rubidium clocks are currently the most common atomic clocks for space applications, playing a fundamental role in global navigation satellite systems. Their stability is affected by the light-shift effect, turning lamplight variations into frequency variations, e.g., lamplight intensity jumps into frequency jumps. In our previous work, analyzing data from GPS rubidium clocks, we uncovered the impact of the lamp on the in-orbit clock's performance. Specifically, the rubidium clock's random walk of frequency seems to be driven by a compound Poisson process associated with lamplight intensity jumps. Most important, large lamplight-induced frequency jumps could affect the validity of the navigation message. Here, we propose and test on simulated data, a software compensation scheme for lamplight-induced rubidium clock frequency jumps. We show how this could be implemented as an automated onboard process, and the potential improvements this scheme might yield in timekeeping and navigation performance. In particular, we demonstrate the possibility to correct large lamplight-induced frequency jumps in a time smaller than the interval between consecutive navigation message upgrades, thus improving the quality of the navigation message.

PENGARUH WARNA CAHAYA LAMPU DAN INTENSITAS CAHAYA YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP RESPONS BENIH IKAN BANDENG (Chanos – Chanos forskal) dan BENIH IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of light color of lamp and different light intensity against the response of milkfish seed (Chanos - chanos forskal) and tilapia fish seed (Oreochromis niloticus). This experiment with experimental design used is Completely Random Design Pattern Factorial (Factorial RAL) consisting of two variables that is light color lamp with 3 level of treatment that is: red, blue, and yellow and light intensity with 2 level of treatment that is: intensity 500 lux and 1000 lux. Research variable observed is amount Fish caught from the type of light treatment given. Examination technique used in this study is the analysis of variance that is processed using SPSS version 23. The results showed the blue light of lamp with the intensity of 500 lux most responded by milkfish seeds and granting the yellow light of lamp with the intensity of 1000 lux most responded by the tilapia seeds in the observation time after the 15th minute

Replacing incandescent lamps with an LED panel for hydrogen production by photofermentation: Visible and NIR wavelength requirements

Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus is a photobiological anaerobic process requiring light as energy source. In this study, the influence of visible and near-infrared (NIR) parts of light spectra from incandescent lamp and LED panels on hydrogen production was investigated. The results showed that the lack of the visible part of the incandescent lamp light spectrum (17% of the lamp light intensity) reduced hydrogen production by 50%. NIR wavelength only partially sustained photofermentation due to light limitation reached at low bacterial concentration. Hydrogen production with NIR light source was only 58% of hydrogen obtained with an incandescent lamp used at the same irradiance. To maximize hydrogen production and flow rate, visible and NIR wavelength should be used concomitantly as light source. Using an energy-efficient LED panel with light spectrum designed to promote photofermentation, hydrogen production and flow rate were equivalent to the ones reached with incandescent lamp as light source.

Influence of the ac-Stark shift on GPS atomic clock timekeeping

The ac-Stark shift (or light shift) is a fundamental aspect of the field/atom interaction arising from virtual transitions between atomic states, and as Alfred Kastler noted, it is the real-photon counterpart of the Lamb shift. In the rubidium atomic frequency standards (RAFS) flying on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, it plays an important role as one of the major perturbations defining the RAFS' frequency: the rf-discharge lamp in the RAFS creates an atomic signal via optical pumping and simultaneously perturbs the atoms' ground-state hyperfine splitting via the light shift. Though the significance of the light shift has been known for decades, to date there has been no concrete evidence that it limits the performance of the high-quality RAFS flying on GPS satellites. Here, we show that the long-term frequency stability of GPS RAFS is primarily determined by the light shift as a consequence of stochastic jumps in lamplight intensity. Our results suggest three paths forward for improved GPS system timekeeping: (1) reduce the light-shift coefficient of the RAFS by careful control of the lamp's spectrum; (2) operate the lamp under conditions where lamplight jumps are not so pronounced; and (3) employ a light source for optical pumping that does not suffer pronounced light jumps (e.g., a diode laser).