Light Fidelity Research Articles

LIFI- Emerging Technology

LIFI (Light Fidelity) is a relatively new technology that is expected to compete with WIFI in the coming years. Visible Light Communication (VLC) with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is the foundation of this technology (LEDs). It is used to send data packets via a light-based medium. The current state of LIFI and the issues it faces are presented in this study.

IoT implementation of underwater communication using Li-Fi

Li-Fi is similar to wireless communication which uses the communication medium as light. Nowadays RF interference are getting common due to maximum utility to overcome this problem Li-Fi is introduced in the year 2011. Li-Fi uses LED source to transmit data wirelessly this method is widely called as VLC (visible light communication). IoT technology using light fidelity module plays a vital role in environmental monitoring, underwater disaster management and underwater military applications. Li-Fi communication provides data rate of more than hundreds of Mbps for short ranges and it is an alternative approach to accostic communication in underwater. In Li-Fi, light emitting diode (LED) lamps acts as access points (Aps), and light is used as a medium to carry information bits. At the receiver, a photo diode is employed to collect photons and convert them into a electric current. By using Li-Fi technique, data is transmitted in the light. Photo detector absorbs the light and convert it into electrical signal. The photo detector is placed near the surface of the sea. The information is then passed to cloud storage then it is utilized for various application.

LiFi and Hybrid WiFi/LiFi indoor networking: From theory to practice

Light fidelity (LiFi) is a wireless optical communication (WOC) technology that holds the key to solving the challenges of 5th and higher generation mobile networks. LiFi is a two-way wireless communication technology that enables high-speed transmission on both up and down links simultaneously. Today, researchers and manufacturers consider LiFi technology as an essential solution for radio frequency (RF) spectrum limitation due to growing demand of Internet users. In addition, integration of various communication technologies such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) and LiFi can help to overcome the traffic restriction challenge caused by the growing demand of Internet users. Although LiFi provides high-speed data transfer capability, it has some weaknesses such as coverage. So, hybrid WiFi/LiFi network can uses fast data transfer from LiFi and wide coverage from WiFi. Their integration can complement the shortcomings of each of these technologies and increases the network performance. In this work, while describing LiFi theory, the recent studies in this field are presented. Theoretical and practical concepts of LiFi-based indoor networks, issues such as network structures, cell deployment models, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, criteria for measuring network performance, and scenario-based architectures for implementing a real LiFi-based indoor network based on up-to-date equipment manufactured by some LiFi manufacturers are discussed in detail.

Towards smart sustainable cities using Li-Fi technology: geo-location infrastructure utilizing LED street lights.

BackgroundCities are shifting toward providing more efficient services and the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming the future of things. The shift toward using eco-friendlier LED lights in lighting cities is another genuine game-changer in the future of Light Fidelity technology (Li-Fi). Li-Fi is a visible light communication (VLC) technology that uses Light Emitting Diodes (LED) bulbs for communication. The utilisation of thousands of light sources around a city acting as wireless access points and delivering location-based content will shift cities towards being smart sustainable cities. Recently, this technology got huge attention from the research community and different research has been conducted to improve this filed. However, there is a noticeable need to develop real-world systems that utilise Li-Fi technology.MethodsThis article aims to contribute to developing a Geo-Li-Fi system that uses LED lights to provide the services for collecting contextual data and delivering location-based services (LBS) in different areas of the city. The system is described along with details of its design, implementation and development. Moreover, the overall set-up of the testbed that used to evaluate the proposed system is presented. In addition, an experiment is conducted using a real-world scenario to test the functionality of the system and report the outputs.ResultsThe effect of the system is discussed according to different aspects of sustainability which include economic, social and environmental aspects. The system was tested in indoor and outdoor environments, and it can be seen that the sunlight does not affect the ability of LEDs to deliver the content during the daytime. Regarding the transmission range of the LED lamp, it can be seen that it is affected by different factors. It depends mainly on the power of lamp, so it will be increased significantly when the power of LED is increased. Also, an increase in the beam angle will result in wider coverage area which affected by the intensity.

A dynamic handover scheme based on bidirectional VLC channel in multi-user attocell networks

Light fidelity (LiFi) would be a potential optical wireless communications technology for future mixed-spectrum 5G/6G indoor attocell network, which uses light-emitting diodes based as an optical antenna and offers Gbits capacity. For this scenario, a dynamic handover scheme based on bidirectional visible light communications (VLC) channel is proposed, which uses the uplink light sources to characterize terminal’s movement status for the mobility and make the handover decision in contrast to the unidirectional links. The uplink reference signal received power and the movement state are examined, and the created algorithm is executed in the bidirectional VLC test bed. The experimental results show that the proposed method will reduce the terminal’s handover rate by up to 45% and increase the optical network throughput by up to 26% at the experimental data rate compared with the skipping handover scheme for indoor LiFi network.

An Experimental Demonstration of MIMO C-OOK Scheme Based on Deep Learning for Optical Camera Communication System

Currently, wireless communication systems that use radio frequency are commonly deployed, for example, mobile communication systems, satellite systems, and the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Based on their easy installation, wireless communication systems have benefits over other wired communication systems. However, using high frequencies to transfer data via wireless communication can hold significant risks for human health. Several researchers have studied this topic using visible light instead of Radio Frequency (RF) waveforms in communication systems. Many potential approaches are relevant in this regard, i.e., visible light communication, light fidelity, free-space optical, and optical camera communication. Artificial intelligence is also influencing the future of industry and people and is used to solve complex problems, create intelligent solutions, and replace human intelligence as the driving force behind emerging technologies such as big data, smart factories, and the IoT. In this paper, we proposed the architecture of the MIMO C-OOK (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Camera On–Off Keying) scheme, which uses a convolutional neural network for light-emitting diode detection and a deep learning neural network for threshold predictions considering long-distance communication and mobility support. Our suggested method aimed to improve the performance of the traditional camera on–off keying scheme by increasing data rate, communication distance, and low bit error rate. Our suggested technique may achieve a communication distance of up to 22 m with a low error rate when considering the mobility impact (2 m/s, i.e., walking velocity) by controlling the exposure time, focal length, and employing Forward Error Correction code.

Visible Light Communication for Vehicle Monitoring

Abstract: High number of accidents had been placed all over the world due to the collision between automobile vehicles. According to the report of the world health organization (WHO), road traffic crashes results in the death of approximately 1.3 million people around the world each year with non-fatal injuries. Therefore, vehicle and people safety are very important. The idea is to propose of reducing the accidents in our daily lives and to avoid accident between vehicles. This involves arresting the human errors and technical failures of vehicles in prior. The hazardous situation can be overcome if there is a proper communication protocol used in all vehicles and depending upon the driver’s position controls. There are various vehicular methods and protocols are available. These radio frequency (RF) based communication ideas have some limitations i.e. data interference, spectrum break and security issues. These drawbacks can be overcome by using Visible Light Communication. This produces high frequency bandwidth, standard security, interference reduction and high speed data rate. Visible Light Communication is a data communication system which uses visible light for high rate data transmission and receiving operation. This method of technology is called as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). Through this proposed system, it will slow down the vehicle and gives an alert to the driver also it gives an emergency stop. Even though an accident occurs, SMS will be sending along with location to Public service provider. This presents the highly accurate method to avoid accidents between two vehicles. Keywords: Li-Fi safety, Accident detecting and alert system, Automatic flagging system, Emergency stop system.

Energy Efficient QoS-Based Access Point Selection in Hybrid WiFi and LiFi IoT Networks

Ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) in next-generation networks would be challenging because of the expected manifolds increase in network traffic volume and the massive number of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The increased resources on end-devices have made it possible to make decisions on the client-side for Access Point (AP) selection. On the other hand, due to power constraints on the client-side, energy efficiency is also essential. This paper presents a client-side energy-efficient AP selection approach for QoS provisioning in hybrid Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) and Light Fidelity (LiFi) networks. Compared to conventional WiFi and LiFi approaches, the proposed technique outperforms them in energy efficiency at any data rate and in QoS provisioning at data rates higher than 10 Mbps for a network of 50 nodes. It is also shown that adapting the uplink transmission power improves the IoT node’s energy efficiency by transmitting at minimal transmission power required to satisfy the throughput QoS constraint. This paper’s contributions include the proposed algorithm, complexity and convergence analyses of the algorithm, simulation-based evaluation, and analysis of the uplink transmission power adaption. The results show that the presented technique could be integrated into next-generation networks for QoS provisioning and improving energy efficiency.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Near-Optimal Load Balancing for Heterogeneous LiFi WiFi Network

Owing to the nonoverlapping spectrum, light fidelity (LiFi) and WiFi technologies can coexist and form a heterogeneous LiFi WiFi network (HLWN). The performance of HLWN significantly depends upon the load balancing strategies. Since load balancing of HLWN is a nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programming optimization problem, it is mathematically intractable, and therefore, the conventional optimization methods fail to provide an optimal global solution. Although an optimal solution can be obtained using the exhaustive search method, it would be computationally complex. Therefore, in this article, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based algorithm is explored for solving the load balancing problem for the downlink HLWN at reasonably low complexity and near optimal performance. We have proposed three different reward functions for RL; the first and second reward functions work toward maximizing average network throughput and user satisfaction, respectively. The third reward function is designed to maximize the long-term system throughput and ensure at least 50% user’s satisfaction for all users. In order to study the effects of link aggregation on the system performance, this article considers two different types of receiver schemes, namely, single access point (SAP) and link aggregation (LA) scheme. While the SAP allows the user to receive data only from an SAP, the LA scheme allows the user to receive data simultaneously from both LiFi and WiFi AP. This article also includes effect of random orientation of the receiver device and handover overhead. Furthermore, concepts of domain knowledge have been included in this article to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm. The proposed system performance is compared with the the following two benchmarks: received signal strength (RSS) and exhaustive search based on the computational complexity, average system throughput, and user satisfaction. It is shown that the proposed RL scheme outperforms the RSS scheme in average system throughput and user satisfaction. The RL scheme with an appropriate reward function provides a matching performance to the exhaustive search at reasonably low complexity.

Endüstriyel Kontrol Sistemlerinin Siber Güvenliğinde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Li-Fi

Industrial Control Systems used in the control of critical infrastructures, especially in smart grids, have made a rapid transition from an isolated network architecture to wired and wireless external networks due to the factors that facilitate human life such as productivity, economy and speed. With this transition, industrial control systems specific protocols have become insufficient and hybrid protocols have started to be used. As a result, the vulnerabilities specific to the internet and new protocols besides the vulnerabilities specific to industrial control systems have started to threaten control systems. In this study, the usability of the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) transmission infrastructure in data transmission was investigated as a solution proposal for the smart city / network infrastructure where attack of False Data Injection carried out. This study will make important contributions to the studies carried out for industrial control systems security.

Remote monitoring system using Light Fidelity and InfraRed technologies

In the context of new emerging infectious diseases, it is more secure for old patients to be confined to their homes while still having medical assistance. Most existing facilities use Radio Frequency (RF) devices to monitor and measure vital signs of a patient and send them to appropriate medical services. But this technology can have bad side effects on patient’s health, especially those who have already chronic diseases. We propose an approach that uses only Light Fidelity (LiFi) technology. Our goal is to use the information about the position of the patient to track him/her so that rapid intervention can be made in critical situations. Initial experiments conducted on our system show that the patient can be tracked with precision. The real-time status of the person being monitored is reported to medical services so that he/she can be quickly rescued when needed.

Comparison of OOK-RZ and 4-PPM performances in Li-Fi systems using LED arrays

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is an advanced visible light communication (VLC) technic in which light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used for data transfer. In this article, a Li-Fi system using LED arrays is examined for indoor visible light communication. Lighting and data transmission simulations are made for return to zero on off keying (OOK-RZ) and 4-ary pulse position modulation (4-PPM) techniques with taking into account the optical path differences. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) for both modulation techniques are calculated and used for comparison. Results of the simulations showed that data transmission rate up to 500 Mbps at FOV angle of 60° can be achieved for both modulation techniques.

Smartphone Case-Based Gas Sensing Platform for On-site Acetone Tracking.

Gas sensor-embedded smartphones would offer the opportunity of on-site tracking of gas molecules for various applications, for example, harmful air pollutant alarms or noninvasive assessment of health status. Nevertheless, high power consumption and difficulty in replacing malfunctioned sensors as well as limited space in the smartphone to host the sensor restrain the relevant advancements. In this article, we create a smartphone case-based sensing platform by integrating the functional units into a smartphone case, which performs a low detection limit of 117 ppb to acetone and high specificity. Particularly, dimming glass-regulated light fidelity (Li-Fi) communication is successfully developed, allowing the sensing platform to operate with relatively low power consumption (around 217 mW). Experimental proof on harmful gas sensing and potential clinic application is implemented with the sensing platform, demonstrating satisfactory sensing performance and acceptable health risk pre-warning accuracy (87%). Thus, the developed smartphone case-based sensing platform would be a good candidate for realizing harmful gas alarms and noninvasive assessment of health status.

Empowering the Internet of Things Using Light Communication and Distributed Edge Computing

With the rapid growth of connected devices, new issues emerge, which will be addressed by boosting capacity, improving energy efficiency, spectrum usage, and cost, besides offering improved scalability to handle the growing number of linked devices. This can be achieved by introducing new technologies to the traditional Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising technology that enables bidirectional transmission over the visible light spectrum achieving many benefits, including ultra-high data rate, ultra-low latency, high spectral efficiency, and ultra-high reliability. Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a form of VLC that represents an efficient solution for many IoT applications and use cases, including indoor and outdoor applications. Distributed edge computing is another technology that can assist communications in IoT networks and enable the dense deployment of IoT devices. To this end, this work considers designing a general framework for IoT networks using LiFi and a distributed edge computing scheme. It aims to enable dense deployment, increase reliability and availability, and reduce the communication latency of IoT networks. To meet the demands, the proposed architecture makes use of MEC and fog computing. For dense deployment situations, a proof-of-concept of the created model is presented. The LiFi-integrated fog-MEC model is tested in a variety of conditions, and the findings show that the model is efficient.

Employing light fidelity technology in health monitoring system

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is an emerging technology that has been in transferring data packets in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare institutes try to manage the rapid increase of patients’ numbers. The healthcare team may not have the ability to monitor patients’ stats around the clock with the conventional techniques. In this paper, a healthcare monitoring framework to exchange health data between biosensors and terminals employing Li-Fi technology is proposed. It exploits Li-Fi to transmit data towards a terminal then to a cloud platform. It is intended for use in highly dense healthcare institutes where the number of patients is high. Exploiting Li-Fi to establish connection to cut high cost of other transmission technologies including Wi-Fi and provides less complexity and shorter latency. We evaluate the framework in a real-life environment using biosensors and Li-Fi communication model (for network infrastructure), these two components are connected to a computing terminal to help health staff monitor patients. The computing terminal is connected to a cloud platform to provide remote monitoring and computing resilience. The framework shows superior performance in real-world scenarios compared to Wi-Fi. A comprehensive analysis has been conducted to show the differences between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi.

LiFi: For Better Medical Treatment

Abstract: In recent times, monitoring health round the clock is crucial. These data must be transferred to the hospital in realtime, which is usually done with the help of Wi-Fi. There can be delays in transferring due to various reasons. To tackle this, we can use Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). Li-Fi uses light as a medium to transfer data. As the speed of light is faster, the data can be transferred very quickly. This will help by alerting the medical staff early and letting help get to the needed in a faster period. In rural areas, there may be fewer facilities having a Wi-Fi connection, but light will be easily available. So, by using Li-Fi, the senior citizens, or a person in need of round-the-clock care with have better care. Index Terms: IOT, Li-Fi, Medical, Oximeter, heart rate, senior citizen, elderly people, medical attendants

A Comparison and Analysis of Wireless Fidelity to Light Fidelity and its Combination of Networks

A Comparison and Analysis of Wireless Fidelity to Light Fidelity and its Combination of Networks

QoS-Driven Load Balancing in Hybrid LiFi and WiFi Networks

This work studies the quality of service (QoS) performance of wireless networks that integrate light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi). While the hybrid network is potential for improving network capacity, load balancing becomes essential and challenging due to the nature of heterogeneous access points (APs). A number of studies have been conducted to address this issue, focusing on maximising the network capacity with user fairness constraints. However, in practice, QoS metrics including packet loss ratio and latency are important to network services. In this paper, QoS-driven load balancing is studied for hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks (HLWNets) in two scenarios: single-AP association (SA) and multi-AP association (MA). In each case, an optimisation problem is formulated to minimise the packet loss ratio and latency, and a low-complexity iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Results show that the novel methods, especially MA, can effectively balance the traffic loads among the APs and improve the QoS performance. In addition, the more subflows the better performance MA provides. Targeting the same level of QoS, MA can achieve a system throughput up to 160% higher than the signal strength strategy and 130% higher than the proportional fairness load balancing.

Wireless Information Transfer using Laser

Light Fidelity is a modern technology known as Li-Fi. Wireless services are increase in demand, the availability of the RF spectrum is limited in range. To overcome this light Fidelity come into picture. that uses visible light as a source of communication. Li-Fi is the most resourceful recent development. To transmit data in the visible light spectrum laser diodes are used. Increased accessible spectrum, higher speed, efficiency, security, low latency are the advantages compared to WiFi in this technology. The main of this research paper is to design a Li-Fi transceiver using Arduino which is able to transmit digital data. The hardware has been designed using Proteus design tool (version 8). The software coding is done by using C program. Image and video signals is carried out on the transceiver for enhancing transmission and reception of text. In this work a transceiver is designing that works by using visible light spectrum and low cost components.

Design of Solar Panels for Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)

Light-fidelity(Li-Fi) has become a revolutionary technology in this modern era of wireless communication systems. Li-Fi is based on IEEE 802.15.7 standard and having long spectrum with wavelength of the signals ranges from 380 to 780 nm. As bandwidth of the radio electromagnetic spectrum is becoming more saturated and facing shortage which is a very alarming situation for the engineers working in wireless communication technology. This issue can be resolved using Li- Fi instead of wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) for wireless internet. One of the major advantages of Li-Fi is, it has low initial cost with increased data rate. Moreover, there are certain places where we cannot use Wi-Fi like in air space, petrol stations, nuclear reactor etc. Li-Fi tackle such issues and now we can use internet anywhere and anytime with much larger speed. To use internet without interruption, Li-Fi requires low cost and continuous power supply. In this paper, we propose an alternate power solution for Li-Fi using a free natural source that is a sunlight. Utilizing the proposed solution, one can enjoy internet continuously without power interruption for the low cost of electricity.