Light Diffusion Research Articles

Transverse dynamics of charmed hadrons in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions

Transverse momentum pT spectra and anisotropic flow distributions are studied for charmonia and charmed hadrons produced in Pb-Pb collisions and measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The investigations are performed within the framework of the Statistical Hadronization Model with the transverse dynamics evaluated using predictions from relativistic viscous hydrodynamics as implemented in the computer codes MUSIC and FluiduM. With this essentially parameter-free approach good agreement is obtained for pT spectra in the range pT < 10 GeV/c. The observed wide distribution in pT of anisotropic flow coefficients v2 and v3 for charmonia is also well reproduced, while their magnitude is generally somewhat over predicted. This finding may be connected to a difference in spatial distribution between light and charmed hadrons due to a different diffusion of light and heavy quarks in the hot fireball.

Novel polystyrene‐based light diffusing materials: Introduction of magnesium hydroxide to enhance scattering range and thermal conductivity

AbstractIn high‐power lighting, large‐screen display, and other practical application scenarios, Light diffusing materials (LDMs) with favorable thermal conductivity are desired to assist in heat dissipation. In this paper, platy magnesium hydroxide (pMH) and mesoporous spherical magnesium hydroxide (sMH) were introduced as scattering particles for the first time to prepare polystyrene (PS)‐based LDMs. The limited refractive index mismatch allowed MH to be filled in large quantities with less sacrifice of light transmission performance. Owing to the complex surface morphology and large specific surface area, sMH possesses stronger scattering capability, and its combination addition with pMH could effectively increase scattering range. Meanwhile, an effective filler network was constructed with the combined use of pMH and sMH, and thus enhanced the thermal conductivity of the composites. Additionally, PS/pMH‐sMH composites exhibited higher thermal stability. This study expands the auxiliary thermal management capability of light diffusion materials and presents a new application possibility for MH as scattering particles.Highlights A new application possibility for Magnesium hydroxide as scattering particles. Light transmittance degradation of PS/MH at high filler loadings was mitigated by RI matching. Complex surface morphology endowed sMH with strong scattering capability. Optimal filling ratio of pMH to sMH was tested for better scattering performance. Extended scattering range, improved TC and thermal stability was achieved.

Revolutionizing superhighway traffic board lighting with remote LED spotlights

In this paper, we present a groundbreaking approach to enhance the illumination of traffic boards along superhighways, addressing significant challenges associated with conventional lighting systems. Our innovative method revolves around the strategic placement of remote spotlights at the side of the roadway to illuminate traffic signs equipped with retroreflector film (RTRF). The essence of our approach lies in remote illumination, which requires meticulous adjustment of the divergence angle of the spotlights to match the size of the signs and their distance from the projection source. To achieve the desired spotlight configuration, we have developed a hybrid optical system that incorporates a paraboloid reflector and a lens mounted on a bridge holder situated on top of the mirror. Through spot light illumination, we discovered that the initial divergence angle of the RTRF was too narrow. To improve projection angle tolerance, we recommend attaching a light diffuser film onto the surface of the RTRF. The coverage area ratio of the diffuser film can be adjusted to select the desired divergence angle for the reflected light. Our experimental measurements have yielded significant results, showcasing the half-divergent angle of the RTRF ranging from 3° to 7° for different coverage area ratios of the diffuser. In practical terms, with a target luminance of 300 nits at the white word on the traffic board, the power consumption of the spotlight fixture of the roadway was only 40 W, representing over 75% power savings when compared to traditional lighting methods. Consequently, our approach opts to utilize spotlights for illuminating specific traffic boards on superhighways, offering a more efficient and manageable lighting solution that greatly benefits both motorists and road maintenance personnel.

Two-dimensional hierarchically porous C3N4 for photocatalysis: perspective and challenges

Owing to its unique structure, porosity and photoresponse properties, two-dimensional hierarchically porous (2D-HP) C3N4 has attracted wide attention in environmental remediation and sustainable energy evolution fields. Up to today, 2D-HP C3N4 has been developed as an efficient photocatalyst for various environmental/energy photocatalytic applications. Its advantages in promoting light harvesting, reactant diffusion and transportation, surface molecule activation and photoinduced carrier separation have been verified. In this perspective, we highlighted the advantages of 2D-HP C3N4 in various photocatalytic reactions such as water splitting and H2O2 production. The relevant mechanism was simultaneously discussed. Moreover, the prospects and obstacles for the industrial utilization of 2D-HP C3N4-based photocatalysts are outlined and summarized. Finally, we envision available approaches for the deployment of 2D-HP C3N4-based materials to promote its practical application.

Realization of Time-Reversal Invariant Photonic Topological Anderson Insulators.

Disorder, which is ubiquitous in nature, has been extensively explored in photonics for understanding the fundamental principles of light diffusion and localization, as well as for applications in functional resonators and random lasers. Recently, the investigation of disorder in topological photonics has led to the realization of topological Anderson insulators characterized by an unexpected disorder-induced phase transition. However, the observed photonic topological Anderson insulators so far are limited to the time-reversal symmetry breaking systems. Here, we propose and realize a photonic quantum spin Hall topological Anderson insulator without breaking time-reversal symmetry. The disorder-induced topological phase transition is comprehensively confirmed through the theoretical effective Dirac Hamiltonian, numerical analysis of bulk transmission, and experimental examination of bulk and edge transmissions. We present convincing evidence for the unidirectional propagation and robust transport of helical edge modes, which are the key features of nontrivial time-reversal invariant topological Anderson insulators. Furthermore, we demonstrate disorder-induced beam steering, highlighting the potential of disorder as a new degree of freedom to manipulate light propagation in magnetic-free systems. Our work not only paves the way for observing unique topological photonic phases but also suggests potential device applications through the utilization of disorder.

Functional light diffusers based on hybrid CsPbBr3/SiO2 aero-framework structures for laser light illumination and conversion

The new generation of laser-based solid-state lighting (SSL) white light sources requires new material systems capable of withstanding, diffusing, and converting high intensity laser light. State-of-the-art systems use a blue light emitting diode or laser diode in combination with color conversion materials, such as yellow emitting Ce-doped phosphors or red and green emitting quantum dots (QD), to produce white light. However, for laser-based high-brightness illumination thermal management and uniform light diffusion are still major challenges in the quest to convert a highly focused laser beam into an efficient lighting solution. Here, we present a material system consisting of a highly open porous (> 99%) framework structure of hollow SiO2 microtubes. This framework structure enables efficient and uniform light distribution as well as ensuring good thermal management even at high laser powers of up to 5 W, while drastically reducing the speckle contrast. By further functionalizing the microtubes with halide perovskite QDs (SiO2@CsPbBr3 as model system) color conversion from UV to visible light is achieved. By depositing an ultrathin (~ 5.5 nm) film of poly(ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate) (pEGDMA) via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), the luminescent stability of the QDs against moisture is enhanced. The demonstrated hybrid material system paves the way for the design of advanced and functional laser light diffusers and converters that can meet the challenges associated with laser-based SSL applications.Graphical

Ultra high-speed 3D shape measurement technology for specular surfaces based on μPMD

Phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) has been extensively applied to measure specular surfaces due to its non-contact, high-precision, full-field measurement capabilities. Liquid crystal display (LCD) screen is the most common structured light source in PMD. However, the response time of liquid crystal molecules limits its frame rate to around 100 frames per second (fps). Therefore, it is quite difficult for traditional PMD to measure rapidly moving surfaces. This paper proposes a 3D dynamic sensing technique, microsecond-PMD (µPMD) based on the high-frame-rate sinusoidal fringe display (HSFD). In the proposed method, the switching time for each fringe pattern display is at a sub-microsecond level, enabling high-speed fringe acquisition with kHz-level area array detection or 100kHz-level line array scanning. The HSFD method uses a specially designed LED array and two-step optical expansion. The high-speed switching characteristic of LED sources is utilized to allow a superfast display rate. Moreover, the superior sinusoidal property can be achieved by the combination of the specially designed discrete sinusoidal LED array, the light-diffracting effect of orthogonal gratings, and the filtering effect of the light diffuser. The mechanism and analytic model of fringe generation are thoroughly analyzed and discussed in this work. Furthermore, the swarm optimization algorithm and corresponding weighted fringe quality evaluation function are presented to obtain the optimal fringes. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed µPMD, for the first time, achieved a superfast fringe acquisition rate of 4000fps with sub-micrometer precision in three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction for specular surfaces. We envision this proposal to be broadly implemented for real-time monitoring in manufacturing.

Photonic Mpemba effect.

The Mpemba effect (ME) is the counterintuitive phenomenon in statistical physics for which a far-from-equilibrium state can relax toward equilibrium faster than a state closer to equilibrium. This effect has raised great curiosity for a long time and has been studied extensively in many classical and quantum systems. Here, it is shown that the Mpemba effect can be observed in optics as well. Specifically, the process of light diffusion in finite-sized photonic lattices under incoherent (dephasing) dynamics is considered. Rather surprisingly, it is shown that certain highly localized initial light distributions can diffuse faster than initial broadly delocalized distributions. The effect is illustrated by considering the random walk of optical pulses in fiber-based temporal mesh lattices, which should provide an experimentally accessible setup for the demonstration of the Mpemba effect in optics.

Bijel-based mesophotoreactor with integrated carbon nitride for continuous-flow photocatalysis

The integration of continuous-flow technologies with heterogeneous photocatalysis has recently emerged as a promising strategy for the development of sustainable processes. Although conventional packed bed reactors have been extensively utilized in industrial catalytic applications, they face challenges related to energy transfer in the photocatalytic systems. This study presents an innovative approach to address this issue by integrating heterogeneous photocatalysts with an organic polymer, leading to the fabrication of a mesophotoreactor featuring a bijel-based structural configuration. This novel strategy involves hybridizing polypentadecalactone and in situ confining of carbon nitride in a bicontinuous porous mesoarchitecture. The structural and physicochemical properties of the resulting catalytic composite material are evaluated through an array of characterization methods, affirming the successful integration of carbon nitride within the overall structure. The unique bicontinuous porous architecture of the composite and its suitability for industrial applications is verified, as exemplified by its exceptional efficiency in the photodegradation of methylene blue (>99 %) under flow conditions and remarkable stability up to three reaction cycles. A mathematical model is developed to describe continuous photocatalytic processes occurring in the novel tubular mesophotoreactor, with a specific focus on the degradation of the methylene blue dye. This model is successfully validated, leading to results in agreement with the experimental measurements. Additionally, fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the mesophotoreactor design allows for the effective diffusion of light through its channels, resulting in higher irradiation levels compared to conventional systems such as packed bed reactors. The innovative design of the catalytic reactor presented in this work offers a versatile and efficient alternative to the conventional heterogeneous systems, significantly broadening the range of applications for photocatalytic processes.

STAR-FDTD: space-time modulated acousto-optic guidestar in disordered media

Abstract We developed a 2D Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for modeling a space-time modulated guidestar targeting wavefront shaping applications in disordered media. Space-time modulation in general (a particular example being the acousto-optic effect) is used here as a guidestar for the transverse confinement of light around the tagged region surrounded by disorder. Together with the guidestar, the iterative optical phase conjugation (IOPC) method is used to overcome the diffusion of light due to multiple scattering. A phase sensitive lock-in detection technique is utilized to estimate the steady-state amplitude and phase of the modulated wavefronts emerging from the guidestar region continuously operating in the Raman-Nath regime. As the IOPC scheme naturally converges to the maximally transmitting eigenchannel profile, one could use the position of the guidestar within the disorder to channelize the maximal transmission through the tagged region. The associated code developed in MATLAB® is provided as an open source (The MIT License) package. The code package is referred by the acronym STAR-FDTD where STAR stands for Space-Time modulated Acousto-optic guidestaR.

Exploring visible spectrum wavelengths in light transmission through wood material

Wood is a multiscale heterogeneous natural composite material with properties depending on its growing conditions and its genetic heritage. This variability is challenging for industries that work to perform homogeneous and reliable products. In industry, different non-destructive testing methods are in use to classify, grade, and select wood products to optimize their usage. Among them, the use of lasers to detect fiber orientation with different wavelengths. This orientation significantly influences the mechanical behavior of wood, including stress limits and stiffness. According to our knowledge, the use of laser diffusion still is limited to grain angle measurement. Our objective in this paper is to realize transmission light scattering maps for wood samples from several wood species (poplar, oak, Douglas fir, beech), and then identify the most suitable wavelength to study light diffusion in wood, depending on the property that will be measured. A supercontinuum laser is used over a wavelength range from 500 to 800 nm, allowing precise adjustment of the wavelengths. It was found that near-infrared light better scatters in the studied wood species than lower wavelength. However, the wavelength that gives the best contrast between earlywood and latewood depends on the sample studied and is not necessarily in the near infrared rays.

Development of single-sided structure collimation film for direct-lit collimated backlight module

In this paper, we proposed an optical structure to enhance the collimation and uniformity of 405 nm LED backlight modules. The structure is called a single-sided structure collimation film (SSSCF), which consists of a lenticular lens array, slit apertures, and a highly reflective coating surface. A lenticular lens array with slit apertures converts the angle of diffusive incident light into collimated light. The high-reflective coating of the collimation film can reflect back the light that does not enter the slit aperture to the backlight module for energy recycling. Finally, we have developed a direct-lit backlight module with optimized collimation properties (FWHM = ±3.4°, gain = 2.3%, NSR = 0) and great uniformity (uniformity &gt; 83.5%). We also demonstrated good consistency between our simulation results with optical measurement. The collimated backlight module developed in this study has great potential for future applications, including high-precision 3D printing objects, liquid crystal displays with high contrast ratio or narrow viewing angles, and telecentric illumination devices used in precision machine vision systems.

Dynamic viscosity, interfacial tension and diffusion coefficient of n-hexane, cyclohexane, 2-methylpentane with dissolved CO2

In this work, n-hexane, cyclohexane and 2-methylpentane were selected to represent linear-alkane, cycloalkane and branched-alkane, respectively. Based on the dynamic light method (DLS), the viscosity, interfacial tension and diffusion coefficient of n-hexane/CO2, cyclohexane/CO2 and 2-methylpentane/CO2 systems under saturation condition were measured in order to explore the change trend of thermophysical properties of the systems with the same carbon atom number but different molecular structures. The experiments were conducted at the temperatures of 303, 343 and 383 K and at pressures up to 5.64 MPa. The expanded uncertainties（k = 2）of dynamic viscosity, interfacial tension and diffusion coefficient were 3 %, 3 % and 4.4 % respectively. The experimental results show that n-hexane and 2-methylpentane with similar molecular structure have more similar value of the properties. The effects of different alkane structures on system viscosity, interfacial tension, and diffusion coefficient were explained at the molecular level through radial distribution function, interface thickness, and CO2 coordination number. At 303.15 K and 4 MPa, the peak radial distribution function of CO2/cyclohexane is 1.845, which is greater than that of CO2/n-hexane and CO2/2-methylpentane molecules. It has been proven that the arrangement of CO2/cyclohexane is more orderly, resulting in higher viscosity and lower diffusion coefficient of the system. The interface thickness of CO2/cyclohexane is 6.13 nm, which is smaller than CO2/n-hexane (7.53 nm) and CO2/2-methylpentane (6.3 nm). The smaller the interface thickness, the more compact the structure, the stronger the intermolecular forces, and the greater the interfacial tension. At 303.15 K and 2 MPa, the number of CO2 coordination sites within 1 nm around liquid phase alkanes is 3.96, which is smaller than 4.78 for cyclohexane and 6.62 for 2-methylpentane. Prove that the coordination number is directly proportional to the diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to viscosity and interfacial tension.

Ultrasonic liquid crystal tunable light diffuser

Conventional light diffusers have periodic surface profiles, periodic refractive index distributions, or light scattering layers containing colloids. In all such structures the optical directivity of the light diffuser is cannot typically be controlled. Here we propose an electrically tunable light diffuser based on the application of ultrasound to a nematic liquid crystal (LC) material. The ultrasonic LC diffuser consists of an LC layer sandwiched by two glass discs and an ultrasonic transducer. The electrodes of the transducer are divided in a circumferential direction so that a resonant non-coaxial flexural vibration mode can be generated on the diffuser by controlling the electrical input signals. A continuous reversed-phase sinusoidal electric signal to the transducer generates the non-coaxial resonant flexural vibration mode on the glass disc, inducing an acoustic radiation force acting on the boundary between the LC layer and glass discs. This effect changes the molecular orientation of the LC and the transmitted light distribution. The diffusion angle of the transmitted light depends on the input voltage amplitude, and the diffusion angle was maximized at 16.0 V. The vibrational distribution and the diffusion directivity could be rotated by adjusting the input voltages to different electrodes, meaning that an ultrasonic LC diffuser with a thin structure and no moving mechanical parts provided a tunable light-diffusing functionality with rotatable directivity.

Prediction in Autism by Partial Differential Diffusion and Frobenius Convolutional Light Gated Recurrent in Toddlers

Prediction in Autism by Partial Differential Diffusion and Frobenius Convolutional Light Gated Recurrent in Toddlers

Simple Characterization of Cylindrical Diffuser Fibers With a Fluorescent Layer.

A fast, simple, versatile, and reliable method to record light emission intensity profiles of cylindrical light diffusers (CDFs) in air and transparent liquids has been developed. A fluorescent color glass filter (RG695) converts red light emitted by a cylindrical diffuser fiber into near-infrared light in an emission angle-independent manner. The red light was provided from a diode laser system at 635 nm. Near-infrared fluorescence from the RG695 was imaged with a camera. Images from this camera were processed to obtain emission intensity profiles. Cylindrical diffuser fiber profiles of four different manufacturers were compared. The proposed method provides angle-independent intensity profiles of cylindrical diffuser fibers with a single camera shot. It could be demonstrated that dependent on the underlying principle of how the diffuser fiber tips emit light, the emission profile can change significantly in media with different refractive indices. By converting the light emitted by a diffuser fiber tip into fluorescence light one can eliminate the dependence of the recorded profile on the emission angle from the diffusor. This approach allows for easily taking into account refraction-index (mis)matching by placing the equipment into a suitable liquid. The proposed measurement principle bears potential for quality assurance measurements of CDFs used for interstitial laser thermotherapy or photodynamic therapy.

Assessing the light scattering properties of c-Si PV module materials for agrivoltaics: Towards more homogeneous light distribution in crop canopies

Increasing the diffusivity of transmitted light at crop canopies in agrivoltaic (AV) systems remains a desired objective. This is because diffuse light increases the uniformity of light distribution and penetrates deeper into compact crop canopies thereby enhancing the photosynthesis rate and crop yields. Current approaches in greenhouses and open horticultural systems involve the use of diffusing films, diffuse glass, and light diffusing coatings. While these methods are effective, their combination with photovoltaic (PV) modules in AV greenhouses and other AV farming practices remain relatively unknown. However, little to no work has been done to assess the light scattering properties of the existing PV module structural materials such as the glass, encapsulants and the transparent backsheet. This work therefore investigates the light scattering behaviour of c-Si PV module materials through haze and Hortiscatter measurements. 18 samples with the structural layout of glass/encapsulant/encapsulant/back cover (glass or transparent polymer backsheet), applying different commercial encapsulants, were manufactured and tested experimentally. Light in the photosynthetic spectrum was used in the optical characterization of the samples. Furthermore, the impact of UV degradation on the haziness was also tested and the uniformity of the light distribution was further assessed to obtain the Hortiscatter. The findings indicated that (i) Transparent backsheets increased the light diffusivity. (ii) UV degradation reduced the light scattering of most of the PV materials. (iii) For the haziest transparent backsheet sample, the distribution of the transmitted light increased with the incidence light angle and reduced with increasing wavelength in the visible spectrum (iv) Highest haze and Hortiscatter values of up to 80% and 84% respectively were obtained for a sample with glass/TPO/TPO/transparent backsheet layout. (v) Haze and Hortiscatter values could help in optimising the PV module bill of materials for AV applications.

Design and fabrication of a porous prism film for display backlight applications

This study demonstrates a fabrication method of a porous brightness enhancement film (pBEF) that offers brightness enhancement, light diffusion, color shift reduction, and improved thermal stability. During the ultraviolet imprinting and solvent evaporation processes, the nano/submicron-sized air pores are generated within the polymer prism structure, and micropatterns spontaneously form on the prism surface. The inner pores ranging from 30 to 450 nm can effectively scatter light to mitigate color shift, which is caused by multiple internal reflections within the prism structure. The micropatterns have multiple rings formed one around another with 5–15-µm diameter on the prism surface improve visual quality. Moreover, the obtained functions are achieved in a single film solution, obviating the need for using multiple materials, and the fabrication process is relatively simple and fast as it is conducted under ambient conditions. When the pBEF is integrated into a liquid-crystal display backlight, it provides the brightness enhancement performance and comparable viewing angle distribution of a regular BEF combined with an additional diffuser (two films) and increases brightness by ∼8% compared to a bead prism (particle-based BEF). Additionally, it reduces the redshift (Δxy) from 0.1605 to 0.1415. Furthermore, the pBEF exhibits a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the regular BEF.

Optical crosstalk of protective cover on MPPC array for TOF PET detector

Objective. Time-of-flight (TOF) is an important factor that directly affects the image quality of PET systems, and various attempts have been made to improve the coincidence resolving time (CRT) of PET detectors. For independent readout detectors, the timing is acquired for each silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), so they are less sensitive to diffused scintillation light, resulting in a better CRT. Further improvement can be expected if the light can be focused on a single SiPM. However, existing SiPM arrays have a thin protective cover on the SiPM and the gap between the SiPMs is filled with either air or the protective cover, so the light must diffuse through the cover. In this work, we investigated optical crosstalk in the protective cover to improve the CRT. Approach. We used 3.1 × 3.1 × 20 mm3 fast LGSO crystals and 3 mm square 8 × 8 multi pixel photon counter (MPPC) arrays. Pitch of the MPPCs was 3.2 mm and thickness of the protective cover on them was 150 μm. To reduce diffusion of scintillation light in the protective cover, the part of the inactive areas on the MPPC array were optically separated using reflective material. Specifically, 50, 100, 150, and 350 μm deep grid-shaped slits were made along the inactive area of the MPPCs and they were filled with BaSO4 powder as the reflective material. Main results. Coincidence counts were measured with a pair of TOF detectors, and the CRT was shorter with a deeper slit depth. The CRT before improvement was 235 ps, and using the cover having the 350 μm deep slits filled with reflective material lowered the CRT to 211 ps. Significance. Up to 10% of the scintillation light was diffused to other MPPCs by the protective cover, and the CRT was degraded by 10% due to optical crosstalk of the cover. The proposed method promises to improve the CRT of the TOF detector.

ENLIGHTED phase 3 study: Efficacy and safety of padeliporfin vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) for treatment of low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer (LG UTUC).

TPS4622 Background: Padeliporfin VTP has demonstrated safety and efficacy for UTUC treatment in a Phase 1 study (NCT03617003). Padeliporfin VTP is a combination product: a drug, padeliporfin administered IV; a device: a laser light delivery system/laser-source of light emitting near-infrared (NIR) light at 753nm; and an optic fiber delivering the light endoluminally to the vicinity of UTUC tumors within the collecting system. We report the preliminary efficacy and safety outcomes of Padeliporfin VTP for Treatment of LG UTUC in ENLIGHTED, a Phase 3 trial (NCT04620239). Methods: This is an open-label phase 3 study from USA, EU and Israel. Key inclusion criteria is up to 2 biopsy-proven LG UTUC with index tumor ≤15mm in the kidney and≤20mm in the ureter with an absence of high-grade cells on cytology. VTP is performed via retrograde upper tract endoscopy under anesthetic and low light conditions, Padeliporfin is injected IV and a laser light diffuser fiber 20-40 mm is positioned in proximity of the tumor through the scope. After Padeliporfin injection, the laser fiber is illuminated for 10 min. The fiber can be repositioned to provide up to 3 treatments within the upper tract. Patients are treated in two phases: Induction(ITP) and Maintenance Treatment Phases (MTP). ITP consists of 1-3 VTPs provided at 4-week intervals until achieving complete response (CR) or treatment failure. Patients achieving CR will proceed to the MTP and be followed with endoscopic evaluation every 3 months with VTP provided for recurrent tumors only up to 12 months. Patients with high-grade recurrences will be deemed treatment failures and removed from the study to standard of care treatment. Patients completing the MTP, will be followed for an additional 48 months for long-term outcomes. Primary outcome is CR on endoscopic evaluation and selective cytology at the time of primary response evaluation (28 ± 3 days post last treatment) during padeliporfin VTP ITP. A total of 100 patients are to be enrolled. As of 21 Jan 2024, 17 patients have been treated. 13 patients completed ITP and had CR 10/13 (77%) and PR 3/13 (23%). Patients baseline characteristics: age 67±12 years; gender: 9(53%) males and 8(47%) females; tumors location: 5(29%) in ureter, 13(76%) in the kidney; number of tumors: 7(41%) 2 tumors, 10(59%) 1 tumor. The most frequent treatment related adverse events were: flank pain 17%, vomiting 8%, fatigue 8%, nausea 6%, hematuria 6%, all Grade 1-2, resolved within few days. Grade 3 serious adverse events 9% (flank pain, hypertension, renal colic, urinary tract infection) were resolved within 2-7 days. To date Padeliporfin VTP has shown evidence of safety and efficacy with preliminary data that is consistent with prior experience. Recruitment for the ENLIGHTED trial is ongoing with results expected to provide basis for approval of a new therapy that clinically benefits pts. Clinical trial information: NCT04620239 .