Light-cured Glass Ionomer Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of microleakage of self-cure, dual-cure, and light cure glass ionomer cement in a simulated oral environment - an invitro study

Background. Pediatric dentistry utilizes various restorative materials wherein the durability and longevity of these restorations hinge on the maintenance of an intact marginal seal to prevent microleakage and its associated complications. Consequently, this study aims to assess the microleakage of self-cure, dual-cure, and light-cure glass ionomer-based cements utilizing a stereo microscope. Materials and Methods: Sixty therapeutically extracted deciduous molars were taken for the study. The restorative materials used for the studies were self-cure Glass Ionomer cement (Chemfil Rock and GC Fuji IX GP Fast GIC), dual cure Glass Ionomer cement (EquiaForte and Ionolux GIC), and light cure Glass Ionomer cement (GC Fuji II and Ketac N 100 GIC). All samples were stored in commercially available artificial saliva for 20 days to simulate the oral environment. The samples were immersed in Rhodamine B dye for 24 hours, and microleakage was evaluated using a Stereo microscope. Data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done. p < 0.05 is considered significant Results: In the individual assessment of glass ionomer-based cement, Ketac N100 GIC exhibited the lowest microleakage, whereas Ionolux displayed higher levels of microleakage. Conclusion: In terms of the curing method, light-cure glass ionomer cement demonstrated the least microleakage compared to both dual-cure and self-cure glass ionomer cement.

Randomized clinical trial of pulpotomy using a premixed injectable calcium silicate cement on mature permanent teeth with reversible pulpitis

The aim of this two-center randomized controlled trial was to assess the outcomes and relative factors associated with pulpotomies performed using a premixed injectable calcium silicate cement, as compared to mineral trioxide aggregate in mature permanent premolar and molar teeth with reversible pulpitis. Included teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to pulpotomy material (ProRoot MTA [PMTA] group, Endocem MTA Premixed [EPM] group). After pulp exposure, the superficial pulp was either removed to a depth of 2 mm (partial pulpotomy) or completely amputated to the level of the root canal orifice (full pulpotomy). A 3-mm layer of either material was randomly placed over the pulp wound, followed by the application of a thin layer of a light-cured glass ionomer composite liner. The restoration procedure was then carried out during the same visit. After one year of treatment, the pulpotomy success rate was 94.4% (67/71), with no significant difference between the PMTA and EPM groups. The success rate was 93.9% in the PMTA group and 97.1% in the EPM group. There were no significant factors related to the procedures. EPM is a viable alternative to PMTA for single-visit pulpotomies of permanent premolars and molars.

Shear Bond Strength of Chemical and Light Cured Glass Ionomer Cements Bonded to Resin Composite

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of chemically cured (Conventional) glass ionomer cement and light cured (Resin modified) glass ionomer cement to resin composite and to evaluate the effect of acid etching of the glass ionomer cements on the shear bond strength.Forty acrylic molds were prepared, a hole (6×2) mm was prepared in each mold to retain the glass ionomer cements (GICs). The samples were divided into two main groups. The first group were filled with Conventional GIC and the second group were filled with Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), then each group were subdivided into two subgroups, the first subgroup were acid etched and the second subgroup were left without etching. The bonding agent applied to the demarcated bond area on the GIC surface, the composite resin cylinders were built up over the GIC base. The samples were stored for one week in deionized water then thermocycled. The samples then tested for shear bond strength (SBS) using universal testing machine.The result shows that Independent samples T-test used for statistical analysis. The result showed that RMGIC significantly had higher SBS than conventional GIC. No statistical difference was shown in SBS between subgroup etched and without etching for RMGIC, but the conventional GIC showed significantly higher SBS in subgroup without etching than with etching.This study Conclude that the SBS of RMGIC to resin composite was significantly higher than that of conventional GIC. Acid etching the GIC surface did not improve the SBS of GICs to resin composite.

Comparison of the physical properties of glass ionomer modified with silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite or titanium dioxide nanoparticles: in vitro study.

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the common materials employed in pediatric dentistry because of their specific applications in class I restorations and atraumatic restoration treatments (ART) of deciduous teeth in populations at high risk of caries. Studies show a limited clinical durability of these materials. Attempts have thus been made to incorporate nanoparticles (NPs) into the glass ionomer for improving resistance and make it like the tooth structure. An in vitro experimental study was conducted using the required samples dimensions and prepared based on the test being carried out on the three groups with or without the modification of light-cured glass ionomer. Samples were grouped as follows: control group (G1_C), 2% silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite NPs group (G2_SPH), and 2% titanium dioxide NPs group (G3_TiO2). The physical tests regarding flexural strength (n = 10 per group), solubility (n = 10 per group), and radiopacity (n = 3 per group) were performed. The data were analyzed by Shapiro Wilks test, and one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and multiple comparisons by post hoc Tukey's test. The p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. No statistically significant difference was observed between the control group (G1_C) and (G2_SPH) (p = 0.704) in the flexural strength test, however differences were found between G2_SPH and G3_TiO2 groups, ANOVA (p = 0.006); post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.014). Pertaining to the solubility, G2_SPH obtained the lowest among the three groups, ANOVA (p = 0.010); post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.009). The three study groups obtained an adequate radiopacity of >1 mm Al, respectively. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was further modified with 2% silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite NPs to improve the physical properties such as enhancing the solubility and sorption without compromising the flexural strength and radiopacity behavior of modified RMGIC. The incorporation of 2% titanium dioxide NPs did not improve the properties studied.

Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Self-cure, Dual-cure, and Light-cure Glass Ionomer Cements in a Simulated Oral Environment: An In Vitro Study.

In primary dentition, glass ionomer cements (GICs) have unique benefits as a restorative material. Various types of GICs are available in the market. In pediatric dentistry, the choice of GI materials is generally focused on handling convenience with adequate consideration for mechanical qualities, including compressive strength to withstand occlusal stresses in the oral environment. To evaluate the compressive strength of self-cure, dual-cure, and light-cure GI-based cements using a universal testing machine. The study population comprised 30 cylindrical restorative blocks for compressive strength assessment. The restorative materials used for the studies were self-cure GIC (ChemFil Rock and GC Fuji IX GP Fast GIC), dual-cure GIC (Equia Forte and Ionolux GIC), and light-cure GIC (GC Fuji II LC and Ketac N 100 GIC). The cylindrical blocks were prepared using prefabricated Teflon mold measuring 4 mm diameter and 6 mm height from respective restorative materials and divided into three major groups and were subdivided into six groups comprising two materials in each group. Using an Instron universal testing machine, compressive strength was assessed. Data obtained were tabulated, and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v22.0) software. On individual comparison of GI-based types of cement, Ketac N100 GIC showed the highest compressive strength, and Fuji IX GP Fast GIC showed the least compressive strength. Light-cure GIC exhibited the highest compressive strength in comparison to dual-cure and self-cure GICs with regard to the nature of curing. Chandru TP, Chandran S, Peedikayil FC, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Self-cure, Dual-cure, and Light-cure Glass Ionomer Cements in a Simulated Oral Environment: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):707-710.

Endodontic treatment in a maxillary second molar with four root canals: A case report

Endodontic treatment is based on an understanding of the internal anatomy, which facilitates the precise exploration of the canals. The present study aimed to report a clinical case referring to the endodontic treatment of the upper left second molar, presenting the mesiopalatal canal and communication with the periodontal tissues in the distal region of the pulp chamber, in the furcation region, due to dental caries. The 41-year-old patient did not present any systemic health problems. The treatment was divided into three sessions. In the first consultation, the diagnosis of pulpal necrosis was obtained with a periapical area without changes in normality, no pain on vertical and horizontal percussion, in addition to no pain on palpation at the bottom of the sulcus and around the tooth. The radiographic examination revealed a vast region suggestive of caries in the distal region of the tooth crown, so the carious tissue was removed and the pulp chamber was accessed. In the second session, disinfectant penetration, working length determination, and instrumentation of the root canals were performed with the Reciproc R25 system for the mesiopalatal, mesiobuccal, and distobuccal canals, and R50 for the palatal canal. Bio-C Temp was used as an intracanal medication. After 18 days, the root canals were filled with apical gutta-percha cones and Bio-C Sealer, a silicate-based cement. Then, the communication in the furcation region was sealed with the repair cement, Biodentine. The pulp chamber floor was sealed with light-curing glass ionomer, and the pulp chamber was filled with composite resin.

Color Stability of Pediatric Restorative Material Over Pediatric Drug Formulation.

To investigate the color stability of light-cured (LC) restorative material in different pediatric drug formulations. Two distinct restorative materials, specifically LC resin and LC glass ionomer cement (GIC), were employed to create 88 disc-shaped specimens. These comprised 44 specimens fabricated from each material. Each specimen had a diameter of 5 mm and a height of 3 mm. To conduct the experiment, specimens were randomly allocated into four experimental groups, each containing 11 specimens made of each material. This division was accomplished through the use of a stratified random sampling method.The five experimental groups and their respective liquid medications were as follows: Group 1 - montelukast sodium and levocetirizine dihydrochloride syrup, Group 2 - cefixime, Group 3 - sodium valproate, and Group 4 - metronidazole. To ensure thorough exposure to the medications, all samples underwent a two-minute agitation cycle, which was repeated every 12 h over the course of one week. Following the immersion period, the color stability of all specimens was assessed using a spectrophotometer. The data obtained from the color stability measurements were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc test. The aim was to determine whether significant differences in color stabilitywere observed among the groups studied. The mean values and standard deviations of ΔE were calculated. The highest values of ΔE were observed in Group 3 (4.70 ± 1.89), followed by Group 4 (4.04 ± 2.10). Conversely, the lowest ΔE values were observed in Group 2 (3.23 ± 2.02) and Group 1 (3.24 ± 2.31). The calculated p-value was 0.298, and the F-value was 1.269. This study concludes that both restorative materials, LC composite and LC GIC, are susceptible to discoloration. Sodium valproate exhibited the greatest staining effect on both materials. Conversely, cefixime had the least impact on the color of the LC composite, whereas montelukast had the least effect on the color of LC GIC.

Effect of incorporating silica-hydroxyapatite-silver hybrid nanoparticles into the resin-modified glass ionomer on the adhesive remnant index score and shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets: An in vitro study

This study aimed to assess the effect of addition of silica-hydroxyapatite-silver (Si-HA-Ag) hybrid nanoparticles to light-cure glass ionomer (GI) on shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded with this adhesive and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score. In this in vitro experimental study, 50 sound extracted premolars were assigned to 5 groups (n=10) for orthodontic metal bracket bonding with BracePaste® composite, Fuji ORTHO™ pure resin modified GI (RMGI), and RMGI reinforced with 2wt%, 5wt% and 10wt% Si-HA-Ag nanoparticles. The SBS of brackets was measured by a universal testing machine. Debonded specimens were inspected under a stereomicroscope at×10 magnification to determine the ARI score. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test (alpha=0.05). The maximum mean SBS was recorded in BracePaste® composite followed by 2% RMGI, 0% RMGI, 5% RMGI and 10% RMGI. Only the difference between the BracePaste® composite and 10% RMGI was significant in this regard (P=0.006). The groups were not significantly different regarding the ARI scores (P=0.665). All the SBS values were within the clinically acceptable range. Addition of 2wt% and 5wt% Si-HA-Ag hybrid nanoparticles to RMGI as orthodontic adhesive caused no significant change in SBS of orthodontic metal brackets while addition of 10wt% hybrid nanoparticles significantly decreased the SBS. Nonetheless, all the SBS values were within the clinically acceptable range. Addition of hybrid nanoparticles had no significant effect on the ARI score.

In Vitro Comparison of Fracture Resistance of Severely Damaged Primary Anterior Teeth Restored with Different Post and Core Systems.

This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance (FR) of severely damaged primary anterior teeth restored with five different post and core systems. This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 60 extracted primary maxillary central incisors. The teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm above their cementoenamel junction (CEJ), underwent pulpectomy, and their root canals were filled with Metapex paste. After post space preparation and sealing of root fillings with light-cure glass ionomer (1 mm thickness), the teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12) of (1) glass fiber post and everX composite (reinforced with short fibers), (2) glass fiber post and bulk-fill composite, (3) everX composite post and core, (4) bulk-fill composite post and core, and (5) Filtek conventional composite post and core. The teeth underwent 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and their FR was measured in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min, 148°). The mode of failure was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 0.05 level of significance. The FR was the highest in fiber post and everX composite, and the lowest in Z250 conventional composite post and core group (P < 0.001). The FR of fiber post and everX composite group was significantly higher than that of everX composite post and core (P = 0.04), bulk-fill composite post and core (P = 0.001), and Z250 composite post and core (P < 0.001) groups. The frequency of repairable fractures was the highest in glass fiber post plus everX composite (91.66%) and the lowest in Filtek conventional post and core group (66.66%) (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results showed that restoration of severely damaged primary maxillary central incisors with glass fiber post and everX composite reinforced with short fibers enhanced their FR, and increased the chance of reparability in case of restoration fracture. This technique may be recommended for the restoration of primary anterior teeth since it is simple and saves time.

A Comparative Evaluation of Enamel Surface Roughness of Two Different Bonding Adhesives After Debonding With Atomic Force Microscopy

Introduction The debonding procedures should restore the enamel surface to its pre-treatment state as much as possible after removing orthodontic attachments and all remaining adhesive remnants from the surface of the tooth. The orthodontic attachments are bonded commonly by a light-cured composite system. Light-cured glass ionomer cement has been developed as an alternative to the composite as a bonding agent for orthodontic brackets. There are different methods for cleaning the residual adhesive after the removal of orthodontic attachments. The study aims to evaluate and compare the enamel surface roughness of teeth between two different adhesive systems - light cure composite and glass ionomer cement adhesives - after debonding followed by the removal of resin remnants with a tungsten carbide (TC) bur.A null hypothesis is proposed that there exists no difference in the enamel surface roughness between the two adhesive systems. Materials and methods The test sample of 40 freshly extracted human premolar teeth(n = 40) for orthodontic purposes was taken up for this in vitro study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample was randomly assigned into two equal groups, with metal brackets bonded in Group-I (n = 20) by light cure adhesive (Trans bond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA)and Group-II(n = 20) with light glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji Ortho LC, Tokyo, Japan). All samples were stored in water at room temperature for 24 hand brackets were debonded with a debonding plier. The removal of cement adhesive remnants was performed with a TC bur with a low-speed handpiece. The three surface roughness parameters, average roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and maximum roughness depth (Rmax), were measured at T1 (before bonding) and at T2 (after debonding and finishing) and the values were compared. The mode of bond failure was assessed by a modifiedadhesive remnant index (ARI) and the time required for the clean-up of adhesive was also noted. Statistical analysis The continuous quantitative data were statistically analyzed usingSPSS Statistics v. 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Student's independent t-test/independent-samples t-test is an inferential statistical test for analyzing the difference between the two groups. Paired t-test was used for comparison within the group. The ARIbetween the groups was analyzed by a chi-square test. The probability (p) value for statistical significance was 0.05 or less for the difference between any two groups for all the analytical tests. Results A comparison of enamel surface roughness before bonding and after debonding for both groups revealed that there was a statistically significant difference within each group. The surface roughness values of composite resin- Ra (98.75 ± 0.96), Rq (120.38 ±1.06), Rmax (650.14 ± 1.12) - and glass ionomer cement group - Ra (98.75 ± 0.96), Rq (62.76 ± 1.32), Rmax (434.36 ± 1.60) - showthat there was a statistically significant difference between the groups with p <0.01. Conclusion There was a significant increase in the surface roughness of enamel after debonding of brackets and finishing with a TC bur with both the light cure and the glass ionomer cement adhesive systems. The light cure group showed more enamel surface roughness when compared to the glass ionomer cement group. In this study, the null hypothesis was rejected as there is a significant difference between the groups tested.

Reinforcement of Endodontically Treated Teeth by Different Intraorifice Barrier Materials

Background: Fracture incidences are more common in teeth with endodontic therapy and hence endodontic therapy should aim toward the reinforcement of such teeth by placing various restorative materials. Aims: Comparative evaluation of different intraorifice barrier material on strengthening the fracture resistance of teeth requiring endodontic therapy. Methods: Sixty extracted human mandibular premolars with one root were divided into four groups (n = 15); Group 1- Light cured Glass ionomer cement, Group 2 - Nanohybrid composite (NHC), Group 3 - High copper amalgam, Group 4-Control. Decoronation of specimens was done to a standardized length of 14 mm and was instrumented up to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) #30 size master apical file. Gutta percha was used to carry out the obturation by the cold lateral compaction technique. With the exception of the control group, elimination of 3 mm obturation from the coronal portion was done and intraorifice barrier materials were placed. Universal Testing Machine was used for testing fracture resistance. Statistical Analysis: Analysis of variance was applied to analyze the data obtained and pairwise comparison was done by post hoc tukey's test (P &lt; 0.05). Results: Better resistance to fracture incidence was seen with NHCs. Control group presented the least values. Conclusion: On placement of intraorifice barrier materials in teeth with endodontic therapy, there was a reduction in fracture incidence.

Influence of Selected Restorative Materials on the Environmental pH: In Vitro Comparative Study

In dental caries treatment, it is worth using such restorative materials that may limit plaque accumulation. The pH of the filling seems to be an important factor affecting the potential bacterial colonisation. Our study aimed to assess how selected restorative materials influence the environmental pH. A total of 150 specimens (30 of each: Ketac Molar, Riva LC, Riva SC, Filtek Bulk Fill, and Evetric) were placed in 100 sterile hermetic polyethene containers with saline and stored in 37 °C. The pH of each sample was measured using the electrode Halo HI13302 (Hanna Instruments, Poland) at specific points in time for 15 days. The initial pH levels were significantly lower for glass ionomer cements (3.9–4.7) compared to composites (5.9–6.0). With time, the pH increased for samples with glass ionomer cements (by nearly 1.5), whereas it decreased for samples with composites (maximally by 0.8). In the end, all materials were in the pH range between 5.3 and 6.0. The highest final pH was obtained with Ketac Molar at about 5.9. Double samples had lower pH values than single samples, irrespective of the type of material. In conclusion, immediately after application, restorative materials decreased the environmental pH, especially light-cured glass ionomer cements. For glass ionomers, within two weeks, the pH increased to levels comparable with composites.

Color Change of Esthetic Restorative Materials for Different Staining and Whitening Dentifrices

Background: As the importance of the esthetic function of teeth increases, the use of esthetic restoration materials and whitening treatment are increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the color change of esthetic restoration materials upon using staining and whitening toothpaste. Methods: Light curing (LC) packable composite resin, LC flowable resin, LC glass ionomer (GI), and self-curing GI specimens were colored in coffee or curry for three hours a day for seven days. After that, regular toothpaste, whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide, and whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal were applied for three minutes three times a day for two weeks. Luminosity (L), chromaticity a (a), and chromaticity b (b) were measured using a spectrophotometer once a week. Results: In the coffee-colored group, the change in L2*a2*b2 (E2) with time was significant (p=0.004), there was no difference for different toothpaste types (p=0.646), and there was significant difference (p＜0.001) for different esthetic restorative materials. The change of E2 in the curry-colored group was significant only for different esthetic restorative materials (p＜0.001). In the coffee-colored group, the L, a, and b values of the light-curing GI showed greater change than other materials after staining and one week after whitening, turning dark, red, and yellow. In the curry-colored group, L did not differ for different materials and times, and a and b showed the greatest difference in light-curing GI after staining and one and two weeks after whitening. Conclusion: The use of whitening toothpaste for two weeks was not different from the use of general toothpaste in the removal of staining or whitening. Since light-curing GI is the most vulnerable to coloration, it is recommended that coloring by food chromogen should be explained in advance, before using light-curing GI for teeth restoration.

Comparing Bacterial Leakage of Three Intraorifice Barrier Sealing Materials against Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the intraorifice sealing ability of light-cured glass-ionomer cement (LC-GIC), Tetric N-Flow, and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) against Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris. Crowns of the eighty human mandibular teeth were decapitated. Working length determination was performed, after which cleaning and shaping were carried out. A uniform orifice diameter of 1.3 mm, at its widest point, was made. Once instrumentation was completed, the canals were irrigated and then obturated. A heat carrier was used to remove gutta-percha to the depth of 3.5 mm. Samples were then divided into a control group (Group 1) with no barrier, and three groups, namely, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, were restored with the LC-GIC, Tetric N-Flow, and ProRoot MTA, respectively. The groups were further subdivided into Subgroup A for checking bacterial leakage against E. faecalis and Subgroup B, against P. vulgaris. All samples were subjected to the bacterial leakage test and observed daily for the appearance of turbidity after which statistical analysis was performed. Group 1 showed leakage in, as early as, 3 days. The longest time for the turbidity to appear was shown by Group 4 with an average of 31 days. The mean number of days for turbidity to appear in Group 2 and Group 3 was 23 and 24 days, respectively. Group 4 showed the best intraorifice sealing ability with a significant difference. The teeth with an intraorifice coronal seal had better protection against microbial leakage. Among all materials used, the ProRoot MTA showed the best intraorifice sealing ability. Use of the ProRoot MTA promises long-term results in the endodontically treated teeth as compared with other materials.

In Vitro Fracture Resistance of Permanent Molars with Undermined Walls Restored With Different Materials and Techniques

Introduction: Restoration of freshly erupted permanent first molars with extensive caries is a challenge in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of permanent molars with undermined walls restored with amalgam and composite resin along with cusp reduction, reinforcement of the walls with glass ionomer (GI) or no further intervention. Methods: This experimental in-vitro study evaluated 72 freshly extracted sound human third molars with almost equal dimensions. After cavity preparation, the teeth were then randomly divided into three groups. In group 1, the undermined area was reinforced with light-cure GI. Group 2 received a 2 mm cuspal cap, and group 3 received no intervention. Half of the teeth in each group were restored with composite resin and the other half with amalgam. The teeth then underwent thermocycling and their fracture resistance was measured by a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results: No significant difference was noted in fracture resistance among three procedures in teeth restored with composite (P=0.589). However, this difference was significant in teeth restored with amalgam (P=0.001). Conclusion: The current results indicated when esthetics is not a priority, applying amalgam restorations with GI-reinforced undermined walls might be suitable for restoration of freshly erupted permanent first molars with extensive caries.

An in vitro evaluation of effect of internal matrices of hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate on sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and light cured glass Ionomer cement when used as furcation repair materials

An in vitro evaluation of effect of internal matrices of hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate on sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and light cured glass Ionomer cement when used as furcation repair materials

Modified revascularization technique in permanent molars. A case series

There are few reports of regenerative endodontic procedures in molars, and most using manual root canal preparation. This case series describes a modified revascularization technique used in permanent molars (five patients between 9 and 16 years old). Patients were referred by an emergency service and a diagnostic hypothesis was made based on the patient's reports. At the first appointment, coronal preparation was performed using Hedstroem files and Gates Glidden drills, followed by complete root canal preparation with rotary NiTi files. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste was used as intracanal medication. At the second appointment, intracanal medication was removed, followed by final irrigation with EDTA under ultrasonic agitation, and the clot was promoted. The entrances of the canals were sealed using a mineral trioxide aggregate sealer (MTA) and provisionally restored with a light-cured glass ionomer. All teeth were finally restored using direct composite resin restoration and were followed for up to 18 months, checking pain, edema, and fistula during clinical evaluation. Radiographic examinations were performed to assess apical repair until 15 months, where root apex closure and canal reduction were observed. After 6 months, evidence of healing was observed in all cases. It was possible to confirm that endodontic regeneration after mechanized root canal preparation, use of a MTA sealer, and direct composite resin restoration in molars is a promising option for maintaining permanent molars in adolescents.

Comparative in vitro Assessment of Tooth Color Change under the Influence of Nano Fast Cement and MTA.

Statement of the Problem: Tooth color changes followed by treatment with bioceramic materials are always a matter of concern.Purpose: The aim of the present in vitro study was to compare tooth discoloration that occurs in human teeth filled with ProRoot WMTA (DENTSPLY Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) and those filled with Nano Fast Cement (NFC) over the course of 3 months.Materials and Method: In this experimental study, Thirty human intact premolars were obtained. The roots of all teeth were removed by a horizontal cut about 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The pulp tissues were removed using a barbed broach (Mani, Tokyo, Japan).The teeth were randomly divided to 3 groups (n= 10) including the control (no material), ProRoot WMTA and NFC. The experimental materials were condensed into the crowns and the teeth ends were sealed with light-cure glass ionomer cement (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The color was assessed at TBL (baseline; after preparation of the cavities but before placement of the materials), TPO (immediately after placement of the filling material and provisional restoration), T4 (after 4weeks of storage), and T12 (after 12weeks) of storage.Results: The discoloration was evident in all teeth, immediately (TPO) after applying MTA and NFC. The highest ΔΕ was noted in WMTA at 12 weeks, followed by NFC; however, there was no significant difference between the discolorations induced by these two materials. Conclusion: Similar levels of clinically observable tooth discoloration were detected by using either WMTA or NFC.

The use of carbonate apatite bioglass cement as pulp capping material examined from reparative dentin

Root canal infection potentially develops to periapical infection as a result of opening of pulp chamber as a pathway for irritants to periapical area. Proper pulp capping procedure can be done to prevent root canal infection by preserving the vitality of the pulp and inducing reparative dentin. Generally, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) is used as pulp capping material although it stil3Ap) and CO3Ap bioglass cement are bioceramic materials proven for their ability to form new bone structure upon a research on bone tissue. These materials have better mechanical strength than Ca(OH2) and have the ability to set in humid environment similar to the body’s physiological condition. This study was a preclinical trial of CO3Ap and CO3Ap bioglass cement as pulp capping material. The materials were applied on a perforation site of 24 Wistar rat teeth, divided into 4 groups of different treatments, negative control (no treatment), positive control (Ca(OH2)), CO3Ap, and CO3Ap bioglass, respectively. Following the application of the pulp capping materials, the perforation sites were covered with light-cured glass ionomer cement. Evaluation of reparative dentin was performed after 21 days, where the rats were euthanized, and histopathological specimens were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. The results of the study revealed that dentinal bridge was formed on all the treatment and positive control groups (p=0.000) but not on the negative control. We concluded that CO3Ap as well as CO3Ap bioglass cement have the ability to induce the formation of reparative dentin, therefore both materials can be considered as pulp capping material for open pulp or thin dentin condition on pulp chamber roof.

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Coronal Discolouration Induced by ProRoot MTA, Biodentine and MTA Repair HP Used for Pulpotomy Procedures.

Objective:To assess and quantify coronal tooth discolouration by ProRoot MTA, Biodentine and MTA repair HP as pulpotomy agents and to identify colour stability of these materials in presence of blood contamination.Methods:120 human premolar teeth were used in the study. The teeth were sectioned horizontally 1 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. A retrograde cavity extending within 2 mm of the incisal edge was prepared. The specimens were randomly distributed as; Control; Group 1, ProRoot MTA: Group 2, Biodentine: Group 3 and MTA repair HP: Group 4. The groups werefurther subdivided on basis of exposure to saline (subgroup A) or blood (subgroup B). The access was sealed with light cured Glass ionomer cemet and the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. The Colour change was evaluated with a spectrophotometer at: day 0 (T0), day 1 (T1), day 7 (T7), 1 month (T30), 2 months (T60), and 6 months (T180). The colour measurements were recorded using the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* value.Results:For all groups, there was a sharp increase in L* parameter at T1. At 6 months, Group 1B (Control + blood) showed maximum decrease in luminosity followed by Group 2A (ProRoot + saline) > Group 4B (MTA repair HP + blood) > Group 2B (ProRoot + blood). Group 3A (Biodentine + saline) showed the least amount of decrease in luminosity followed by Group 4A (MTA repair HP + saline) and Group 3B (Biodentine + blood). No significant difference was found in ∆E change between any of the groups from baseline to 180 days (P>0.05).Conclusion:Relative to L* parameter, it was possible to observe a statistically significant decrease in luminosity in the Group1B (Control + blood) followed by ProRoot MTA (Group 2A and 2B) and MTA repair HP (Group 4A and 4B). Biodentine (Group 3A and 3B) showed least tooth discolouration in terms of L* parameter.