Light-emitting Source Research Articles

Cytocidal Effects of Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy Using Talaporfin Sodium and a Semiconductor Laser in a Rat Intracerebral Glioma Model.

This preclinical study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of interstitial PDT (i-PDT) for malignant gliomas arising deep within the brain, which are difficult to remove. C6 glioma cells were implanted into the basal ganglia of rats, and 3 weeks later, the second-generation photosensitizer talaporfin sodium (TPS) was administered intraperitoneally. Ninety minutes after administration, a prototype fine plastic optical fiber was punctured into the tumor tissue, and semiconductor laser light was irradiated into the tumor from a 2-mm cylindrical light-emitting source under various conditions. The brain was removed 24 h after the i-PDT and analyzed pathologically. The optical fiber was able to puncture the tumor center in all cases, enabling i-PDT to be performed. Histological analysis showed that tumor necrosis was induced in areas close to the light source, correlating with the irradiation energy dose, whereas apoptosis was induced at some distance from the light source. Irradiation using high energy levels resulted in tissue swelling from strong tumor necrosis, and irradiation at 75 J/cm2 was most suitable for inducing apoptosis. An experimental system of i-PDT using TPS was established using malignant glioma cells transplanted into the rat brain. Tumor cell death, which correlated with the light propagation, was induced in tumor tissue.

Widefield Super-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging of Autofluorescent Biological Materials and Photosynthetic Microorganisms Using Fluorescence Detected Photothermal Infrared (FL-PTIR).

We have demonstrated high-speed, super-resolution infrared (IR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging of autofluorescent biomaterials and organisms using camera-based widefield photothermal detection that takes advantage of temperature-dependent modulations of autofluorescent emission. A variety of biological materials and photosynthetic organisms exhibit strong autofluorescence emission under ultraviolet excitation and the autofluorescent emission has a very strong temperature dependence, of order 1%/K. Illuminating a sample with pulses of IR light from a wavelength-tunable laser source causes periodic localized sample temperature increases that result in a corresponding transient decrease in autofluorescent emission. A low-cost light-emitting diode-based fluorescence excitation source was used in combination with a conventional fluorescence microscopy camera to detect localized variations in autofluorescent emission over a wide area as an indicator of localized IR absorption. IR absorption image stacks were acquired over a range of IR wavelengths, including the fingerprint spectral range, enabling extraction of localized IR absorption spectra. We have applied widefield fluorescence detected photothermal IR (FL-PTIR) to an analysis of autofluorescent biological materials including collagen, leaf tissue, and photosynthetic organisms including diatoms and green microalgae cells. We have also demonstrated the FL-PTIR on live microalgae in water, demonstrating the potential for label-free dynamic chemical imaging of autofluorescent cells.

Metal-enhanced fluorescence biosensor integrated in capillary flow-driven microfluidic cartridge for highly sensitive immunoassays

Point-of-care testing (POCT) for low-concentration protein biomarkers remains challenging due to limitations in biosensor sensitivity and platform integration. This study addresses this gap by presenting a novel approach that integrates a metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) biosensor within a capillary flow-driven microfluidic cartridge (CFMC) for the ultrasensitive detection of the Parkinson's disease biomarker, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex interacting multi-functional protein 2 (AIMP-2). Crucial point to this approach is the orientation-controlled immobilization of capture antibody on a nanodimple-structured MEF substrate within the CFMC. This strategy significantly enhances fluorescence signals without quenching, enabling accurate quantification of low-concentration AIMP-2 using a simple digital fluorescence microscope with a light-emitting diode excitation source and a digital camera. The resulting platform exhibits exceptional sensitivity, achieving a limit of detection in the pg/mL range for AIMP-2 in human serum. Additionally, the CFMC design incorporates a capillary-driven passive sample transport mechanism, eliminating the need for external pumps and further simplifying the detection process. Overall, this work demonstrates the successful integration of MEF biosensing with capillary microfluidics for point-of-care applications.

Color-tunable fluorescent silica-based hybrid film of stacked structure based on a single amphiphilic AIEgen

The large-area and color-tunable fluorescent (FL) films have great potential applications in light-emitting devices and color displays. Yet, the challenge of realizing truly color-tunable emissions using a single fluorophore remains. Herein, we present a large-area, transparent and ultra-stable free-standing FL silica-based film (FSFSF) with color-tunable emissions prepared by using an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen (AIEgen) as both a structure-directing agent and a light-emitting source. The color-tunable FSFSFs have been facilely prepared at the gas–liquid (GL-FSFSF) and solid–liquid interfaces (SL-FSFSF) by simply stacking the AIEgen/SiO2 composite layers with different self-assembled structures using an approach combining self-assembly with sol-gel process. These films exhibited variable excitation-dependent emission colors, emitting bright blue and green fluorescences as well as dark red fluorescence from one single visual field under excitation with UV, blue, and green lights, respectively. The research found that the resulting GL-FSFSF had a sandwich-like structure with an alternate arrangement of cylindrical and spherical AIEgen micelles in the silica matrix, and exhibited unusual excitation-dependent multi-wavelength and morphology-dependent dual-center emission characteristics. It has been reported that the luminescence of many AIE compounds is morphology-dependent. Therefore, we speculate that the two emission centers of the film are related to the two self-assembled morphologies of amphiphilic AIEgen. Its bright blue and green fluorescence is attributed to the same emission intensity of the two luminescent centers. This study has demonstrated that morphology- and excitation-dependent color-tunable emissions based on one AIE fluorophore can be achieved by incorporating AIEgen aggregates with different self-assembled morphologies in the matrix. Such a simple strategy can be extended to construct other multicolor-tunable FL hybrid materials.

Hydrogel-enzyme micropatch array format for chemical mapping: A proof of concept

Conventional sensing methods report on concentrations of analytes in a single point of sampled medium or provide an average value. However, distributions of substances on surfaces of sampled objects often exhibit intricate inhomogeneities. In order to obtain snapshots of the chemical distributions on surfaces, we have developed enzyme-loaded hydrogel arrays (5 × 5 and 10 × 10). The acrylic 10 × 10 array base contains 100 holes, which are filled with agarose hydrogel containing assay enzymes and substrates. Such arrays can be exposed to the analyzed surfaces to collect minute amounts of analytes. Following a brief incubation, they are subsequently visualized in a custom-built array reader device. The reader incorporates a light-emitting diode-based light source, miniature camera, and Raspberry Pi single-board computer. Two Python programs capture and analyze the images of the array to extract pixel saturation values corresponding to individual hydrogel micropatches. The method has been thoroughly optimized for mapping of glucose and lactic acid. The optimized parameters were: contact time, agarose concentration, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration ratio, and enzyme concentration. The array biosensor was further tested by mapping glucose distribution in fruit/vegetable cross-sections (apple, guava, and cucumber) and lactic acid distribution in cheese. We think that this new hydrogel-based chemical mapping method can find applications in studies related to food science, plant physiology, clinical chemistry, and forensics; wherever the distributions of analytes on the tested surfaces need to be assessed.

Enzymatic sulfation of coelenterazine by human cytosolic aryl sulfotransferase SULT1A1: identification of coelenterazine C2-benzyl monosulfate by LC/ESI-TOF-MS

Coelenterazine (CTZ) is known as a light-emitting source for the bioluminescence reaction in marine organisms. CTZ has two phenolic hydroxy groups at the C2-benzyl and C6-phenyl positions, and a keto-enol type hydroxy group at the C3-position in the core structure of imidazopyrazinone (= 3,7-dihydroimidazopyrazin-3-one). These hydroxy groups in CTZ could be sulfated by sulfotransferase(s), and the sulfates of Watasenia luciferin (CTZ disulfate at the C2- and C6-positions) and Renilla pre-luciferin (CTZ 3-enol sulfate) have been identified in marine organisms. To characterize the sulfation process of CTZ, human cytosolic aryl sulfotransferase SULT1A1 (SUTase) was used as a model enzyme. The sulfated products catalyzed by SUTase with 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) were analyzed by LC/ESI-TOF-MS. The product was the monosulfate of CTZ and identified as the C2-benzyl sulfate of CTZ (CTZ C2-benzyl monosulfate), but CTZ disulfate, CTZ 3-enol sulfate, and CTZ C6-phenyl monosulfate were not detected. The non-enzymatic oxidation products of dehydrocoelenterazine (dCTZ, dehydrogenated derivative of CTZ), coelenteramide (CTMD), and coelenteramine (CTM) from CTZ were also identified as their monosulfates.

Design of OCC Indoor Positioning System Based on Flat Panel Light and Angle Sensor Assistance

Visible light positioning (VLP) technology is a classic application of visible light communication (VLC), which inherits the advantages of VLC and applies it to the field of positioning. LED (light-emitting diode) is a type of light source. Because of its high brightness, aesthetically pleasing characteristics, and ease of installation, it is used in a variety of indoor lighting applications. However, most of the current VLP technology is still in the laboratory simulation stage and cannot be used in industry or life on a large scale due to various reasons, such as accuracy and cost. Because of the large size of LED flat panel lamps, there are almost no VLP applications with LED flat panel lamps as the emitting light source. Therefore, this paper proposes a VLP technology combining LED flat panel light and a barcode, with a single flat panel light at the transmitting end and a smartphone with a camera at the receiving end, to achieve fuzzy positioning. The paper further uses the angle sensor to assist in designing the “pseudo-two-light positioning” algorithm and selects 16 test points for experiments, and the average positioning error can reach a minimum of 6.5023 cm, achieving centimeter-level positioning accuracy requirements.

Enhanced quantum efficiency and Purcell factor of incoherent light-emitting source modulators coupled with nanoantennas: DDA modeling and optimization

Gated tunable materials-based devices have proven efficient structures to dynamically control quantum emitters’ (QEs) photonic density of states. The active permittivity control enabled by these materials allows manipulating the coupling and dissipation of evanescent modes radiated by the QE, hence controlling the emission parameters. In this sense, we propose here the design and optimization of a plasmonic device coupled with nanoantennas capable of dynamically manipulating the QEs’ emission at visible wavelengths using a thin gated doped titanium nitrate layer. We explore the use of metallic cubic and bow-tie antennas and study their unique characteristics related to enhancing the QEs’ emission. For the nanoantenna geometrical parameters optimization, we propose a discrete-dipole-approximation (DDA) method to accurately calculate all the radiation parameters of a QE embedded in a layered medium coupled to a nanoantenna. This technique allows calculating the decay behavior of QEs arbitrarily distributed, which is only feasible with knowledge of the Purcell factor and quantum efficiency mapped for all possible positions, easily achieved with the proposed model. We show that by employing the proposed DDA, the time required for optimizing and building those maps to evaluate the device’s response is drastically reduced (98%) compared to conventional numerical techniques. Using the DDA to optimize the antenna allowed the device’s quantum efficiency to be enhanced from 1.8% (no nanoantenna) to 8% and 10.5% using the cubic and bow-tie nanoantenna, respectively. In addition, the nanoantenna helps decrease the QE lifetime by a factor of approximately 2, allowing faster modulation speeds. Finally, our modeling and findings can be used to pave the way for the design of new gated optical modulators coupled with nanoantennas for applications that require amplitude modulation.

Analyzing the Electronics of Image Sensors and Their Functionality to Develop Low Light-Emitting Source Image

Bioluminescence imaging has been used to visualize the biological effects of human beings and is a promising technique in a recent modality. In this study, the digital image technique is used to improve quality and recover images. The optical fluence that emerges from the source is generated using a camera, and a low resgolution is observed. In this paper, the diurnal change of ultra-weak photon emission was successfully imaged with an improved, highly sensitive imaging system using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The changes in energy metabolism might be linked with diurnal changes in photon emission, and when observed, the body emits extremely weak light spontaneously without external photoexcitation. Therefore, to obtain accurate information, a combined Barn Door Star Tracker approach has been proposed to improve the accuracy of the method and has been implemented to test on celestial bodies. The ability to temporally assess the location of star movement can be monitored accurately with bioluminescence imaging.

Absolute Photoelectric Encoder and Its Adoption in Fertilizing Corn Machinery in Ridge Planting

Absolute photoelectric encoder has the advantages of output data only corresponding to one position, requiring absolute zero position, no need to search for zero position after power failure and restart, and no cumulative error. Firstly, the principle of the traditional absolute photoelectric encoder is analyzed, and the matrix code plate is adopted to complete the production of the 16-bit absolute photoelectric encoder code plate, which reduces the volume of the high digit encoder. Then, K9 glass is chosen for the material of code plate and slit plate, which has good light transmittance and can improve the precision of photoelectric encoder. Giving that that the performance of light source of photoelectric encoder directly determines the accuracy of photoelectric encoder, bullet SE2470 light-emitting diode is selected as the emitting light source. It has a beam angle of 18 degrees and a large operating temperature range, supporting the working wavelength of 880 nm. The receiving light source is set as the bullet photosensitive triode SD2440, which has low power consumption, with 48 degrees of receiving angle, can be directly mounted to the double-sided PCB board. Finally, the designed absolute photoelectric encoder is used in the ridge corn mechanical fertilization system, and the system controller adjusts the opening of proportional valve through the motor speed signal fed back by the photoelectric encoder. In the experiment, the absolute photoelectric encoder is tested with the help of serial debugging assistant. When the encoder does not rotate the serial port, the output data of the assistant does not change. When the encoder rotates, the result change after receiving a lot of data due to the high baud rate. The error of each fertilization tube in the mechanical fertilization system of ridge planting corn is less than 3%, the coefficient of variation is less than 0.05, and thus the economic benefit of fertilization is improved.

AlGaInAs Multi-Quantum Well Lasers on Silicon-on-Insulator Photonic Integrated Circuits Based on InP-Seed-Bonding and Epitaxial Regrowth

The tremendous demand for low-cost, low-consumption and high-capacity optical transmitters in data centers challenges the current InP-photonics platform. The use of silicon (Si) photonics platform to fabricate photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is a promising approach for low-cost large-scale fabrication considering the CMOS-technology maturity and scalability. However, Si itself cannot provide an efficient emitting light source due to its indirect bandgap. Therefore, the integration of III-V semiconductors on Si wafers allows us to benefit from the III-V emitting properties combined with benefits offered by the Si photonics platform. Direct epitaxy of InP-based materials on 300 mm Si wafers is the most promising approach to reduce the costs. However, the differences between InP and Si in terms of lattice mismatch, thermal coefficients and polarity inducing defects are challenging issues to overcome. III-V/Si hetero-integration platform by wafer-bonding is the most mature integration scheme. However, no additional epitaxial regrowth steps are implemented after the bonding step. Considering the much larger epitaxial toolkit available in the conventional monolithic InP platform, where several epitaxial steps are often implemented, this represents a significant limitation. In this paper, we review an advanced integration scheme of AlGaInAs-based laser sources on Si wafers by bonding a thin InP seed on which further regrowth steps are implemented. A 3 µm-thick AlGaInAs-based MutiQuantum Wells (MQW) laser structure was grown onto on InP-SiO2/Si (InPoSi) wafer and compared to the same structure grown on InP wafer as a reference. The 400 ppm thermal strain on the structure grown on InPoSi, induced by the difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between InP and Si, was assessed at growth temperature. We also showed that this structure demonstrates laser performance similar to the ones obtained for the same structure grown on InP. Therefore, no material degradation was observed in spite of the thermal strain. Then, we developed the Selective Area Growth (SAG) technique to grow multi-wavelength laser sources from a single growth step on InPoSi. A 155 nm-wide spectral range from 1515 nm to 1670 nm was achieved. Furthermore, an AlGaInAs MQW-based laser source was successfully grown on InP-SOI wafers and efficiently coupled to Si-photonic DBR cavities. Altogether, the regrowth on InP-SOI wafers holds great promises to combine the best from the III-V monolithic platform combined with the possibilities offered by the Si photonics circuitry via efficient light-coupling.

Mobile Hysteroscopy With the Use of a Smartphone as a Cost-Effective, Diagnostic Technique.

Smartphone technology can be adapted to promote cable-free, wireless, and cost-effective diagnostic mobile office hysteroscopy. We developed a new cable-free setup by coupling a rigid 30°, 2-mm-diameter hysteroscope to a smartphone using a commercially available adapter and using a portable and rechargeable light-emitting diode cold light source. The new setup cost is considerably lower compared with that of a typical endoscopic tower. We performed both standard hysteroscopy and hysteroscopy using the new portable setup in 40 patients for a variety of benign gynecologic indications. The operating time was compared between the two methods, as was the pain perceived by the patients. Videos from the two setups were blindly reviewed and scored by experts regarding image resolution, brightness, color, and overall image quality. The new technique was acceptable for diagnosis in 97.5% of the videos. We report a promising initial experience using a smartphone to provide a convenient, cable-free, low-cost, office hysteroscopy system.

Light-Emitting Diode-Based Pulsed Illumination Source for Continuous, Cycle-Resolved Spray Measurements

This paper presents a modular, high-powered light emitting diode (LED)-based illumination source to be used for spray measurements of the liquid phase via Mie scattering. The recent availability of consumer-grade LED arrays with average rated radiant powers of more than 100 W have enabled lower-cost designs than were possible with the previous laser illuminants. Flash tubes suffer from a non-constant rate of emission intensity and a fixed discharge time,which can be a restricting factor, especially with multiple injections. The narrow spectral distributionof LEDs,with a full width at half maximum of 17nm,aids in distinguishing the measurement signal from unwanted background noise.Using frame- synchronous LED pulse generation at repetition rates of 100 kHz,it is possible to record both arbitrarily spaced multiple injections as well as consecutive working cycles, for example ininternal combustion engines. Pulse durations are currently variable in the range 1-78 μs. Luminous flux is boosted by driving the light source at a significantly higher current and voltage as compared to the continuously rated specifications, which results in a high temporal resolution,as exposure times as low as oneμs provide ample recorded intensities. Benchmarks based on a commercial xenon flash tube and laser diode demonstrate the design’s versatility along with first applications in an optically accessibly research engine.

Flexible Light Sources.

Various light sources have been developed for the application of optical stimulation in the optogenetics field. Light transmission inside living tissue is limited to a distance of a few millimeters; hence, it is necessary to insert the light source near the nerve tissue to be stimulated. If a device is rigid, it causes mechanical stimulation to act on the nerve tissue. The application of mechanical stimulation may induce inflammation, obstructing neural activity. Fabricating such a device out of a soft material can prevent mechanical stimulation of cells and mitigate biological reactions such as inflammation or encapsulation. Minimizing the sizes of LED and other light sources as much as possible and mounting them on a flexible substrate can provide the entire device with flexibility. Micro-LEDs can be reduced to a size almost comparable to that of a cell and it has even been reported that some have been mounted on the tip of needle-shaped devices inserted into living tissue. A device using organic semiconductors is sufficiently soft to be bent, which is a characteristic not observed in inorganic semiconductors. Using organic LEDs can realize wide-area flexible light-emitting surfaces and they are widely anticipated to be the next generation of light sources. This chapter introduces technologies used to manufacture these soft light sources and examples of optical stimulation devices that incorporate them.

AIE-amphiphile-induced self-assembly of fluorescent silica submicrospheres with ordered composite structure

Herein, in a one-pot procedure, fluorescent silica submicrospheres (FSSMSs) with ordered composite structure were facilely fabricated by the approach of AIE-amphiphile-induced hierarchical order self-assembly. A key factor is the use of an AIE-active amphiphile as both light-emitting source and structure-directing agent. As expected, the fluorescent micelles formed by self-assembly of the AIE-active amphiphile were orderly assembled in the silica networks through noncovalent attachment in the system. The resultant FSSMSs have uniform particle size and morphology, demonstrating excellent properties, such as ordered structure, good monodispersity, excellent photostability, no fluorescence leakage and easy synthesis. The results demonstrate that ordered composite structure in FSSMSs is beneficial for its photostability as well as structural stability. As a test proof, the FSSMSs with a mean size of 0.6 µm were used to check the integrity of microfiltration membranes with 0.45 µm pores. A simple and convenient approach of using FSSMSs for assessing the level of membrane integrity was proposed. In addition, the FSSMSs composite materials show unexpectedly excitation-dependent emission properties. The special FSSMSs have promising application in multicolor display and bioimaging.

A novel yellow fluorescent protein of recombinant apoPholasin with dehydrocoelenterazine

Pholasin is classified as a photoprotein and comprises apoPholasin (an apoprotein of pholasin) and an unknown prosthetic group as the light-emitting source. The luminescence reaction of pholasin is triggered by reactive oxygen species. Recombinant apoPholasin was recently expressed as a fusion protein of glutathione S-transferase (GST-apoPholasin) and purified from E. coli cells. By incubating non-fluorescent dehydrocoelenterazine (dCTZ, dehydrogenated form of CTZ) with GST-apoPholasin, the complex of GST-apoPholasin and dCTZ (GST-apoPholasin/dCTZ complex) was formed immediately and showed bright yellow fluorescence (λmax = 539 nm, excited at 430 nm). Unexpectedly, the fluorescent chromophore of the GST-apoPholasin/dCTZ complex was identified as non-fluorescent dCTZ. The luminescence intensity of the GST-apoPholasin/dCTZ complex was increased in a catalase-H2O2 system, but not in sodium hypochlorite.

Observability of the innermost stable circular orbit in a near-extremal Kerr black hole

We consider the escape probability of a photon emitted from the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of a rapidly rotating black hole. As an isotropically emitting light source on a circular orbit reduces its orbital radius, the escape probability of a photon emitted from it decreases monotonically. The escape probability evaluated at the ISCO also decreases monotonically as the black hole spin increases. When the dimensionless Kerr parameter $a$ is at the Thorne limit $a=0.998$, the escape probability from the ISCO is $58.8\%$. In the extremal case $a=1$, even if the orbital radius of the light source is arbitrarily close to the ISCO radius, which coincides with the horizon radius, the escape probability remains at $54.6\%$. We also show that such photons that have escaped from the vicinity of the horizon reach infinity with sufficient energy to be potentially observed because Doppler blueshift due to relativistic beaming can overcome the gravitational redshift. Our findings indicate that signs of the near-horizon physics of a rapidly rotating black hole will be detectable on the edge of its shadow.

Deep Blue Emission of All-Bromide-Based Cesium Lead Perovskite Nanocrystals

All-inorganic perovskites have attracted intensive research attention. By adjusting halogen X (X = Cl, Br, and I), perovskite ABX3 can be used in blue, green, and red light sources. However, it is very hard to avoid halogen exchange when different halide perovskite nanocrystals are used together for optoelectronic devices. We synthesized all-bromide-based cesium lead perovskite nanocrystals with deep blue emission at 405 (±1) nm. The photoluminescence quantum yield can be up to 22 (±3)%. The transmission electron microscopy results confirm the single-crystalline structure of the perovskite Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals. The large Stokes shift of deep blue emission mainly results from the charge-transfer state. These all-bromide-based deep blue emission perovskite nanocrystals avoid the halogen exchange. Our results show that the all-bromide perovskite nanocrystals have great potential for a blue light-emitting source.

Towards an efficient light-emitting source based on self-implanted silicon with dislocation-related luminescence

The regularities of ion synthesis of dislocation-related luminescence centers in silicon have been investigated. By varying the conditions of additional irradiation with boron ions, as well as the conditions of subsequent annealing, we obtain an increase in the luminescence intensity, as well as a shift of maximum of the temperature dependence towards higher temperatures. It was found for the first time that, for the highest used dose of boron ions (3·1017 cm-2) and additional heat treatment at 830 °C, it is possible to get the measurable luminescence at room temperature.

Enzymatic Conversion of Cypridina Luciferyl Sulfate to Cypridina Luciferin with Coenzyme A as a Sulfate Acceptor in Cypridina (Vargula) hilgendorfii.

In the luminous ostracod Cypridina (presently Vargula) hilgendorfii, Cypridina luciferyl sulfate (3-enol sulfate of Cypridina luciferin) is converted to Cypridina luciferin by a sulfotransferase with 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (PAP) as a sulfate acceptor. The resultant Cypridina luciferin is used for the luciferase-luciferin reaction of Cypridina to emit blue light. The luminescence stimulation with major organic cofactors was examined using the crude extracts of Cypridina specimens, and we found that the addition of coenzyme A (CoA) to the crude extracts significantly stimulated luminescence intensity. Further, the light-emitting source in the crude extracts stimulated with CoA was identified as Cypridina luciferyl sulfate, and we demonstrated that CoA could act as a sulfate acceptor from Cypridina luciferyl sulfate. In addition, the sulfate group of Cypridina luciferyl sulfate was also transferred to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP) and adenosine 3'-monophosphate (3'-AMP) by a sulfotransferase. The sulfated products corresponding to CoA, 5'-AMP and 3'-AMP were identified using mass spectrometry. This is the first report that CoA can act as a sulfate acceptor in a sulfotransferase reaction.