Light Dispersion Research Articles

Epoxy-Based Organogels for Thermally Reversible Light Scattering Films and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials.

Alkyl chains of β-hydroxyesters synthesized by the capping of terminal epoxy groups of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with palmitic (C16), stearic (C18), or behenic (C22) fatty acids self-assemble forming a crystalline phase. Above a particular concentration solutions of these esters in a variety of solvents led to supramolecular (physical) gels below the crystallization temperature of alkyl chains. A form-stable phase change material (FS-PCM) was obtained by blending the ester derived from behenic acid with eicosane. A blend containing 20 wt % ester was stable as a gel up to 53 °C and exhibited a heat storage capacity of 161 J/g, absorbed during the melting of eicosane at 37 °C. Thermally reversible light scattering (TRLS) films were obtained by visible-light photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-ester blends (50 wt %) in the gel state at room temperature. The reaction was very fast and not inhibited by oxygen. TRLS films consisted of a cross-linked methacrylic network interpenetrated by the supramolecular network formed by the esters. Above the melting temperature of crystallites formed by alkyl chains, the film was transparent due to the matching between refractive indices of the methacrylic network and the amorphous ester. Below the crystallization temperature, the film was opaque because of light dispersion produced by the organic crystallites uniformly dispersed in the material. Of high significance for application was the fact that the contrast ratio did not depend on heating and cooling rates.

On the Immersion Liquid Evaporation Method Based on the Dynamic Sweep of Magnitude of the Refractive Index of a Binary Liquid Mixture: A Case Study on Determining Mineral Particle Light Dispersion.

This is a feasibility study of a modified immersion liquid technique for determining the refractive index of micro-sized particles. The practical challenge of the traditional liquid immersion method is to find or produce a suitable host liquid whose refractive index equals that of a solid particle. Usually, the immersion liquid method uses a set of immersion liquids with different refractive indices or continuously mixes two liquids with different refractive indices, e.g., using a pumping system. Here, the phenomenon of liquid evaporation has been utilized in defining the time-dependent refractive index variation of the host liquid. From the spectral transmittance data measured during the evaporation process, the refractive index of a solid particle in the host liquid can be determined as a function of the wavelength. The method was tested using calcium fluoride (CaF2) particles with an immersion liquid mixed from diethyl ether and diffusion pump fluid. The dispersion data obtained were consistent with the literature values thus indicating the proper functioning of the proposed procedure.

虹を主題とした「光の分散」教材(北海道支部特集)

虹を主題とした「光の分散」教材(北海道支部特集)

Shadows constructing a relationship between light and color pigments by physical and mathematical perspectives

Full shadows, partial shadows and multilayer shadows are explained based on the phenomenon of the linear dispersion of light. This paper focuses on progressing the understanding of shadows from physical and mathematical perspectives. A significant relationship between light and color pigments is demonstrated with the help of the concept of sets. This integration of physical and mathematical reasoning not only manages an operational approach to the concept of shadows, it also outputs a model that can be used in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) curricula by providing a concrete and physical example for abstract concept of the empty set.

A CMOS Digital SiPM With Focal-Plane Light-Spot Statistics for DOI Computation

Silicon photomultipliers can be used to infer the depth-of-interaction (DOI) in scintillator crystals. DOI can help to improve the quality of the positron emission tomography images affected by the parallax error. This paper contemplates the computation of DOI based on the standard deviation of the light distribution. The simulations have been carried out by GAMOS. The design of the proposed digital silicon photo-multiplier (d-SiPM) with focal plane detection of the center of mass position and dispersion of the scintillation light is presented. The d-SiPM shares the same off-chip time-to-digital converter such that each pixel can be individually connected to it. A miniature d-SiPM $8\times 8$ single-photon avalanche-diode (SPAD) array has been fabricated as a proof of concept. The SPADs along each row and column are connected through an OR combination technique. It has $256\times 256\mu \text{m}^{\mathrm { {2}}}$ without peripherals circuits and pads. The fill factor is about 11%. The average dark count rate of the mini d-SiPM is of 240 kHz. The average photon detection efficiency is 5% at 480 nm wavelength, room temperature, and 0.9 V excess voltage. The dynamic range is of 96 dB. The sensor array features a time resolution of 212 ps. The photon-timing SNR is 81 dB. The focal plane statistics of the light-spot has been proved as well by measurements.

Coherent perfect absorption and transmission of a generalized three-mode cavity optico-mechanical system

With the rapid development of nano-physics and quantum optics, optico-mechanical coupling system is developing toward the miniaturization and lightweight. The physical characteristics of optical cavity and applications of optic-mechanical devices have received much attention. In this paper, a generalized three-mode cavity optico-mechanical system is presented, the steady-state responses of the system to the characteristics of weak detection of light absorption and dispersion in several different coherent driving modes are studied. Situated in the middle of system is a portable total reflection mechanical oscillator with a reflectance of 100%, and located on each side is a fixed optical cavity mirror with partial transmittance, Three-mode cavity optical mechanical system consists of fixed-mirror, removable-vibrator, fixed-mirror structure. in which the two optical cavities are coupled by coupling a stronger control field and weak probe light with the same mechanical oscillator. Analysis and numerical results show that under the mechanism with different parameters, due to nonlinear effect of pressure, in the three-mode cavity optical mechanical system, there appear some interesting quantum coherent phenomena such as coherent perfect absorption, coherent perfect transmission and coherent perfect synthesis. When coherent perfect absorption occurs, the mutual conversion between input signal power full-field energies and oscillator vibration of internal coherence can be realized, and the law of conservation of energy is satisfied. When relaxation rate due to mechanical oscillator is very small, the coherent perfect transmission is completely transmitted from the system side of the input field to the other side in the case of no loss of energy. And mechanical relaxation rate of the oscillator approaches to zero in the middle, which can ensure that the perfect transmission of the detection field takes place on one side, and the field total reflection and coherent perfect synthesis happen on the other side of. In addition, we alsofind that the adjustment of coupling between cavity and cavity can change the intensity of the probe field of quantum coherent control thereby realizing that the output of the detection field is transformed between coherent perfect absorption and coherence transmission; through simple phase modulation the output direction and input direction of detection field for left cavity-right cavity can swap mutually. So, these dynamic controls in quantum information networks can be used to construct some optical devices with special functions, such as photon switch, photo router, photon exchange machine, etc.

LIGHT ABERRATION IN OPTICAL ANISOTROPIC SINGLE-AXIS MEDIUM

The entrainment of the light flux by a uniaxial anisotropic medium and its influence on the measurement of stellar aberration are analyzed. The influence of the entrainment of the light flux by an isotropic medium on the measurement of stellar aberration was considered by Fresnel early. The absence of such influence was confirmed by Erie's experience when filling the telescope tube with water. The formula itself was perfectly confirmed by Fizeau's experiments with moving water and the repetition of this experiment with an increase in the accuracy of measurements by Michelson, Zeeman, and others. G.A. Lorentz already on the basis of the electromagnetic theory specified the formula with allowance for the frequency dispersion of the light flux. A. Einstein made an analysis of the schemes of experiments for determining the drag coefficient, covering all possible variants of similar experiments. As a result, he obtained Fresnel and Lorentz formulas, taking into account the frequency dispersion of light, starting from the theory of relativity. The entrainment of light and its influence on the measurement of stellar aberration by a uniaxial anisotropic medium have not been considered anywhere. An analysis of such influence is carried out. The results of the analysis indicate the possibility of measuring the current value of stellar aberration using a uniaxial anisotropic medium. The concept of active light aberration is introduced. The proposed schemes of experiments of using the entrainment of a light flux by an anisotropic substance for measuring the current value of stellar aberration are investigated. It is concluded that it is possible to study the determination of the current velocity of an inertial system relative to the light flux.

Underwater Communications for Video Surveillance Systems at 2.4 GHz

Video surveillance is needed to control many activities performed in underwater environments. The use of wired media can be a problem since the material specially designed for underwater environments is very expensive. In order to transmit the images and videos wirelessly under water, three main technologies can be used: acoustic waves, which do not provide high bandwidth, optical signals, although the effect of light dispersion in water severely penalizes the transmitted signals and therefore, despite offering high transfer rates, the maximum distance is very small, and electromagnetic (EM) waves, which can provide enough bandwidth for video delivery. In the cases where the distance between transmitter and receiver is short, the use of EM waves would be an interesting option since they provide high enough data transfer rates to transmit videos with high resolution. This paper presents a practical study of the behavior of EM waves at 2.4 GHz in freshwater underwater environments. First, we discuss the minimum requirements of a network to allow video delivery. From these results, we measure the maximum distance between nodes and the round trip time (RTT) value depending on several parameters such as data transfer rate, signal modulations, working frequency, and water temperature. The results are statistically analyzed to determine their relation. Finally, the EM waves’ behavior is modeled by a set of equations. The results show that there are some combinations of working frequency, modulation, transfer rate and temperature that offer better results than others. Our work shows that short communication distances with high data transfer rates is feasible.

Analysis of Liquid Viscosity by Image Processing Techniques

Objective: In this paper, a technique is proposed for measurement of viscosity using the principle of dispersion of incident light with variation of liquid viscosity. The objective of the proposed technique is to design a non contact technique to analyze the characteristics of dispersed image using image processing for the light incident on liquid whose viscosity is to be measured. Methods: A camera is used to capture the background image of the refracted image. This captured image is processed by techniques like thresholding, filtering, and histogram to arrive at a quantified relation between viscosity and histogram values. To establish the relation an artificial neural network model is designed. Proposed neural network is trained by Levenburg Marquardt Algorithm, once trained it is tested with the real time system conditions. Findings: Once the neural network is designed, tests are conducted. Several samples of liquid are used with varying viscosity. From the obtained results it is clear that the proposed technique is able to measure viscosity accurately with a root mean percentage of error 2.01%. Application: From the obtained results it is clear that the proposed viscosity measurement technique can be used for measurement of liquid viscosity, even in dynamic flow conditions.

Investigation on modification of ion implanted natural corundum by UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy

Abstract Natural corundum, a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) with impure elements, is an allochromatic mineral whose color varies based on the presence of impurities in the composition. Ion implantation technology can be utilized for enhancing the optical properties of corundum by selecting the implanted ion type leading to modification of the composition and defects. As for the appearance of corundum depending on many factors including brilliance, color, fire (light dispersion), and luster, this research attempted to find out an alternative method for improving the optical appearance and color enhancement of corundum by using ion implantation. Ion beam treatments with 70 keV nitrogen and argon ions and 23 keV oxygen ion at fluence of 10 17 ions/cm 2 were applied to ruby and sapphire from Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Africa, and USA. Additionally, ion beam analysis techniques, i.e., particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), together with conventional gemological observations such as optical microscope and UltraViolet-Visible and Near Infrared (UV–Vis-NIR) spectroscopy were applied to understand the phenomena observed. The results revealed the possibility of color changing by ion beams resulting from variation in the ionic stage of trace elements as seen from UV–Vis-NIR absorption spectra. The advantages of ion implantation appear to be new and sustainable for improving corundum properties.

Optical performance assessment of a fluorescence detector for the telescope array low-energy extension experiment by using the interferometric simulation method

The fluorescence detector (FD) of the Telescope Array Low-Energy Extension (TALE) has been designed with different structures comprised of various materials. However, the cycle of expansion and contraction in these materials in response to thermal effects results in structural deformation. Furthermore, because the TALE-FD is exposed to high-temperature environments, significant light dispersion occurs as a result of the substantial deformation of the mirror (due to thermal expansion mismatch); this is considered to be an important issue that must be addressed in order to enhance the array performance and productivity. As the optical surface accuracy may be influenced by the structural deformation, an assessment of any significant structural deformations of the component materials is necessary to increase confidence in the array’s operation. The primary purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between temperature increases and changes in the surface accuracy of the TALE-FD large mirror. For this purpose, Cherenkov light emission and the fluorescence processes of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are emulated in order to assess the optical performance of the TALE-FD in practical situations. Additionally, the detection sensitivity of the TALE-FD large mirror is experimentally identified by measuring the distribution of the focused spot produced by incident light over the surface of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) sensor array.

Extraordinary wavelength reduction in terahertz graphene-cladded photonic crystal slabs.

Photonic crystal slabs have been widely used in nanophotonics for light confinement, dispersion engineering, nonlinearity enhancement, and other unusual effects arising from their structural periodicity. Sub-micron device sizes and mode volumes are routine for silicon-based photonic crystal slabs, however spectrally they are limited to operate in the near infrared. Here, we show that two single-layer graphene sheets allow silicon photonic crystal slabs with submicron periodicity to operate in the terahertz regime, with an extreme 100× wavelength reduction from graphene’s large kinetic inductance. The atomically thin graphene further leads to excellent out-of-plane confinement, and consequently photonic-crystal-slab band structures that closely resemble those of ideal two-dimensional photonic crystals, with broad band gaps even when the slab thickness approaches zero. The overall photonic band structure not only scales with the graphene Fermi level, but more importantly scales to lower frequencies with reduced slab thickness. Just like ideal 2D photonic crystals, graphene-cladded photonic crystal slabs confine light along line defects, forming waveguides with the propagation lengths on the order of tens of lattice constants. The proposed structure opens up the possibility to dramatically reduce the size of terahertz photonic systems by orders of magnitude.

Analysis of electromagnetic focusing properties of multi-annular nanostructured metasurfaces

To explore the electromagnetic focusing properties of multi-annular nanostructured metasurfaces, the material property, dispersion property, and error-tolerance property have been studied through a combination of the vectorial angular spectrum theory and the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. An obvious focal shift has been observed and the thickness for the Ag, Al, and Au films is suggested to be within the range of 50–100nm for the illumination wavelength of 640nm. The light dispersion effect of the metasurface is remarkable and the focal length decreases with the increase of the wavelength; however, the on-axis intensity distributions retain a similar, shifted shape when the wavelength deviation is less than 10nm. The fabrication error has a strong impact on the on-axis intensity distribution; when it occurs for the middle annulus, a more severe impact will be induced. The above findings provide theoretical guidance for applying multi-annular metasurfaces in the fields of super-resolution focusing, micro-nano fabrication, and nanoscopic imaging.

Method for producing angled optical fiber tips in the laboratory

A simple laboratory method is presented for producing optical fibers with tips polished at various angles. Angled optical fiber tips are used in applications such as optical sensing and remote laser surgery, where they can be used to control the angle of light leaving the fiber or direct it to the side. This allows for greater control and allows areas to be reached that otherwise could not. Optical fibers were produced with tip angles of 45 deg using a Perspex mounting block with an aluminum base plate. The dispersion of light leaving the tip was tested using a blue (470 nm) LED. The angle imposed an angular shift on the light diffracting out of the tip of approximately 30 deg. Additionally, some light reflected from the tip surface to diffract at 90 deg through the side of the fiber. These observations are consistent with theory and those seen by other studies, validating the method. The method was simple to perform and does not require advanced manufacturing tools. The method is suitable for producing small quantities of angle-tipped optical fibers for research applications.

Polarized control of probe absorption in a single-layer graphene nanostructure system

In this paper, we investigated the behaviors of the absorptive-dispersive properties of weak probe light based on quantum coherence and interference in a Landau-quantized graphene nanostructure driven by coherent pumping fields. The linear dynamical properties of the grapheme are discussed with reference to the density matrix method and the perturbation theory. It is found that under certain conditions and by an appropriate selection of the parameters of the medium, the absorption, dispersion and group index of the weak probe light can be controlled. Moreover, the superluminal light propagation in the system is accompanied by amplification to make sure that the probe field is amplified as it passes through the system via adjusting the corresponding controllable parameters such as the intensity, the detuning and the relative phase of the applied fields. Moreover, it is observed that the probe amplification can be obtained in the presence or absence of population inversion by properly choosing the system’s parameters. We hope that these results may have useful application in future quantum communicational systems and networks.

A Survey on Hybrid Optical Amplifiers

The optical fiber communication gains wide attraction in present time. With this communication technique, information can be sent with high data rates and low cost equipment. As there are various advantages of optical amplifier communication but its performance reduces by light dispersion effects. At the receiver end we use various types of optical amplifiers which can amplify these signals. In this paper we review that the hybrid optical amplifiers are combination of one or more amplifiers to remove the drawbacks of individual amplifiers.

Slow and fast light propagation in a triple quantum well nanostructure

In this paper, we investigate the absorption and dispersion properties of a weak probe field in a triple quantum well nanostructure by using the incoherent pumping fields. A deep 7.1 nm-thick GaAs well is coupled, on one side, to two shallow 6.8 nm-thick Al0.2Ga0.8As wells by a 2.5 nm-thick Al0.4Ga0.6As barrier. The two shallow wells are separated by a 2.0 nm-thick Al0.4Ga0.8As barrier. Both sides of quantum well contact with 36 nm Al0.4Ga0.6As. Therefore, this type of triple quantum well nanostructure can be used as a suitable medium for studying the effect of spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) and interference between incoherent pumping fields on absorption and dispersion properties of weak probe light. We find that the interferences from spontaneous emission and incoherent pumping processes can change the slope of dispersion and group velocity of the probe light from slow to fast or vice versa. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the group velocity of the light pulse can be controlled with the rates of incoherent pumping fields.

The chitosan–gelatin (bio)polyelectrolyte complexes formation in an acidic medium

The interaction of cationic polysaccharide chitosan and gelatin accompanied by the stoichiometric (bio)polyelectrolyte complexes formation has been studied by the methods of capillary viscometry, UV and FTIR spectroscopy and dispersion of light scattering. Complexes were formed in the aqueous phase, with pH being less than the isoelectric point of gelatin (pIgel). The particle size of the disperse phase increases along with the growth of the relative viscosity in comparison with sols of the individual components—polysaccharide and gelatin. Possible models and mechanism of (bio)polyelectrolyte complexes formation have been discussed. It was shown that the complex formation takes place not only due to the hydrogen bonds, but also due to the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged amino-groups of chitosan and negatively charged amino acid residues (glutamic Glu and aspartic Asp acids) of gelatin.

Wave Nature

This essay provides evidence that light and other such waves never at all travel on a continues sine formation, and that at no time these are produced at their full frequency. With further evidence that the dispersion of light is never at all by any change in velocity but by incidence only, and that all waves exist by half-lengths only. And in order to do it justice my exposition became rather lengthy, I therefore beg your patience to bear with me to the end. This issue then may prove to be a giant step forward in the knowledge of fundamentals.

Experimental and numerical study of light gas dispersion in a ventilated room

The objective of this study is to validate the ANSYS CFX version 12 computational code on the basis of light gas dispersion tests performed in two ventilated rooms. It follows an initial study on heavy gas dispersion carried out by Ricciardi et al. (2008). First, a study of sensitivity to various numerical parameters allows a set of reference data to be developed and the influence of the numerical scheme of advection to be revealed. Second, two helium (simulating hydrogen) dispersion test grids are simulated for the two rooms studied, and the results of the calculations are compared with experimental results. The very good agreement between these results allows the code and its dataset to be validated for this application.In future, a study with higher levels of helium (on the order of 4% vol at equilibrium) is envisaged in the context of safety analyses related to the hydrogen risk, these levels representing the lower explosive limit (LEL) of hydrogen.