Architectural Lighting Research Articles

Iranian innovations in mosque lighting techniques: A historical survey

Abstract From the viewpoint of preserving the values of sustainable architecture, daylight in the interiors of mosques in hot and dry climates has always faced limitations. The need to use daylight to provide the required lighting and, in contrast, to prevent the scorching desert sun from entering the spaces led to innovative techniques in Iranian architecture. These techniques have gradually evolved along with the development of semantic concepts of space in different periods of Islamic architecture, which has resulted in slight differences in their application in mosque buildings. In this article, while analysing the place of light in mosque architecture, the standard techniques in lighting mosques located in Iran’s hot and dry climate are studied. The employed research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. As the current historic-architectural research cannot be based solely on perception-based definitions, authors had to convert the conceptual features into a measurable index. To achieve this, a numerical index with the scale from 0 to 3 has been defined. The scoring was based on documents such as plans, images, etc. Although most case study objects were built over the centuries, they have general characteristics that distinguish them from a specific historical era. The authors studied the application of these techniques in some examples of selected mosques from four periods of Islamic architecture and present the results in the form of trend charts. Furthermore, they observed the principle of continuity in Iranian architecture from the historical period from the beginning of the Islamic period to the Qajar period, and, in accordance with the theoretical foundations of research, analysed the reasons for the ups and downs of each of the techniques.

HUMAN ORIENTED ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN IN AMPHI-CLASSROOM LEARNING AREAS

By using artificial lighting in AMFI classrooms where there are architectural constraints and daylight cannot be adequately benefited from, it can contribute to the visual comfort and indirectly to the health of the students. In this study, point-based analysis of the Equivalent Melanopic Lux values of artificial lighting and learning environments in schools was made according to the criteria of WELL standards specified in the Human Centric Lighting concept. By using direct lighting, without changing the architectural design, optimum lighting suitable for human biology is provided with low-cost artificial lighting arrangements. According to the Human-Centered Lighting concept, an architectural lighting design was made in accordance with the WELL standards criteria. As a result of the improvement of visual comfort and optimum circadian effects in the learning environments of the students studying in AMFI classrooms, it is predicted that the success and participation of the students who use these learning areas will increase.

Roles of canopy architecture and nitrogen distribution in the better performance of an aerobic than a lowland rice cultivar under water deficit

• Lowland and aerobic rice cultivars differed in canopy structure, nitrogen and light profiles. • Differences in leaf angle were responsible for the variation in canopy light profile. • The better nitrogen vs light profiles in the aerobic cultivar contributed to its lower reduction in biomass under stress. • The relative nitrogen vs light profile is an important trait for rice under water deficit. In the wake of declining water availability for agricultural use that will severely disturb the cultivation of irrigated lowland rice ( Oryza sativa ), aerobic genotypes have been developed allowing rice to grow under drier conditions. However, canopy physiological and morphological characteristics associated with adaptation of aerobic rice to water-limited conditions have so far been understudied. Canopy architectural characters, light and nitrogen distribution parameters (i.e. the extinction coefficient for light, K L ; and for nitrogen, K N ; and their ratio K N : K L ), plant growth and yield were examined in irrigated-lowland (cv. IR64) vs aerobic (cv. Apo) rice genotypes grown under three water regimes. Compared with cv. IR64, cv. Apo allocated less nitrogen to strongly shaded leaves, allowing the vertical nitrogen distribution to better acclimate to light distribution within the canopy. The K N : K L ratio increased with increasing water deficit, and cv. Apo (up to 49 % increase) had a higher increase than cv. IR64 (up to 24 % increase). This was attributed to the maintenance of erect leaves at the upper part of the canopy, allocation of less leaf area and less nitrogen to the shaded leaves under water deficit in cv. Apo. The observed differential response in the K N : K L ratio partly explained the difference in biomass gain and yield in response to water deficit between the two rice cultivars. We concluded that favourable above-ground architecture and canopy nitrogen profile relative to the light profile contributed greatly to the better performance of cv. Apo than cv. IR64 under dry conditions.

Analysis of the Interaction between Light Source Spectrum and Environment in Architectural Landscape Lighting Design

Analysis of the Interaction between Light Source Spectrum and Environment in Architectural Landscape Lighting Design

Modern Areas of Light and Colour Application in Architecture

The paper examines modern trends and techniques for the use of light and colour in architecture. The variety of existing approaches and technical capabilities in the light-colour organization of various types of spaces is systematized and presented in four areas: umbra (lat., illusion), spectrum (lat., spectrum), nuntius (lat., message), affectio (lat., mood). Each of those directions is characterized and illustrated with examples of actual and educational projects. The experience of Russia, Europe, and America since the mid-1980s is highlighted (the main examples are after 2000). Among the projects under consideration, there are objects demonstrated at international exhibitions (Expo 2015 in Milan, 58th Biennale of Contemporary Art in Venice 2019), large cultural centres (Louvre and the Musical Seine complex in Paris, Zaryadye Concert Hall in Moscow), virtual installations by the American bureau «Diller + Scofidio» for a number of public buildings, a competition project for the reconstruction of the Sukharev tower in Moscow, and diploma projects for the renovation of industrial territories - the former «Znamya Truda» plant in Moscow and the central part of the Moscow region town of Pavlovsky Posad. Simultaneously with the allocation of these four areas, a conclusion is made about the impossibility of their isolated existence. We are talking about the priority or emphasis of one of the directions (approaches) in a specific project, depending on environmental factors and the architect’s intention. A review of world experience allows us to conclude that lighting design and its artistic use turn space into an event, fill it with special dynamics and expressiveness, implement the communicative function of architecture, sharpening the emotionality of perception.

Coloured Light as a Tool for Working with Architectural Form in the Night Environment of the City

For the past decades the light environment of the evening city has become a critical component of the architectural and administrative activities. Today, the lighting systems not only allow making an object or an entire street ‘visible’ in the evening, but also provide for the development of their new architectural image. The opportunities offered by the white artificial light were appreciated to work with the illuminated polychrome objects long ago. The white light with various spectral properties is capable sometimes to influence dramatically the perception of the architectural form, as with its high intensity under the darkness adaptation conditions it has the capability to ‘absorb’ (turn off) the ‘object’ colour of the illuminated facade surface. In particular, the specifics creates an ‘evening’ object image different from the daily one, where the colour scheme used in the material object is often not critical. In contrast, the chromatic light under certain conditions allows not only maintaining the colouristic nature of the environment existing under the natural lighting conditions, but also developing and unifying it in a unique manner, creating a new colour palette. The description of the main areas of the evening environment arrangement with the chromatic light is provided. A significant work experience has been already accumulated in this field by the light design experts. The colour light opportunities and, even more so, the technologies of dealing with it have not been appreciated and adopted by architects to the full extent yet. The article considers the application specifics of the colour light as a fully functional instrument for dealing with the object form under the night urban conditions. The results of an experiment to study the interaction between the colour of material objects and the colour light based on the analysis of Moscow polychrome, which was carried out in the laboratory of the Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy), are presented. Visual observations enabled to determine the impact of light with the colour light filters selected for the experiment on the colour samples typical for a number of historical periods in the Moscow architecture. The colour samples typical for the facades of buildings erected in a number of historical periods in the capital architecture were illuminated in the darkness with the light of slide projectors with IL and R, G, B glass light filters, and changes in their visual perception were assessed using the NCS atlas, then the identified colour shifts were determined with the use of E. Rabkin’s atlas by three parameters (λ, P, L). A hypothesis was expressed about the possible use of the results of such studies not only in the architectural colour lighting of the modern urban environment, but also in such a new application area as restoration, preservation and interactive integration of the historical and architectural heritage sites into the programmable image-bearing environment.

Architectural Lighting Design Concept for the Interior Yard of a Prospective Orbital Station

A design aspect of a three-dimensional workspace for an upcoming deployment stage of a new-generation manned space station with crews of several dozen people is considered. It is assumed that in the new closed layout of the station, the spatial core is its courtyard, which ensures productive and safe human activity not only in pressurized living and working modules, but also in an airless space. The aim of the work is to develop the concept for architectural illumination of the surface and the entire working space in the courtyard of the new-generation orbital station. The original layout diagram of the orbital station is presented. Its illumination is investigated by the method of computer geometric modelling. The most common orthogonal structures implemented in the MIR and ISS projects were chosen as the starting point for constructing the spatial structure of the orbital station. The illumination system is proposed that implements the operational and control functions of the crew members, as well as their orientation and positioning both in the spatial structure of the station itself and in the surrounding space. To implement these functions, two basic techniques for setting up remotely controlled stationary and mobile luminaires are proposed. The importance of highlighting the central axial structure of the station as a coordinate system for constant orientation is shown when people are located both in the inner space of the station and in the space of its yard. It is concluded that the illumination of the three-axis coordinate structure projected onto the outer space in relation to the station space, will give its perception a feeling of familiar stability.

The Contribution of the Soviet “Kinetic” Art of the 1960s‑1970s to the Development of the Theory and Practice of Architectural Lighting Technology

The paper analyses the original works in the field of architectural light and engineering belonging to the most prominent representatives of the domestic kinetic art of the 1960s (F. Infante, V.F. Koleichuk, L.N. Nusberg, as well as A. Lanin and B.M. Galeev). The conceptual basis of these works is revealed including a special attitude to light as a unique physical phenomenon and, at the same time, the most important component of a new architectural and artistic language. The practical value of the projects of special dynamic lighting of art objects, interiors of exhibition spaces, individual architectural objects and the urban environment as a whole, proposed by these authors and partly implemented by them, is revealed. It is shown in what way and for what purpose this type of synthetic art was formed at the intersection of architecture, design and engineering, which made a significant contribution to the development of both the theory and practice of architectural light engineering. In conclusion, the idea is expressed about the importance of using the considered historical experience at the present time, when every year new technical possibilities appear for creating an expressive light-colour environment, but deep content, philosophical and theoretical foundations for its design, which inspired the masters who stood at the origins of this the most important architectural and artistic direction, are lost.

INDOOR MAPPING OF A COMPLEX CULTURAL HERITAGE SCENE USING TLS AND HMLS LASER SCANNING

Abstract. Indoor mapping and modelling is an important research subject with application in a wide range of domains including interior design, real estate, cultural heritage conservation and restoration. There are multiple sensors applicable for 3D indoor modelling, but the laser scanning technique is frequently used because of the acquisition time, detailed information and accuracy. In this paper, the efficiency of the Maptek I-Site 8820 terrestrial scanner, which is a long-range laser scanner and the accuracy of a HMLS point cloud acquired with a mobile scanner, namely GeoSlam Zeb Horizon were tested for indoor mapping. Aula Magna “Carmen Silva” of the “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi is studied in the current paper since the auditorium interior creates a distinct environment that combines complex geometric structures with architectural lighting and for preserving its great cultural value, the monument has a national historical significance. The registration process of the TLS point clouds was done using two methods: a semi-automatic one with artificial targets and a completely automatic one, based on Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. The resulted TLS point cloud was analysed in relation to the HMLS point cloud by computing the M3C2 (Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison), obtaining a standard deviation of 2.1 cm and by investigating the Hausdorff distances from which resulted a standard deviation (σ) of 1.6 cm. Cross-sections have been extracted from the HMLS and TLS point clouds and after comparing the sections, 80% of the sigma values are less or equal to 1 cm. The results show high potential of using HMLS and also a long-range laser scanner for 3D modelling of complex scenes, the occlusion effect in the case of TLS being only 5% of the scanned area.

Luox: novel validated open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting

Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities. luox has been endorsed by the CIE following black-box validation.

A Layered Debris Disk around M Star TWA 7 in Scattered Light

Abstract We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope (HST) coronagraphic observations of the circumstellar disk around M star TWA 7 using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument in visible light. Together with archival observations, including HST/NICMOS using the F160W filter and Very Large Telescope/SPHERE at the H-band in polarized light, we investigate the system in scattered light. By studying this nearly face-on system using geometric disk models and Henyey–Greenstein phase functions, we report a new discovery of a tertiary ring and a clump. We identify a layered architecture: three rings, a spiral, and an ≈150 au2 elliptical clump. The most extended ring peaks at 28 au, and the other components are on its outskirts. Our point-source detection-limit calculations demonstrate the necessity of disk modeling in imaging fainter planets. Morphologically, we witness a clockwise spiral motion, and the motion pattern is consistent with both solid body motion and local Keplerian motion; we also observe underdensity regions for the secondary ring that might result from mean-motion resonance or moving shadows: both call for re-observations to determine their nature. Comparing multi-instrument observations, we obtain blue STIS-NICMOS color, a STIS-SPHERE radial distribution peak difference for the tertiary ring, and a high SPHERE-NICMOS polarization fraction; these aspects indicate that TWA 7 could retain small dust particles. By viewing the debris disk around M star TWA 7 at a nearly face-on vantage point, our study allows for the understanding of such disks in scattered light in both system architecture and dust property.

ALP-KD: Attention-Based Layer Projection for Knowledge Distillation

Knowledge distillation is considered as a training and compression strategy in which two neural networks, namely a teacher and a student, are coupled together during training. The teacher network is supposed to be a trustworthy predictor and the student tries to mimic its predictions. Usually, a student with a lighter architecture is selected so we can achieve compression and yet deliver high-quality results. In such a setting, distillation only happens for final predictions whereas the student could also benefit from teacher’s supervision for internal components. Motivated by this, we studied the problem of distillation for intermediate layers. Since there might not be a one-to-one alignment between student and teacher layers, existing techniques skip some teacher layers and only distill from a subset of them. This shortcoming directly impacts quality, so we instead propose a combinatorial technique which relies on attention. Our model fuses teacher-side information and takes each layer’s significance into consideration, then it performs distillation between combined teacher layers and those of the student. Using our technique, we distilled a 12-layer BERT (Devlin et al. 2019) into 6-, 4-, and 2-layer counterparts and evaluated them on GLUE tasks (Wang et al. 2018). Experimental results show that our combinatorial approach is able to outperform other existing techniques.

Luox: novel validated open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting

Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities. luox has been endorsed by the CIE following black-box validation.

Research on the Influence of Light-Controlled Lighting System and Light-Controlled Shading System on Building Energy Consumption Based on Light Environment

The light-controlled lighting system and the light-controlled shading system can adjust the architectural lighting and shading system according to the quality of the indoor light environment, and can reduce the building energy consumption. The energy consumption model of the light-controlled lighting system based on the illuminance of the indoor light control point and the light-controlled shading system based on the uncomfortable glare index for an office building in Wuhan was established respectively by the energy consumption simulation software eQuest. Three key types of glasses were considered to research the indoor light environment. The impacts of the light-controlled lighting system and the light-controlled shading system on building energy consumption were analyzed through simulations.

Luox: novel open-access and open-source web platform for calculating and sharing physiologically relevant quantities for light and lighting.

Light exposure has a profound impact on human physiology and behaviour. For example, light exposure at the wrong time can disrupt our circadian rhythms and acutely suppress the production of melatonin. In turn, appropriately timed light exposure can support circadian photoentrainment. Beginning with the discovery that melatonin production is acutely suppressed by bright light more than 40 years ago, understanding which aspects of light drive the 'non-visual' responses to light remains a highly active research area, with an important translational dimension and implications for "human-centric" or physiologically inspired architectural lighting design. In 2018, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standardised the spectral sensitivities for predicting the non-visual effects of a given spectrum of light with respect to the activation of the five photoreceptor classes in the human retina: the L, M and S cones, the rods, and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here, we described a novel, lean, user-friendly, open-access and open-source platform for calculating quantities related to light. The platform, called luox, enables researchers and research users in chronobiology, sleep research and adjacent field to turn spectral measurements into reportable quantities. The luox code base, released under the GPL-3.0 License, is modular and therefore extendable to other spectrum-derived quantities.

THE USE OF DAYLIGHT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND AN ARCHITECT

This study analyzes Le Corbusier's understanding of light in architecture and the original use of daylight in architecture. The incorporation of daylight into the building from the windows is explained and the original light-taking forms applied are evaluated. Le Corbusier, who took part in various periods of the modern architectural movement, is a pioneering architect who promoted the use of daylight. Le Corbusier made use of highly reflective objects such as white color and water objects to increase the indoor light level. In Le Corbusier's architectural projects, he paid attention to the functionality of the building and then its originality. Le Corbusier has made designs with strip windows intensively in his projects in order to achieve bright spaces in his architectural project designs. Accordingly, the facades of the buildings were formed by repeating the windows horizontally and vertically. In Le Corbusier's works, the way sunlight is taken into the building and the effects they create on the space are designed according to the light parameter. From another point of view, Le Corbusier has become a pioneering architect who saves energy in buildings by using daylight.

Multi-Frequency Residual Convolutional Neural Network for Steganalysis of Color Images

Current steganalyzers based on deep learning mostly adopt wider or deeper designs to improve detection performance. However, an overly complex network increases the training cost and is not conducive to its expansion and optimization. Moreover, steganalysis pays more attention to high-frequency information corresponding to the image texture. However, the deeper the network, the more likely it is to learn low-frequency information corresponding to the image content, which is inconsistent with the goal of steganalysis. In response to these problems, a multi-frequency residual deep convolutional neural network for steganalysis of color images called MFRNet is proposed in this paper. We apply the idea of multi-frequency analysis to steganography detection for the first time, effectively controlling the network scale. By designing columns of different depths, it can learn different frequency components of steganographic noise at the same time. The detection performance is better than the existing networks that only learn a single frequency component of steganographic noise at the same depth. Therefore, it can achieve a good detection performance with a lighter architecture. In addition, by designing residual basic blocks with different residual shortcuts, different scales of steganographic noise residuals can be calculated at the same time, which can effectively suppress the interference of image content, so as to better reduce the impact of steganography algorithm mismatch and payload mismatch than the existing methods. The experimental results on PPG-LIRMM-COLOR showed that the proposed MFRNet outperformed the state-of-the-art model WISERNet.

Тектоническое «прочтение» архитектуры неоклассицизма в вечерне-ночное время (на примере г. Челябинска)

The aim was to analyse the architectural concept of neoclassicism, formed by the evening and night illumination in Chelyabinsk. The use of light compositions imparts artistic expression to the forms of architecture according to the requirements of ecologisation of the living environment. The knowledge in composition theory is combined with various fields of scientific knowledge, including a study of regulatory documentation and an analysis of existing architectural structures and those implemented based on a new ideology of form-making using modern technologies. This work studies domestic and foreign sources on the characteristics of tectonics, which is manifected in a new interpretation of archi-tectural structures and allowing new visualisation. We analysed the architectural-tectonic light systems formed in the city. A review of the existing concepts in architectural lighting is presented, which pro-vides complete identification and artistic comprehension of the uniqueness associated with urban her-itage. The collected theoretical material was assessed, and possible application of the research results was identified for developing the light master plan of Chelyabinsk following the international best prac-tice in designing the architectural and light environment of a megapolis.

Light and color therapy: the role of light and color in architecture from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine

Light and color therapy: the role of light and color in architecture from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine

МЕТОД ОЦЕНКИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО ОСВЕЩЕНИЯ ЗДАНИЙ

The variety of modern technologies and the versatility of lighting solutions in architectural structures necessitate a method for evaluating such solutions. In this article, a method for assessing the characteristics of architectural lighting of buildings is graphically demonstrated, based on the example of architectural lighting of a public building in the city of Voronezh. The proposed method involves the identification of qualitative indicators of the expressiveness of architectural lighting of facades and their quantitative assessment using an integrated approach from the standpoint of the selected characteristics and criteria. Thanks to this method, the strengths and weaknesses of the studied architectural lighting of the building are clearly identified for its subsequent modernization or the creation of promising conclusions for the design of new construction objects.