Light Damage Research Articles

Crop Yield Improvement with Weeds, Pest and Disease Detection

Detecting weeds, diseases, and pests in the agricultural field is a crucial concern for farmers. Weeds compete for light, nutrients, water, space and crop damage is caused by pests such as insects, mice, and birds and crop diseases pose a significant risk to food security. Farmers have relied on traditional methods to boost yield production in the past. The advancement of deep learning approaches helps to classify various types of photos in practice. For plant leaf disease detection, pest detection, and weed detection, we acquired many images of plant disease pairs, pest and weed images from varied crops. The data augmentation process is carried out because Deep Learning works effectively with larger data sets. The neural model was created using multiple types of DCNN architecture, and the models were interpreted based on their accuracy and performance. By fine-tuning the hyperparameters and layers of the DenseNet201, Mobilenet, VGG16, Hyperparameter Search and InceptionV3 on agricultural image data. The fine-tuned InceptionV3 model outperformed by 87.85% when comparing the final value. Mobilenet and VGG16, on the other hand, achieved accuracy of 91.85% and 78.71% respectively, DenseNet model performs well with 99.62% accuracy whereas the Hyperparameter Search with 71.07% accuracy. The model's effective performance in weed,plant disease and pest disease classification is described by the produced resultant value.

Light-initiated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between dehydroalanines and tetrazoles: application to late-stage peptide and protein modifications.

As an easily introduced noncoded amino acid with unique electrophilicity distinct from the 20 natural amino acids, dehydroalanine (Dha) is not only a precise protein post-translational modification (PTM) insertion tool, but also a promising multifunctional labelling site for peptides and proteins. However, achieving a balance between the reaction rate and mild reaction conditions has been a major challenge in developing novel Dha-modified strategies. Rapid, efficient, and mild Dha modification strategies are highly desired. Additionally, catalyst-free photocontrollable reactions for Dha-containing peptide and protein modification have yet to be developed. Here, we report a photoinitiated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between Dha and 2,5-diaryl tetrazoles. Under low-power UV lamp irradiation, this reaction is completed within minutes without catalysis, resulting in a fluorescent pyrazoline-modified peptide or protein with excellent chemoselectivity for Dha residues. Notably, this reaction exhibits complete site-specificity in the modification of thiostrepton, a natural antimicrobial peptide containing multiple Dha residues (Dha3, Dha16, and Dha17), within 20 minutes in high yields. This is currently the fastest reaction for modifying the Dha residue in thiostrepton with clear site-specificity towards Dha16. This photoinitiated reaction also provides a chemoselective strategy for precise functionalization of proteins. Additionally, the rapidity and efficiency of the reaction minimize UV light damage to the biological reaction system. Combined with fluorogenic properties, this photo-controllable methodology can be applied to live cell imaging, further broadening the application scope of the Dha modification methodology.

Headlight Control Using Deep Learning-Based Vehicle Detection

Abstract: Vehicle lights are the best assurance of driving safety when it is dark outside. High beams are frequently turned on by drivers to narrow their field of vision, to make the oncoming car more visible, or even when they are following another vehicle. The lights themselves hinder drivers from checking their rear vision in the rearview mirror and result in traffic collisions. Additionally, failure to maintain a safe distance from oncoming traffic by vehicles frequently results in accidents. This research suggests a deep learning-based image recognition system for the headlamp control system as a solution to this issue. When a driver is operating a car equipped with this system, they can instantly identify the vehicle in front of them and estimate at night the safety distance of the car in front of them to reduce light damage and traffic accidents at safe distances, consider if there are cars in the forward and opposing lanes before deciding whether to turn on the high beam.

Preclinical toxicity assessment of a peptide-based antiPCSK9 vaccine in healthy mice

BackgroundProprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition is a novel cholesterol-lowering treatment for decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that active immunization using the antiPCSK9 vaccine could decrease hypercholesterolemia and impede the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the experimental model of atherosclerosis. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of the vaccine in healthy mice. MethodsForty male and female albino mice were divided into 4 experimental groups, including vaccine female (10 mice) and male (10 mice) groups receiving the antiPCSK9 vaccine as well as the corresponding control female (10 mice) and male (10 mice) groups receiving the phosphate buffer. Vaccination was planned based on 4 subcutaneous injections of the vaccine formulation (10 µg/mouse) in bi-weekly intervals. The toxicity study was performed by the subacute protocol, 28 days after the last vaccine injection. To this end, the plasma levels of lipid indexes, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), as well as the CBC test were measured. To evaluate histopathological alterations, various tissues including the heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain were studied using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining by an expert pathologist. The severity of damage to the tissue was considered based on the standard classification; grade 1 as light damage, grade 2 as moderate damage, grade 3 as near intense damage, and grade 4 as intense damage. ResultsThe results showed non-significant changes of total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride, HDL-C, FBS, creatinine, urea, AST, ALP, ALT, and PAB in the vaccinated mice when compared with control mice. The CBS test indicated that there were no significant changes in the levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH, MCHC, PLT, LYM, NEUT, MCV, RDW-S, PDW, and MPV in the vaccinated mice when compared with control mice. Evaluating histopathological alterations in various tissues indicated no significant adverse effects in vaccinated mice when compared to control mice. ConclusionThe findings of the present study indicate that antiPCSK9 is safe and exerts no adverse effects on the function of different organs and blood levels of cellular and biochemical biomarkers in healthy mice.

Choice of an experimental model and modeling method in the study of the pathogenesis and methods of treatment of age-related macular degeneration (review)

Background. Experimental modeling of various pathological processes in the organ of vision is an integral part of both fundamental and applied research. For a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and testing of new methods of its treatment, various experimental models of AMD in animals have been developed. However, at the stage of setting up the experiment, each researcher faces the difficult task of choosing an adequate animal model that has the closest homology with human anatomy and pathology, as well as a method for modeling it.Purpose. To analyze the literature data concerning the choice of AMD experimental model and methods for its modeling, to assess the advantages and limitations of their use in the study of the pathogenesis and effectiveness of modern methods for treating this ophthalmopathology.Materials and methods. The analysis of publications on PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka resources for the period from 2000 year to the present has been carried out.Results. The review considers the criteria for selecting experimental models and groups of animals most often used as an object of study (mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and primates). Among the methods for AMD modeling, chemically induced methods (using sodium iodate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and cobalt chloride), as well as physically induced methods (mechanical and light damage to reti na) were analyzed.Conclusion. The use of rabbits as an object of study, even though the macular area is absent, is a well-established model of AMD, in view of the fact that the structure of their reti na corresponds to the general structure of the mammalian retina in areas of greatest visual acuity. Light-induced retinal damage occupies a leading position among AMD modeling methods, which is characterized by a number of advantages – control of the time and intensity of exposure to obtain the required degree of degeneration. The information presented in this review will allow researchers to choose the most adequate model among experimental animals and a method for modeling AMD.

Enhanced genome-wide association reveals the role of YABBY11-NGATHA-LIKE1 in leaf serration development of Populus.

Leaf margins are complex plant morphological features that contribute to leaf shape diversity, which affects plant structure, yield, and adaptation. Although several leaf margin regulators have been identified to date, the genetic basis of their natural variation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we profiled two distinct leaf morphology types (serrated and smooth) using the persistent homology mathematical framework (PHMF) in two poplar species (Populus tomentosa and Populus simonii, respectively). A combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping were applied to create a leaf morphology control module using data from P. tomentosa and P. simonii populations. Natural variation in leaf margins was associated with YABBY11 (YAB11) transcript abundance in poplar. In P. tomentosa, PtoYAB11 carries a premature stop codon (PtoYAB11PSC), resulting in the loss of its positive regulation of NGATHA-LIKE1 (PtoNGAL-1) and RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT (PtoRBCL). Overexpression of PtoYAB11PSC promoted serrated leaf margins, enlarged leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and increased biomass. Overexpression of PsiYAB11 in P. tomentosa promoted smooth leaf margins, higher stomatal density, and greater light damage repair ability. In poplar, YAB11-NGAL1 is sensitive to environmental conditions, acts as a positive regulator of leaf margin serration, and may also link environmental signaling to leaf morphological plasticity.

More light components and less light damage on rats' eyes: evidence for the photobiomodulation and spectral opponency.

The blue-light hazard (BLH) has raised concerns with the increasing applications of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Many researchers believed that the shorter wavelength or more light components generally resulted in more severe retinal damage. In this study, based on the conventional phosphor-coated white LED, we added azure (484nm), cyan (511nm), and red (664nm) light to fabricate the low-hazard light source. The low-hazard light sources and conventional white LED illuminated 68 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for 7 days. Before and after light exposure, we measured the retinal function, thickness of retinal layers, and fundus photographs. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins and the activities of oxidation-related biochemical indicators were also measured to investigate the mechanisms of damaging or protecting the retina. With the same correlated color temperature (CCT), the low-hazard light source results in significantly less damage on the retinal function and photoreceptors, even if it has two times illuminance and blue-light hazard-weighted irradiance ([Formula: see text]) than conventional white LED. The results illustrated that [Formula: see text] proposed by IEC 62471 could not exactly evaluate the light damage on rats' retinas. We also figured out that more light components could result in less light damage, which provided evidence for the photobiomodulation (PBM) and spectral opponency on light damage.

Reproducible method for assessing the effects of blue light using in vitro human skin tissues.

High-intensity visible light (HEV), also referred to as blue light, has a wavelength of 400-500 nm and accounts for approximately one-third of the visible light. Blue light is also emitted from electronic devices and artificial indoor lighting. Studies have shown that exposure of human skin cells to light emitted from electronic devices, even as short as 1 h, can cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and necrosis. Despite comprising a significant portion of the light spectrum, the effects of HEV light have not been studied as extensively. This is in part due to a lack of suitable in vitro testing methods. This work was conducted in order to develop a reproducible testing method for assessing the effects of blue light on the skin. Testing was performed using a full thickness, 3D in vitro skin tissue model. Different exposure protocols were tested to (1) determine the biological effects of blue light on the skin and (2) to identify an appropriate exposure for routine testing of cosmetic materials that may protect the skin from blue light damage. Gene expression and protein biomarkers were measured using qPCR, ELISA and immunohistochemical (IHC) methods. Our work demonstrates that daily exposure to blue light produced dose-and-time-dependent changes in biomarkers associated with skin damage. Exposure to blue light for 6 h for 5 consecutive days (total intensity of 30 J/cm2 ) increased the expression of genes that regulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways and decreased the expression of genes that maintain skin barrier and tissue integrity. Exposure to blue light significantly increased protein biomarkers associated with ageing, inflammation and tissue damage. IHC staining confirmed changes in collagen, filaggrin and NQO1 protein expression. Treatment with ascorbic acid inhibited the effects of blue light, demonstrating a role in protection from blue light. Our results showed that consistent blue light exposure produced skin damage via alterations in biological pathways that are associated with skin ageing. This work provides a new, reproducible in vitro testing method for assessing the effects of blue light on human skin using gene expression, protein ELISA and IHC staining.

Characterization of packaging ability to protect beer from light degradation and introduction of a new Packaging Riboflavin Index

Bottled beer is exposed to light during transport or storage, which can unfavourably affect its sensory properties. One of the functions of the packaging is to provide maximum protection against possible light degradation. Riboflavin (vitamin B2), which acts as a photosensitizer, is a key substance for the occurrence of light degradation in beer. Riboflavin absorbs light in the visible region of the spectrum and transfers its energy to other compounds. A cascade of subsequent chemical reactions leads to sensory damage to the beer. Based on the transmission spectrum of packaging (glass and plastic), the Packaging Riboflavin Index (PRFI)was introduced. PRFI was designed as a tool which quantitatively assesses the ability of packaging to protect beer from light damage. The basic types of commercially used glass and plastic packaging were compared using this index. The validity of the index was verified in an experiment with defined light damage of beer in different packaging.

Retinal protective effect of curcumin metabolite hexahydrocurcumin against blue light-induced RPE damage

BackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We have previously demonstrated that blue light can damage RPE cells and their underlying mechanisms. We found that hexahydrocurcumin (HHC), a metabolite of curcumin, had better retinal protection than curcumin. However, the involved mechanisms remain unclear. MethodsBy exposing ARPE-19 human RPE cells and mouse primary RPE cells to blue light, the intracellular mechanisms of HHC in cells were investigated, including the proliferation of RPE cells and the effects of HHC on activating intracellular protective mechanisms and related factors. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) RNA sequencing revealed the underlying mechanisms involved in the induction and regulation of HHC treatment following blue light exposure. ResultsHHC promoted autophagy by enhancing autophagic flux, reduced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and effectively reversed blue light-induced cell death. RNA sequencing-based bioinformatics approaches comprehensively analyze HHC-mediated cellular processes. ConclusionOur findings elucidate the mechanisms of HHC against blue light damage in RPE cells and are beneficial for the development of natural metabolite-based preventive drugs or functional foods.

Shake Table Testing of Voltage and Current Transformers and Numerical Derivation of Corresponding Fragility Curves

Damage to devices installed in electric substations, which have shown vulnerable behaviour under strong earthquakes in the last decades, may endanger power delivery in the emergency phases during and after an earthquake. Within seismic risk assessment of power networks, the definition of the fragility functions of electric equipment is paramount. However, in the current literature the availability of such fragility models for some specific electric substation components, including instrument transformers, is relatively limited, this being the reason behind the deployment of the current experimental and numerical research endeavour. Two voltage transformers and two current transformers having different system voltage levels (respectively in the high voltage HV and extra-high voltage EHV ranges) were subjected to shake table tests, and the experimental results were used to calibrate the corresponding 3D numerical models developed in OpenSees. A number of nonlinear dynamic analyses carried out within a multiple-stripe analysis (MSA) framework allowed the derivation of 16 fragility curves for the four transformers in both stand-alone and elevated/supported configurations, considering also two different soil types. Based on the derived curves, one of the voltage transformers is expected to experience light or negligible damage due to earthquake shaking, owing to its high resonance frequencies (and hence stiffness), whilst the remaining three devices may suffer moderate damage under medium to strong shaking intensities; however, their seismic risk is in effect mitigated by the presence of the typically employed supporting column. Comparison against models available in the literature lent valuable reassurance on the adequacy of the employed methodology and the reliability of the derived fragility curves.

A Surface Crack Damage Evaluation Method Based on Kernel Density Estimation for UAV Images

The development of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) technology provides an ideal data source for the information extraction of surface cracks, which can be used for efficient, fast, and easy access to surface damage in mining areas. Understanding how to effectively assess the degree of development of surface cracks is a prerequisite for the reasonable development of crack management measures. However, there are still no studies that have carried out a reasonable assessment of the damage level of cracks. Given this, this article proposes a surface crack damage evaluation method based on kernel density estimation for UAV images. Firstly, the surface crack information from the UAV images is quickly and efficiently obtained based on a machine learning method, and the kernel density estimation method is used to calculate the crack density. The crack nuclear density is then used as a grading index to classify the damage degree of the study area into three levels: light damage, moderate damage, and severe damage. It is found that the proposed method can effectively extract the surface crack information in the study area with an accuracy of 0.89. The estimated bandwidth of the crack kernel density was determined to be 3 m based on existing studies on the effects of surface cracks on soil physicochemical properties and vegetation. The maximum crack density value in the study area was 316.956. The surface damage area due to cracks was 14376.75 m2. The damage grading criteria for surface cracks in the study area (light: 0–60; moderate: 60–150; severe: >150) were determined based on the samples selected from the field survey by crack management experts. The percentages of light, moderate, and severe damage areas were 72.77%, 23.22%, and 4.01%, respectively. The method proposed in this article can effectively realize the graded damage evaluation of surface cracks and provide effective data support for the management of surface cracks in mining areas.

Pexophagy suppresses ROS-induced damage in leaf cells under high-intensity light

Although light is essential for photosynthesis, it has the potential to elevate intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since high ROS levels are cytotoxic, plants must alleviate such damage. However, the cellular mechanism underlying ROS-induced leaf damage alleviation in peroxisomes was not fully explored. Here, we show that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the selective removal of ROS-generating peroxisomes, which protects plants from oxidative damage during photosynthesis. We present evidence that autophagy-deficient mutants show light intensity-dependent leaf damage and excess aggregation of ROS-accumulating peroxisomes. The peroxisome aggregates are specifically engulfed by pre-autophagosomal structures and vacuolar membranes in both leaf cells and isolated vacuoles, but they are not degraded in mutants. ATG18a-GFP and GFP-2×FYVE, which bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, preferentially target the peroxisomal membranes and pre-autophagosomal structures near peroxisomes in ROS-accumulating cells under high-intensity light. Our findings provide deeper insights into the plant stress response caused by light irradiation.

Penilaian Kesehatan Pohon Pada Jalur Hijau Di Kota Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah

This study aims to determine the level of tree health, determine the form of pest and disease attacks including damage caused by disturbance or human activities and make recommendations for tree species to be planted on the Green Line, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. The method used is Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) through grouping the type and level of damage to each individual tree. The results showed that the number of trees found at the study site amounted to 301 individuals from 24 tree species. Analysis of the Health Level of Trees based on the value of the Tree Damage Level Index (TDLI) obtained the category of severe damage level of 45 trees or 15%, light damage level of 97 trees or 33%, and moderate damage level of 78 trees or 26% while healthy trees have total 78 trees or 26%. Based on the level of tree health, the types of trees suitable for planting in the green lane, Palangka Raya City are trembesi (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.), Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.), and Ketapang (Terminalia catappa H. Perrier,).
 Kata kunci (Keywords): Green line, tree health level, trembesi, angsana, ketapang.

A comparative study on photosynthetic characteristics and flavonoid metabolism between Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy and Camellia impressinervis Chang &Liang.

Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy and Camellia impressinervis Chang & Liang belong to the golden subgroup of Camellia (Theaceae). This subgroup contains the yellow-flowering species of the genus, which have high medicinal and ornamental value and a narrow geographical distribution. These species differ in their tolerance to high light intensity. This study aimed to explore the differences in their light-stress responses and light damage repair processes, and the effect of these networks on secondary metabolite synthesis. Two-year-old plants of both species grown at 300 µmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were shifted to 700 µmol·m-2·s-1 PAR for 5 days shifting back to 300 µmol·m-2·s-1 PAR for recovery for 5 days. Leaf samples were collected at the start of the experiment and 2 days after each shift. Data analysis included measuring photosynthetic indicators, differential transcriptome expression, and quantifying plant hormones, pigments, and flavonoids. Camellia impressinervis showed a weak ability to recover from photodamage that occurred at 700 µmol·m-2·s-1 compared with C. petelotii. Photodamage led to decreased photosynthesis, as shown by repressed transcript abundance for photosystem II genes psbA, B, C, O, and Q, photosystem I genes psaB, D, E, H, and N, electron transfer genes petE and F, and ATP synthesis genes ATPF1A and ATPF1B. High-light stress caused more severe damage to C. impressinervis, which showed a stronger response to reactive oxygen species than C. petelotii. In addition, high-light stress promoted the growth and development of high zeatin signalling and increased transcript abundance of adenylate dimethylallyl transferase (IPT) and histidine-containing phosphotransferase (AHP). The identification of transcriptional differences in the regulatory networks that respond to high-light stress and activate recovery of light damage in these two rare species adds to the resources available to conserve them and improve their value through molecular breeding.

The GENESIS-UV study on ultraviolet radiation exposure levels in 250 occupations to foster epidemiological and legislative efforts to combat nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Several hundred million of the 3 billion formally employed people worldwide are at risk from high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Chronic light damage to the skin can lead to nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), especially when irradiation is too high and is acquired for decades. However, data with uniform metrics, high resolution over time and in-depth occupational profiles are not available. To build a worldwide usable matrix of UVR exposure in occupations and to show use cases for the data. One thousand test persons were recruited to wear electronic data logger dosimeters during their working time for 7 months each. The measurements yielded 3.7 billion data points for around 48 000 days with high-quality data capture covering more than 250 occupations and 650 activities. Scientific evaluation of the data included daily and half-hourly means, geographical transfer calculations to the world, threshold exceedance quotas, transcriptome effects, and occupational disease estimates. A compendium for global use is presented. In-depth analyses and the resulting implications for research have been elaborated to directly link exposure data to effects in the human body. Interestingly, the annual irradiances of the different occupations span a wide range of values: from about 650 to 50 standard erythemal doses, with different distributions over the months. Detailed exposure data per occupation were derived, and the risk on an occupational or activity basis assuming different exposure level quotas was quantified. This showed that, for example, in temperate latitudes, all activities with a duration of > 2 h outdoors are associated with increased NMSC risk. We offer our work to enable sound studies on the nature of ultraviolet-induced skin cancer, dose-response relationships, intermittency of skin exposure, and derivation of limit values. Sociological studies on prevention are now possible. Practitioners may use the findings for their daily work with employees.

Morphological and electrophysiological changes of retina after different light damage in three patients: Three case reports

Light-induced retinal damage is a serious vision-threatening disease, resulting from unsuitable laser irradiation, high-power light and sustaining light exposure. Therefore, effectively evaluate the morphological and functional of retinal damage is urgently needed. Now, we mainly reported three patients suffered from typical light irradiations. Patient 1 suffered from old laser pointer irradiation and followed with amblyopia treatment. Patient 2 suffered from acute high-energy light irradiation. Patient 3 suffered from sustaining optical fiber irradiation. Detailed morphological and functional examinations of the retina revealed that the lesions of the three patients had many similar characteristics, such as macular morphological changes, patent pattern visual monitoring amplitude or peak time abnormalities, multi-fucus electroretinograms macular central amplitude density decreased. In conclusion, light-induced retinopathy has many common features, which can help clinical medical staff to diagnose retinal photodamage diseases.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS HAMA DAN PENYAKIT PADA TANAMAN BALANGERAN (Shorea balangeran Korth.)

This study aims to determine the types of pests and diseases, the level of damage,frequency and intensity of attacks on Shorea balangeran (Korth) Burck in the nursery areaof CV. Indonesian Agroforestry. The procedure of this research started from makingresearch plots, sampling, field and laboratory observations and data analysis. The resultsshowed that 44 balangeran seedlings were attacked by pest of grasshoppers (Valanganigricornis) and 83 were attacked by leaf spot disease of fungus Pestalotia sp.,Colletotrichum sp. and Phomopis sp. The frequency of pest attacks on balangeran is 11%and the intensity of attacks is 2.35% which includes the level of light damage. Theintensity of disease attacks on balangeran is 4.5% with a light damage level and an attackfrequency of 17.75% which is included in the light damage level. The intensity andfrequency of attacks for the combination of pests and diseases are 0.4% and 2% which areincluded in the level of light damage.Keywords: Diseases, pests, Shorea balangeran, agroforestry

Identification Of Damage Levels Of Residents' Houses Due To Earthquake in Pasaman 2022

The earthquake that occurred in Pasaman on February 25, 2022, has caused considerable losses to local residents. Thousands of buildings have been damaged and collapsed due to the earthquake, especially houses of residents, which in the field investigations are caused mainly by a lack of knowledge in building these houses. This study aims to identify the level of damage to houses damaged by the earthquake in Nagari Malampah, Pasaman District, West Sumatera. This research method is carried out by direct observation and investigation of the research location, then identifying the level of damage to residents' houses, by taking 10 samples of affected residents' houses. Of the 10 houses, the percentage of damage will be grouped based on the level of Light Damage, Medium Damage, and Heavy Damage, with reference to the Technical Guidelines for the Director General of Human Settlements, SNI 1726-2019, and PU Guidelines. The results of this study indicate that the percentage of the level of damage to houses that are lightly damaged ranges from 7.1% - 26%, the level of moderate damage ranges from 32.5% - 36.09%, and the level of residential buildings that experience severe damage (total collapse) ranged from 50% - 100%.

Metabolic Integration of Spectral and Chemical Cues Mediating Plant Responses to Competitors and Herbivores.

Light quality and chemicals in a plant’s environment can provide crucial information about the presence and nature of antagonists, such as competitors and herbivores. Here, we evaluate the roles of three sources of information—shifts in the red:far red (R:FR) ratio of light reflected off of potentially competing neighbors, induced metabolic changes to damage by insect herbivores, and induced changes to volatile organic compounds emitted from herbivore-damaged neighboring plants—to affect metabolic responses in the tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. We address the hypothesis that plants integrate the information available about competitors and herbivory to optimize metabolic responses to interacting stressors by exposing plants to the different types of environmental information in isolation and combination. We found strong interactions between the exposure to decreased R:FR light ratios and damage on the induction of secondary metabolites (volatile and non-volatile) in plants. Similarly, the perception of VOCs emitted from neighboring plants was altered by the simultaneous exposure to spectral cues from neighbors. These results suggest that plants integrate spectral and chemical environmental cues to change the production and perception of volatile and non-volatile compounds and highlight the role of plant context-dependent metabolic responses in mediating population and community dynamics.