Light Bulb Research Articles

P23 Curing the nail

Abstract Introduction Ultraviolet light is a well known trigger for inducing cutaneous flares in people who are predisposed or have been diagnosed with cutaneous lupus, it may have far reaching implications, triggering organ threatening disease Ultraviolet light could be from various sources including the sun, light bulbs and drying lamps used in nail salons to “cure the nails”. Curing the nails is a term used in the manicure world where UVA type 2 light is used to facilitate complete and quick drying of the nail polish: these type of UV light have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. Case description This is the case of a 41 year old lady of African descent diagnosed with discoid lupus at the age of 33. Symptoms include hair loss, hypopigmented lesions on her ear, urticarial rash, fatigue, joint stiffness. Prior history of pregnancy loss at 14 weeks noted, and her sister also suffers from lupus. On examination she was found to have scarring alopecia with hyperkeratotic erythematous lesions at the periungual area with acrylic nails. Blood work showed lymphopenia, positive ANA, positive dsDNA by ELISA, RO+, positive anti smith antibody, normal complements and no evidence of kidney involvement. She was treated with topical therapy and then escalated in turns to hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, rituximab and methotrexate. She had developed a rash on hydroxychloroquine leading to it's discontinuation. The periungual lesions were resistant to all of the above treatment including intralesional steroid. She had recurrent flares of the lesions which resulted in episodes of infection, pus drainage, and treatment with antibiotics. Nifedipine was introduced but did not ameliorate symptoms A causal link was eventually made between her exposure to UV light at the nail salon and the periungual lesion. She was advised to discontinue using the UV light and possibly resort to traditional nail polish and air drying. The periungual lesions significantly improved on cessation of using the UV lights. Discussion Gel/acrylic manicures are becoming increasingly popular as they are more aesthetically pleasing and long lasting compared to traditional nail polish which uses air drying method, however we should be aware of the risk of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure which is used to dry the nails. UV light stimulates keratinocytes to express more small nuclear ribonucleoproteins thereby secreting IL-1,1L-6, IL-3, GM-CSF which lead to tissue damage and increased autoantibody production, this can result in development of cutaneous lupus, worsening of cutaneous lupus or in some cases can precipitate organ threatening systemic lupus. As clinicians we should be aware of the risks and educate our patients on the implication to their disease, they should be encouraged not to use this method of manicure but rather resort to the traditional nail polish which uses air drying technique rather than UV light. Other options may include applying sun protection cream to the fingers before manicure or the use of UV protective gloves, these measures though may not provide adequate coverage to the periungual area. We should be aware and educate our patients on avoidance of other sources of UV light including avoidance of fluorescent light, tanning beds, surgical lamps and measures to reduce exposure. Key learning points Consider other sources of UV light exposure in patients with hard to treat skin disease. It is critical that we educate our patients on the possible side effects of UV exposure and counsel on strategies to minimise exposure

Performance study of an improved version of li-fi and wi-fi networks

With the increasing demand and need for telecommunication technologies, wireless communication has become a heavily useful and widely popular utility. Capacity, availability, efficiency, and security are issues generally linked to wireless communications, more specifically Wi-Fi systems. Yet we can exploit billions of light bulbs, which we use anywhere and everywhere on a daily basis and of which the infrastructure is already part of our ordinary life. This study focuses on Li-Fi theory and practices. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how these light sources can be used as a transmitter or, to be more precise, as an access point. This idea was proposed for the first time by Prof. Harald Hass in Global TED (2011). During the last two years, Li-Fi technology has been enhanced and improved by many professional and international studies. As new wireless communication technology develops to use LED, the efficiency, availability, security, and safety of light fidelity transform today’s telecommunication into tomorrow’s visible light communication.

Evaluation of the solar-powered Silver Bullet 2.1 (Lumin 8) light trap for sampling malaria vectors in western Kenya

BackgroundCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps are widely used for sampling mosquitoes. However, this trap, manufactured in the USA, poses challenges for use in sub-Saharan Africa due to procurement costs and shipping time. Traps that are equally efficient than the CDC light trap, but which are amenable for use in remote African settings and made in Africa, are desirable to improve local vector surveillance. This study evaluated a novel solar-powered light trap made in South Africa (Silver Bullet trap; SB), for its efficiency in malaria vector sampling in western Kenya.MethodsLarge cage (173.7 m3) experiments and field evaluations were conducted to compare the CDC-incandescent light trap (CDC-iLT), CDC-UV fluorescent tube light trap (CDC-UV), SB with white diodes (SB-White) and SB with UV diodes (SB-UV) for sampling Anopheles mosquitoes. Field assessments were done indoors and outdoors following a Latin square design. The wavelengths and absolute spectral irradiance of traps were compared using spectrometry.ResultsThe odds of catching a released Anopheles in the large cage experiments with the SB-UV under ambient conditions in the presence of a CDC-iLT in the same system was three times higher than what would have been expected when the two traps were equally attractive (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval CI 2.8–3.7, P < 0.01)). However, when the white light diode was used in the SB trap, it could not compete with the CDC-iLT (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.48–0.66, p < 0.01) when the two traps were provided as choices in a closed system. In the field, the CDC and Silver Bullet traps were equally effective in mosquito sampling. Irrespective of manufacturer, traps emitting UV light performed better than white or incandescent light for indoor sampling, collecting two times more Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (RR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7–3.8) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. (RR 2.5; 95% 1.7–3.6). Outdoor collections were lower than indoor collections and similar for all light sources and traps.ConclusionsThe solar-powered SB trap compared well with the CDC trap in the field and presents a promising new surveillance device especially when charging on mains electricity is challenging in remote settings.

Alternatives to incandescent bulbs in Berlese funnels for detecting stored-product beetles in grain

We conducted a study to find alternative bulbs to use with Berlese funnels as a replacement for incandescent bulbs following widespread bans on their production and use. To do this, we measured the mean percent-recovery of adults and larvae of common stored-product beetles from 1-kg samples of wheat (12.5–14.5% moisture content) after 6 h using A19-style halogen bulbs and ceramic heat lamps, and compared them to recoveries using incandescent bulbs. We found that the 72W halogen bulb performed similarly to the incandescent bulb for all four species tested. Using this bulb, we recovered, on average, >85% of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and adult and larval Tribolium castaneum, as well as >70% of adult Sitophilus oryzae. Recovery of adult beetles using the heat lamp was similar to the incandescent bulb, but recovery of larval T. castaneum was significantly lower. The 43W and 53W halogens had significantly lower recovery rates compared to the incandescent bulb for adult C. ferrugineus (both bulbs) and adult and larval T. castaneum (43W halogen). Average recovery of larval C. ferrugineus was low for all bulbs (<70%). Grain moisture content did not influence average recovery across species or life stages. We also investigated whether an operating time shorter than 6 h could be used with an alternative bulb, but found that 6 h was still the minimum time required to maximize adult and larval recovery. We recommend using 72W A19 style halogen bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs because they have similar recovery rates as the incandescent bulb, and are cost-effective compared to ceramic heat lamps. However, some systems may not be able to handle the increase in power consumption and so we suggest assessing the system before running a full bank of lights.

Experimental Complex for Spectral Diagnostics of Particle Flow Temperature during Gas-Thermal Spraying

The paper presents an instrumental diagnostic complex developed by the authors. The compact LR1 spectrometer for spectral diagnostics of particle temperature of two-phase flow is an integral part of the complex, as well as the calibration tool with the reference emitter. Additionally, a special emitter consisting of miniature light bulbs attached closely to each other was used in test experiments. This special emitter served as a simulation model of particle thermal radiation of gas-thermal flow used for spraying of functional coatings on technical products. The program-controlled adjustment of current flow through bulbs interconnected in different configurations yields a variety of simulated test histograms of the temperature distribution of the bulbs that correspond to actual particle temperature distribution histograms. The emitter with light bulbs has been used as a simulation model to confirm the validity of the physical and mathematical model of the integral (total) spectrum of particle thermal radiation for the proposed experimental spectrum registration method employing the LR1 spectrometer.

Forget-Me-Not: The Persistent Effect of Information Provision for Adopting Climate-Friendly Goods

It is well documented that people have misperceptions about energy costs. However, there is mixed empirical evidence about the effectiveness of information provision and its persistence over time. Understanding the interplay between information regarding the private and social benefits of low-carbon technologies and identifying mechanisms through which information treatments affect people’s long-term behaviors can help reconcile the mixed findings in the literature. In this paper, we measured the long-term effects of information provision through online experiments involving more than 3,000 households in China. We provided people with information on low-carbon light bulbs’ monetary and climate benefits and observed their purchasing decisions over 10 months. We find that information on private or social benefits leads to a temporary effect on most households and a persistent one on the uninformed. This evidence suggests that information provision works through two different mechanisms: increasing saliency and filling the information gap. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: Y. Gao received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71903006]. M. Tavoni received financial support from the FP7 Ideas: European Research Council [Grant ERC-336155–COBHAM]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4910 .

Application of Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (Pmfc) to Agricultural Industry in Contribution to Green Energy

Most of the innovation used by humans depends on electricity, thus becoming a crucial necessity. It enables people to live harmoniously and comfortably with the help of electricity which gives life to human inventions. Without electricity, most human inventions would be useless or nonexistent. Microbial Fuel Cell was conducted to test the efficiency of the generated current of microbes living inside the wet lands. By the use of the existing MFC series circuits, the researchers found out that there is an enough current that the MFC generated through electrodes (Zinc and Copper). The present study experimentally investigated the efficiency of generated current in MFC enough to power up low electronic materials such as: LED Light bulbs and Ditrio LED Lights. The farm lands will serve as the main source of electricity where the sludges will be taken and gathered to create a series circuit composed of two different prototypes.The global need for energy is always rising. In this case, carbon-based fuels have in one way or another provided for a significant share of the total energy requirement. As a result, fossil fuel resources have been severely depleted, which is now contributing to an ecological imbalance. Additionally, the burning of fossil fuels produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide, a significant greenhouse gas that has severe effects on the climate. MFC Systems or Microbial Fuel Cells Systems is a set of technology that uses microorganism as catalysts to oxidize organic and inorganic matter and generate current. Basically, wastewater such as sludge could carry these bacteria so it would be suspended to the system to generate current. It works as a battery where stacking multiple MFCs would create a higher voltage enough to power a household (Chaturvedi, Bioresources &amp; Bioprocessing, 2016). This allows bacteria to facilitate in electron transfer processes as the propose application of Plant Microbial Fuel Cell to Agricultural industry especially in farmlands is to assess the feasibility as potential source of electricity. The MFC system in farmlands may serve as an additional source of renewable green energy in contribution to fight against climate change.

Technical-economic prospect for photovoltaic on fixed lift net in Indonesia

The limited fossil energy and uncertain prices have an indirect effect on fishing activities using a fixed lift net. Therefore, energy diversification is carried out by utilizing solar energy with photovoltaics on the fixed lift net. This energy is very abundant and available throughout the year, except during the rainy season. This study uses observation, interviews, and questionnaires given to fishermen and tries to compare the utilization of photovoltaic (PV) systems with generators using different types of lamps, such as LED, CFL, incandescent lamps, and halogen lamps. The use of PV systems in fixed lift nets from a technical and economic perspective allows it to be utilized in the long term. Based on the technical aspects, the PV system can produce 471.59 Wh per day. This technical result will be more profitable if the lamp used is a light emitting diode (LED) lamp. Meanwhile, from economic aspect, the use of electrical energy from a PV system is more profitable because it provides a lower operational value than a generator, and provides good net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) values. This utilization is also supported by the good response from fishermen towards the energy produced and the ease of operation and maintenance of the PV system.

Sustainable energy transition and decision-making for enhancing the performance of building equipment in diverse climatic conditions

The utilization of renewable resources for energy generation holds paramount significance in ensuring substantial and enduring growth for every nation. Both developing and developed countries heavily rely on conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas in thermal power plants, resulting in significant environmental impact due to their emissions. This research culminates in the successful evaluation of alternative approaches to implement sustainable green structures using an innovative scientific technique. This research has effectively identified ten key challenges impeding operational efficiency in the construction industry. The application of the groundbreaking Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technology facilitated the simultaneous ranking of the most optimal solutions. The precise assessment of numerous Energy Management equipment options for sustainable green buildings was achieved, highlighting the tool’s impartiality and neutrality in addressing Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) challenges. The ‘Roof-mounted Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)’ configuration consistently ranked first across all MCDM solution techniques examined in this study. This robust consensus underscores the significance of solar panels followed by biodiesel nanoparticles energy generation as the preferred choice. In conclusion, the impartiality of the tools used to address multi-criteria challenges in “greening building” projects empowers decision-makers within institutions to make informed investment choices. By considering the rankings generated by these tools, funding can be directed towards the most appropriate projects. Following prioritization, the alternatives are ranked as follows: Solar thermal setup > Installing sunshade devices > Light switches > Free cooling > Controlling the cooling & heating of spaces > Utilizing the chiller’s waste heat > Energy-efficient light bulbs > Electrical appliance energy efficiency ratings > Effective active space cooling solutions.

Two-color thermal imaging of the melt pool in powder-blown laser-directed energy deposition

This work demonstrates an experimental technique to image melt pool temperature fields with a commercial color camera for laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) processes. The technique relies on two-color thermography to construct spatially-resolved temperature fields and is demonstrated on 316L stainless steel (SS) melt pools from solidus to near-boiling temperatures. This two-color thermal imaging system negates the need for a priori knowledge of melt pool emissivity or the camera’s view factor and was validated with a calibrated tungsten filament lamp between temperatures of 1220 K and 2850 K. In-situ temperature measurements are combined with ex-situ cross-sectional geometry to determine the material’s effective absorptivity and coefficient of temperature-dependent surface tension, which is responsible for Marangoni convection, in a multi-physics computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Measured peak melt pool temperatures are important for understanding the molten convection within the melt pool, and measured cooling rates can be related to the resulting part microstructure. Peak temperatures from 1750 K to 3000 K show that below the boiling point, temperature increases with increasing laser power density and decreases with increasing scanning velocity. Thermal images are used to estimate cooling rates in the melt pool tail, which increase with the ratio of scanning velocity to power. Our thermal imaging strategy will advance measurement science in L-DED processes by validating multi-physics CFD models, quantifying cooling rates, providing real-time feedback control, and allowing process mapping of critical melt pool behaviors.

Analysis of the results of laboratory tests of the system of automatic control of the illumination of the led light

The article discusses the results of experimental data on the response of a photoconverter under the influence of radiation reflected from the working surface of various light sources (LED light source, incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, natural light source - the sun). The results of mathematical planning by three-factor and two-factor experiments are presented. As a result of the tests, it was found that when calibrating the automatic illumination control system for an LED lamp, when creating the same illumination on the working surface, the illumination coefficient should be taken into account. If the working surface is additionally affected by a solar light source, then an illumination coefficient of 3.99 is taken to calculate the resulting output signal; for fluorescent lamps - 3.38; incandescent lamps - 1.71.

Electronic Warfare Theory and Strategy: Focusing on the Threat of North Korea’s Electronic Warfare

Purpose: The importance of electronic warfare in modern warfare is increasing day by day. In particular, North Korea has a relative weakness of conventional weapons systems, and has focused on developing asymmetric weapons systems and electronic warfare as a way to overcome them. North Korea is currently expected to further expand its application to some aircraft and guided weapons operations under satellite navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS, COMPASS and Beidou.&#x0D; Method: This study studied the prior theory of electronic warfare at home and abroad. Prior research examined the military doctrines of the United States and trends in Europe. In particular, I studied the doctrines of the United States Joint Navigation Center (Navigation Warfare Center, JNWC) and the Education Command. Based on these prior research materials and literature reviews, I wanted to specifically review North Korea's electronic warfare cases and present our response in terms of legal and institutional aspects.&#x0D; Results: The South Korean military should recognize the importance of navigation warfare (part of electronic warfare) that protects our troops' location, navigation and square information so that they can be used without interruption, prevent the enemy's use of related information, and ensure the peaceful use of such information outside the light bulb In addition, we need to build an electronic warfare simulator and continue to promote training based on various scenarios.&#x0D; Conclusion: Efforts to train and support professionals are urgently needed. In parallel with these efforts, joint efforts to develop electronic technologies between the civilian and military should be preceded. To win a high-tech war in the 21st century, it is essential, among other things, to have precision weapons and original electronic warfare support capabilities. In addition, it is necessary to foster R&amp;D and defense companies to secure domestic technology.

Light Entrepreneurship and Customer Funded Business Model

This study investigated the light entrepreneurship and customer funded business model among African Nations. The study adopted analytical cross sectional design and correlation design. Randomized quota of entrepreneurs practicing customer funded business with systemization of passion on light entrepreneurship from five were selected Africa Nations on basis of accidental sampling technique and quota sampling method. A total population of 1000 and sample size of 286 was determined using Slovin's Formula at 0.05 level of significance. The 286 copies of questionnaire were administered, only 257 was deem fit after processing, retriever, coding and cleansing. The Parallel reliability was used to determine the consistency of the instrument that results to 96.10 (0.961). Five research questions and five hypotheses were raised which was tested with non-parametric measurement using Kendall's tau_b because of its monotonic function via SPSS 25 version. From the findings, light entrepreneurship strongly correlates with the customer funded business model. Hence, passionate light entrepreneurs significantly facilitate the effectiveness and efficiency of match-maker, pay-in-advance, subscription, scarcity and service-to-product. Hence, it was revealed that the alternate hypotheses were accepted. Based on the findings and conclusion, this study contributes to the knowledge that passion is a vital code to assess the viability of light entrepreneurship in full scale. Light bulb and social entrepreneurs keep the fire of passion burning to avoid entrepreneurial exist. It could be recommended that light entrepreneurs should focus on their passion as drive to achieve their goals. More so, subscription, pay in advance and service to product and match making should be utilized in businesses with complexity in the long-term.

Chemical Composition and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Alexandrite Effect Apatite from the Akzhailyau Mountains of Kazakhstan

The alexandrite effect is a pivotal optical phenomenon in gemmology, evident in several notable gemstones. However, the manifestation of this effect in apatite from Kazakhstan stands out as both rare and highly sought after. This apatite displays a yellowish-green hue in daylight and transitions to a pinkish-orange shade under incandescent lighting. This research involved analyzing the apatite’s chemical composition using LA-ICP-MS, in addition to obtaining its infrared, Raman, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra. From the elemental assessment results, the primary trace elements in the apatite were identified as Na, Mn, and Fe, along with rare-earth elements including Gd, Dy, Ce, Nd, and Sm. The infrared and Raman spectra showcased peaks corresponding to phosphate and hydroxyl groups. The apatite’s alexandrite effect predominantly stems from absorption peaks at 748, 738, 583, 578, and 526 nm in the visible spectrum, all of which are attributed to the rare-earth element, Nd. The fluorescence peaks of the apatite are primarily influenced by elements such as Ce, Eu, Nd, and Mn. Through this research, a theoretical foundation has been laid for the non-destructive identification of apatite exhibiting the alexandrite effect.

Pulsed Rapid Thermal Annealing as a Low Thermal Budget Semiconductor Fabrication Process

Thermal annealing is required in the fabrication of many semiconductor devices. A proper annealing condition, e.g., temperature, atmosphere, and time, can improve the device performance, e.g., by reducing defect densities in bulk films and at interfaces. In addition, the annealing step can generate new structures in previously deposited thin films for various new functions. However, when the annealing condition is improper, e.g., the temperature is too high or the annealing time is too long, the device performance can deteriorate or dysfunction due to damage to the composing material, structure, or even the substrate. The thermal budget is critical in the thermal annealing step.Pulsed rapid thermal annealing (PRTA), which exposes the sample to repeated cycles of short-period heating and cooling, is a low thermal budget process. In this presentation, the principle of PRTA is presented. Examples of using PRTA in the crystallization of amorphous silicon on the glass substrate to polycrystalline thin films for thin film transistors (TFTs) and solar cells, improving high-k gate dielectric properties for MOS capacitors and solid state incandescent light emitting devices (SSI-LEDs), and preparation of nanocrystals embedded high-k structure for nonvolatile memories will be shown (1-4). Limitations of PRTA and possible improvements will be discussed. Kuo and P. M. Kozlowski, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69(8), 1092-1094 (1996).Kuo, C.-H. Lin, and M. Zhu, IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conf. PVSC 35, 3698-3701 (2010).Y. Kuo and C. H. Lin, ECS 237th Meeting # 130648, May 10-15, 2020.Y. Kuo, ECS 227th Meeting # 47306 (1333), May 24-28, 2015.

Design and Fabrication of Smart Shelf System

In order to solve an issue that most stores have, this project will use a load cell to measure weight and communicate the weight input to a HX711 converter, which converts the signal to a digital number. The digital value is used to notify the consumer of the stock level. The owner of the shop will receive a notification on their cell phone every time the supply is low telling them to replenish. We have started using PIR sensors to utilize less electricity. Only motion causes a light bulb to turn on. We'll utilize a relay in this case, which uses energy from a power source to turn on or off switch connections. Retailers may employ smart shelves for a variety of purposes, including as better storage, better decision-making, informing the back-end system of the number of products already on the shelf, monitoring product levels, detecting theft, and finding missing items. If necessary, the network of shelves might communicate updated product inventories to shop owners, managers, employees, customers, warehouse personnel, or producers. As a result, there is no need to make an order or conduct a physical inventory count at the warehouse or storeroom.

Multifunctional Tb-doped SnO2 based photocatalytic agent for water remediation: Study of defect-related properties

A new methodology to obtain Tb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles based on precipitation method followed by hydrothermal treatment was developed. Two series of nanoparticles with various Tb concentrations were fully characterized with large number of methods, including XRD method, FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy, TEM imaging, SSA estimation, optical transmittance study, luminescence spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations.The oriented attachment mechanism of nanoparticle growth is shown to occur under hydrothermal treatment. Computational study of interaction energies of mutually oriented nanoparticles and role of ions in the synthesis media was performed. Study of photoluminescence characteristics of the obtained nanoparticles is provided. The presence of blue and green luminescence is shown. The blue luminescence is related to SnO2 self-luminescence, while the green is related to Tb. Increase of Tb concentration suppress blue self-luminescence of SnO2, and promote green luminescence due to an increase of the energy transfer from crystal host to doping Tb ions.The nanoparticles are shown to possess photocatalytic activity of 97–100% under Vis light irradiation. Using a complex of modern physicochemical methods, a new factor affecting photocatalytic efficiency was revealed – the ratio of vacancies to defects (Vac/Def). A clear dependency of photocatalysis and normalized Vac/Def ratio to interaction energy between pollutant and catalysts surface is explained via quantum-chemical calculations for the first time, and demonstrated on examples of colored solution of organic dye methylene blue and colorless solution of oxytetracycline. Detailed study of the relation between morphological and structural properties of nanoparticles and their photocatalytic properties is provided. High degradations percent are achieved under simple LED light bulb. A concept of a chemical and computational experiments-based route for the development of effective photocatalysts is suggested.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES ON HATCHING RATES OF LEKANG TURTLE (Lepidochelys olivacea) EGGS IN SEMI-NATURAL NESTS

This research was conducted on August 31, 2021 – December 7, 2021, at the UPTD KPSDKP, West Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature differences on incubation time, hatching rate, and survival rate of turtle hatchlings (Lepidochelys olivacea). The method used in this study is an experiment that uses 3 trials plus 1 control, with 3 repetitions. Turtle eggs were incubated with the same depth and number of eggs with the addition of different temperatures from incandescent lamps with different powers. Then proceed with the calculation of incubation time, percentage of hatching, and survival of hatchling. Based on the results of the research, for the calculation of incubation time, the experimental unit with the shortest incubation period was produced by experimental unit B, with a temperature range of 27.5–29.5⁰C, which was 58 days. The incubation period that took the longest was the control experimental unit with an average temperature of 25⁰C, which was 65 days. For the results, the most optimal hatching rate was produced by experimental unit B, with an average hatching rate of 86%. Meanwhile, the lowest hatching rate was obtained from experimental unit C with an average hatching rate of only 53.3%. Then for the survival of the hatchlings after being quarantined for one week, all of them show the number 100%, which means that no hatchlings died during the quarantine

The thermoception task: a thermal imaging-based procedure for measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature.

Although thermal body signals provide crucial information about the state of an organism and changes in body temperature may be a sign of affective states (e.g., stress, pain, sexual arousal), research on thermal awareness is limited. Here we developed a task measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature (thermal interoception) and compared it to the classical heartbeat counting task (cardiac interoception). With an infrared light bulb we delivered stimuli of different temperature intensities to the right hand of 31 healthy participants. Thermal interoceptive accuracy, i.e., the difference between participants' real and perceived change in hand temperature, showed good interindividual variability. We found that thermal interoception did not correlate with (and was generally higher than) cardiac interoception, suggesting that different interceptive channels provide separate contributions to awareness of bodily states. Moreover, the results hint at the great salience of thermal signals and the need for thermoregulation in day-to-day life. Finally, thermal interoceptive accuracy was associated with self-reported awareness of body temperature changes and with the ability to regulate distress by focusing on body sensations. Our task has the potential to significantly increase current knowledge about the role of interoception in cognition and behavior, particularly in social and emotional contexts.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a novel task measuring awareness of changes in peripheral body temperature (i.e., thermal interoception). To avoid tactile confounds present in existing thermoceptive tasks, we used an infrared light bulb to deliver stimuli of different temperature intensities to the hand of participants and asked them to judge the perceived change in their hand temperature. Performance in the task showed good interindividual variability, did not correlate with cardiac interoceptive tasks, and was associated with self-reported thermosensitivity.

Updates on Microgreens Grown under Artificial Lighting: Scientific Advances in the Last Two Decades

Microgreens have a high nutrient density and are beneficial to human health. Even though this class of vegetables have gaining increasing levels of attention in the last year, scientific research on the growth of microgreens in controlled environments under artificial lighting have not been thoroughly characterized. By describing the scientific outputs focused on the impacts of artificial illumination on microgreens, especially from the first two decades of the 21st century, it is therefore possible to detect advancements and research gaps in this research field. This review is divided in two parts: first, a general overview of the scientific production about microgreens; second, a systematic review of scientific studies exploring artificial lighting on the production of microgreens. The overview of scientific production on microgreens and artificial lighting across the Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases, from 2000 to 2021, respectively, indicated three phases, as before 2011 no paper was found: phase 1 (2012 to 2014), six papers; phase 2 (2015 to 2018), fifteen papers; and phase 3 (2019 to 2021), forty-six papers, respectively. Mustard was the most evaluated crop under all production stages. With regard to the second part of this review, studies on artificial lighting with fluorescent lamps (high-pressure sodium light bulbs—HPS), from the supplementation to the replacement of HPS lighting with light emitting diode (LED) lamps, and plant responses with respect to light properties comprise the main works identified. Studies on the distribution of environmental factors under controlled microgreen cultivation present research gaps.