Light Absorption Efficiency Research Articles

Mn2C MXene functionalized by oxygen is a semiconducting antiferromagnet and an efficient visible light absorber.

Manganese-based MXenes are promising two-dimensional materials due to the broad palette of their magnetic phases and the possibility of experimental preparation because the corresponding MAX phase was already prepared. Here, we systematically investigated geometrical conformers and spin solutions of oxygen-terminated Mn2C MXene and performed subsequent many-body calculations to obtain reliable electronic and optical properties. Allowing energy-lowering using the correct spin ordering via supercell magnetic motifs is essential for the Mn2CO2 system. The stable ground-state Mn2CO2 conformation is antiferromagnetic (AFM) with zigzag lines of up and down spins on Mn atoms. The AFM nature is consistent with the parent MAX phase and even the clean depleted Mn2C sheet. Other magnetic states and geometrical conformations are energetically very close, providing state-switching possibilities in the material. Subsequent many-body GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) calculations provide indirect semiconductor characteristics of AFM Mn2CO2 with a fundamental gap of 2.1 eV (and a direct gap of 2.4 eV), the first bright optical transition at 1.3 eV and extremely strongly bound (1.1 eV) first bright exciton. Mn2CO2 absorbs efficiently the whole visible light range and near ultraviolet range (between 10 and 20%).

Effective charge separation in photoelectrochemical water splitting: a review from advanced evaluation methods to materials design

The total efficiency of PEC water splitting can be divided into light absorption, charge separation, and surface injection efficiencies. Charge separation process in ns–μs is valuable to modulate but is challenging to clarify the working mechanism.

A durable hydrophobic photothermal membrane based on a honeycomb structure MXene for stable and efficient solar desalination.

Solar powered water evaporation is a green and environmentally friendly water treatment technology, which is a hot research topic for water purification at present. Advanced structural design and hydrophilic photothermal materials have achieved efficient solar evaporation of pure water, but the long-term stability of high salinity desalination has become a problem that cannot be ignored in practical applications. In order to solve this problem, a hydrophobic honeycomb structure MXene/AuNFs composite membrane was proposed in this paper, which used the three-dimensional highly porous microstructure of MXene and multibranched structure of gold nanoflowers particles to improve the light absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency of MXene/AuNFs. At the same time, the surface of the composite membrane was modified with hydrophobic fluorosilane 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFTE). The hydrophobic layer can prevent the accumulation of salt particles on the surface of the membrane, so that the composite film can continue to produce water vapor in a high salt environment. With high utilization rate of light energy, multiple-level geometrical structures of MXene for rapid water transport on the filter membrane and salt barrier on the membrane good stability, the hydrophobic MXene/AuNFs achieves solar evaporation rate of 1.59 kg m-2 h-1 and solar conversion efficiency is 97.8%, and stable operation under simulated sea water conditions under one sun irradiation over more than 10 cycles. The hydrophobic MXene/AuNFs membrane proved to be an efficient and stable photothermal material for solar desalination.

Development of a novel Ba2BiV3O11 photocatalyst with dual functions of both water oxidation and proton reduction performance.

To overcome the limitation of photocatalysts with dual functionality of water oxidation and proton reduction, we proposed a novel bismuth-based Ba2BiV3O11 (BBVO) photocatalyst, which can simultaneously drive the proton reduction reaction under UV light and water oxidation reaction under visible light. After doping with sulfur through an in situ vulcanization strategy, the light absorption and charge separation efficiencies of the sulfur-doped BBVO were significantly improved, thus boosting its oxygen evolution activity (64 μmol h-1) by more than 16 times compared with independent BBVO. The experimental results demonstrate that BBVO can be employed as a very promising bismuth-based photocatalyst for solar energy conversion.

Highly porous hydrogels for efficient solar water evaporation.

Solar energy is a plentiful renewable resource on Earth, with versatile applications in both domestic and industrial settings, particularly in solar steam generation (SSG). However, current SSG processes encounter challenges such as low efficiency and the requirement for extremely high concentrations of solar irradiation. Interfacial evaporation technology has emerged as a solution to these issues, offering improved solar performance compared to conventional SSG processes. Nonetheless, its implementation introduces additional complexities and costs to system construction. In this study, we present the development of hydrophilic, three-dimensional network-structured hydrogels with high porosity and swelling ratio using a facile fabrication technique. We systematically varied the mixing ratios of four key ingredients (polyethylene glycol diacrylate, PEGDA; polyethylene glycol methyl-ether acrylate, PEGMA; phosphate-buffered saline, PBS; and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, PI) to control the mean pore size and swelling ratio of the hydrogel. Additionally, plasmonic gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the hydrogel using a novel methodology to enhance solar light absorption and subsequent evaporation efficiency. The resulting material exhibited a remarkable solar efficiency of 77% and an evaporation rate of 1.6 kg m-2 h-1 under standard solar illumination (one sun), comparable to those of state-of-the-art SSG devices. This high efficiency can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the hydrogel's unique composition and nanoparticle concentration. These findings offer a promising avenue for the development of highly efficient solar-powered evaporation applications.

Beyond 22% power conversion efficiency in type-II MoSi2As4/MoGe2N4 photovoltaic vdW heterostructure.

Nowadays, substantial progress has been achieved in developing advanced solar cell materials, including high-performance two-dimensional (2D) materials like chalcogenides, perovskites, and oxides, along with their van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures. These efforts target enhanced photovoltaic efficiency, cost reduction, and reduced environmental impact. Despite this, challenges remain in improving light absorption, carrier mobility, and power conversion efficiency (PCE), highlighting the need for materials with enhanced optoelectronic properties. Here, we build a 2D MoSi2As4/MoGe2N4 vdW heterostructure with a 3.39 Å layer spacing, featuring an indirect band gap of 1.14 eV and type-II band alignment. Computational assessments demonstrate that photo-generated electrons efficiently transfer from the MoSi2As4 to the MoGe2N4 layer, while holes move in the opposite direction, reducing electron-hole recombination. The heterostructure exhibits excellent stability and optical absorption, with absorption coefficients up to 105 cm-1 across an extensive spectral range from visible to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, it also showcases an impressive electron mobility of 9065 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a minimal conduction band offset of 0.05 eV, both of which contribute to an enhanced PCE, reaching up to 22.09%. These results position the MoSi2As4/MoGe2N4 heterostructure as a promising candidate for solar cell applications due to its superior optoelectronic properties.

Photoconductivity of graphene with titanium nanoparticles

To date, the use of graphene in photodetecting devices has attracted great attention, since due to the absence of a band gap and the linear law of dispersion of free charge carriers, graphene has a wide range of photon registration and fast response time. However, due to the low amount of incident light absorption by graphene, the efficiency of graphene devices is limited, so improving the efficiency of light absorption remains one of the key tasks. In this paper, we present a method for enhancing the photoresponsivity and external quantum efficiency of graphene based on modification of the graphene surface by highly lightabsorbing titanium nanoparticles by magnetron sputtering.

Single atoms meeting 2D materials: an excellent configuration for photocatalysis.

Photocatalysis has problems such as low light absorption efficiency and rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Many studies have been conducted to improve these issues. This review encapsulates the progress and applications of two pioneering research fields in catalysis: single-atom and two-dimensional (2D) material catalysts. The advent of this new type of catalysts, which integrates single atoms onto 2D materials, has seen remarkable growth in recent years, offering distinctive advantages. The article delves into the array of synthesis methods employed for loading single atoms onto 2D materials, including the wet chemical approach, atomic layer deposition technique, and thermal decomposition method. A highlight of the review is the superior attributes of single-atom catalysts supported on 2D materials (SACs-2D) in photocatalysis, such as extending the light absorption wavelength range, enhancing the efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pair separation, and accelerating redox kinetics. The review meticulously examines the diverse applications of SACs-2D photocatalysis, which encompass water splitting for hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of organic pollutants, nitrogen fixation and hydrogen peroxide synthesis. These applications demonstrate the potential of SACs-2D materials in addressing pressing environmental and energy challenges. Finally, this article evaluates the current state of this burgeoning field, discussing the opportunities and challenges ahead.

Preparation of P-coupled g-C3N4/TiO2 photoanode and its photoelectrocatalytic degradation of sulfadiazine

In order to solve the problems of TiO2 bandgap width and low utilization rate of light energy, red phosphorus which can absorb visible light is introduced, which is complementary to the characteristics of TiO2 which mainly absorb ultraviolet light. The introduction of red phosphorus is expected to broaden the light response range of the photoelectrode to the visible region, thereby improving the efficiency of sunlight utilization. TiO2 was modified by red phosphorus sublimation precipitation. The joint introduction of P and g-C3N4 not only broadened the photoresponse range of TiO2, extended the visible light absorption range to 460nm, improved the light absorption efficiency, but also promoted the effective separation and transmission of charge, thus greatly improving the degradation efficiency of SD up to 90.28%. ꞏOH, h+ and ꞏO2- were the main active species of SD degradation, in which ꞏOH played a key role.

Efficient photo-driven ion pump through slightly reduced vertical graphene oxide membranes.

Solar energy can be harvested using biological light-driven ion pumps for the sustainability of life. It remains a significant challenge to develop high-performance artificial light-driven ion pumps for solar energy harvesting in all solid-state materials. Here, we exploit the benefits of short channel lengths and efficient light absorption to demonstrate efficient photo-driven ion transport in slightly reduced vertical graphene oxide membranes (GOMs). Remarkably, this photo-driven ion pump exhibits excellent ability, countering a 10-fold electrolyte concentration gradient. We propose a plausible mechanism where light illumination enhances the electric potential of ion channels on GOMs triggered by the separation of photoexcited charge carriers between the sp2 and sp3 carbon clusters. This results in the establishment of an electric potential difference across the effective ion channels composed of sp3 carbon clusters, thus driving the directional transport of cations from the illuminated side to the non-illuminated side. The promising results of this study provide new possibilities for the application of vertical 2D nanofluidic membranes in areas such as artificial photosynthesis, light harvesting, and water treatment.

A short review on graphene derivatives towards photoelectrochemical water splitting

Graphene oxide is vital in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, serving as an essential photoanode material. Its semiconducting nature allows for the generation of photocurrents, promoting water oxidation at the anode and contributing to hydrogen production efficiency. Additionally, graphene is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope that has quickly emerged as a highly promising material in PEC water splitting, potentially transforming renewable energy and sustainable hydrogen generation. Graphene improves PEC water-splitting efficiency by facilitating efficient charge transport, rapid electron transfer, and effective redox reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. It possesses high electrical conductivity, a large specific surface area, and excellent charge carrier mobility. Its unique band structure enables efficient light absorption across a broad spectrum, including visible light, resulting in better light-to-electricity conversion. Furthermore, the inherent catalytic activity of graphene speeds up the oxygen evolution process (OER), increasing water oxidation and aiding hydrogen gas production.

Tellurium(IV) Halide Achieving Effective Nonlinear-Optical Activity: The Role of Chiral Ligands and Lattice Distortion.

Chiral organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides are a promising class of nonlinear-optical materials with unique optical properties and flexible crystal structures. However, the structures and properties of chiral hybrid tellurium halides, especially second harmonic generation (SHG), have not been reported. Here, by introducing chiral organic molecule (R/S)-methylbenzylammonium (R/S-MBA), we synthesized a pair of novel zero-dimensional (0D) chiral tellurium-based hybrid halides with noncentrosymmetric space group C2, (R/S-MBA)2TeCl6 (R/S-Cl). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and solid-state circular dichroism (CD) spectra confirm that R/S-Cl shows obvious enantiomer enrichment. Moreover, the resulting chiral products present an efficient SHG response. Interestingly, through manipulation of halogen atoms, two pairs of achiral tellurium halides, (R/S-MBA)2TeBr6 (R/S-Br) and (R/S-MBA)2TeI6 (R/S-I), were obtained, both of which crystallize in the centrosymmetric space group R3̅. It is noteworthy that R/S-I has a narrow band gap of 1.55 eV, which is smaller than that of most 0D metal halides and comparable to that of three-dimensional lead halide, showing its potential as a highly efficient light absorber.

Construction of novel dual Z-scheme heterojunction of ternary CdS/g-C3N4/NiFe2O4 magnetically retrievable nanocomposite for boosted photocatalytic and energy storage applications

A novel CdS/g-C3N4/NiFe2O4 (CGN) ternary nanocomposite photocatalyst was rationally developed via a simple wet-impregnation technique. Looking at the band structure of the components of the catalyst, a novel dual Z-scheme heterojunction can be successfully developed, generating more active sites that rapidly encourage the separation of the photo-generated species, contributes to preventing the aggregation of the synthesized nanocomposite, and enhance the light absorption efficiency. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) was photocatalytically degraded by the nanocomposite in the presence of visible light to assess its photocatalytic effectiveness. The CGN 2 ternary nanocomposite had the maximum photocatalytic activity (96 %) if compared to the other prepared photocatalysts, as the rate of degradation of pure CdS, CdS/g-C3N4, CGN 1, and CGN 3 nanocomposites were only around 53.4, 85, 87.5, and 92 %, respectively, keeping the irradiation time. Based on trapping tests, •OH, •O2− and h+ radicals are the main active species that play a vital role in the photocatalytic oxidation process. Even after the fourth cycle, the CGN 2 composite remained efficient in the successive photocatalytic degradation of RBBR , maintaining over 91 % of its first degradation efficiency. The CdS/g-C3N4/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite revealed outstanding cycling stability due to its inherent magnetic property, making it a promising choice as a visible light photocatalyst. The electrochemical energy-storage behavior of CGN 2 as active electrode material exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 195 F g−1 (67 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. It delivered an outstanding cycling stability of 91 % capacity retention after 2000 charge–discharge cycles. The obtained remarkable results indicate that the CGN 2 nanocomposite is a promising active electrode material for high-performance energy-storage supercapacitors.

The 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene-enabled self-cleaning and self-sterilizing lacquer coatings for offset printing

Microbiologically contaminated surfaces pose a severe threat to human health. Antibacterial coatings that effectively destroy pathogens in-situ under ambient conditions are candidates to overcome this issue. In this work, we report self-sterilizing lacquer coatings enabled by the addition of novel 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene, showing excellent photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties. The prepared facile MXene-enriched formulations based on air-drying and UV-curable lacquer dispersions were used to coat the opaque plastic sheets. The Ti3C2Tx MXene content was optimized to ensure a minimal agglomeration of flakes in a lacquer coating, as validated by stability, morphology, and structure analyses. We confirmed the uniform distribution of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene in the coatings with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. Superior optical properties of the protective lacquer coatings, added with efficient light absorption, enabled their self-cleaning from the adsorbed methylene blue coloring contaminant. This photocatalytic activity was further utilized for antimicrobial action. Under dark conditions, the protective lacquer coatings showed biostatic properties while in simulated daylight conditions, they were self-sterilizing against potentially pathogenic model bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Altogether, our findings gave promise for using MXenes in daily life applications.

Enhancing Photostability of Complex Lead Halides through Modification with Antibacterial Drug Octenidine.

The high power-conversion efficiencies of hybrid perovskite solar cells encourage many researchers. However, their limited photostability represents a serious obstacle to the commercialization of this promising technology. Herein, we present an efficient method for improving the intrinsic photostability of a series of commonly used perovskite material formulations such as MAPbI3, FAPbI3, Cs0.12FA0.88PbI3, and Cs0.10MA0.15FA0.75PbI3 through modification with octenidine dihydroiodide (OctI2), which is a widely used antibacterial drug with two substituted pyridyl groups and two cationic centers in its molecular framework. The most impressive stabilizing effects were observed in the case of FAPbI3 and Cs0.12FA0.88PbI3 absorbers that were manifested in significant suppression or even blocking of the undesirable perovskite films' recrystallization and other decomposition pathways upon continuous 110 mW/cm2 light exposure. The achieved material photostability-within 9000 h for the Oct(FA)n-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 40-400) and 20,000 h for Oct(Cs0.12FA0.88)n-1PbnI3n+1 (where n = 40-400) formulations-matches the highest values ever reported for complex lead halides. It is important to note that the stabilizing effect is maintained when OctI2 is used only as a perovskite surface-modifying agent. Using a two-cation perovskite composition as an example, we showed that the performances of the solar cells based on the developed Oct(Cs0.12FA0.88)399Pb400I1201 absorber material are comparable to that of the reference devices based on the unmodified perovskite composition. These findings indicate a great potential of the proposed approach in the design of new highly photostable and efficient light absorbers. We believe that the results of this study will also help to establish important guidelines for the rational material design to improve the operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

Multi-electron collaborative photo-Fenton-like system for indoor air purification: A case study of Cu(II) grafted BaTiO3 with oxygen vacancies

Indoor air purification belongs to one of the most important and traditional applications of photocatalysis, which brings forward an impending need for more efficient photocatalytic systems. Herein, we initiated a multi-electron collaborative photo Fenton-like system for mineralization of indoor volatile organic compounds by jointly modified with oxygen vacancies and Cu(II) clusters on barium titanate. Oxygen vacancies effectively increase the visible light absorption and photoinduced charge separation efficiency. Benefiting from the energy level match with oxygen vacancies and Cu(II) species, the trapped electrons in the oxygen vacancies can effectively migrate towards Cu(II) clusters. More importantly, the Cu species that have received electrons can trigger the multi-electron reduction of oxygen to in-situ form H2O2 through the redox of Cu(II)/Cu(I). In parallel, the reactive •OH radicals can be effectively produced by the photo-like Fenton reaction. Thus, the newly developed barium titanate based photocatalysts exhibit over 38-fold improvement in the removal efficiency of volatile organic compounds (in terms of CO2 evolution rate) by virtue of the strong oxidizing power of holes in the valance band and multi-electron photoFenton-like reaction to generate •OH radicals. Notably, the absorbed H2O molecules play an indispensable role in the formation process of in-situ H2O2. Thus, even under high-humidity condition, our photocatalysts present stable and high photocatalytic activity, which provides great potential for practical applications in indoor air purification.

Solar Hydrogen Production and Biomass Reforming Using Earth-Abundant Non-Toxic Si-Based Photocatalysts

The efficient production of electrochemical hydrogen and biomass refinement is crucial for the decarbonization of various industries. However, their low efficiency and high energy requirements make them impractical. In this talk, we propose using earth-abundant and non-toxic photocatalysts that can produce hydrogen and reform biomass efficiently by utilizing solar energy. Our approach involves using low bandgap Si flakes (SiF) for efficient light absorption. SiF was further modified with Ni-coordinated N-doped graphene quantum dots (Ni-NGQDs) to enable stable light-driven biomass reforming and hydrogen production. SiF/Ni-NQGDs enabled a record hydrogen productivity and concurrent vanillin production when using kraft lignin as model biomass under simulated sunlight without any buffering agent or sacrificial electron donors. SiF/Ni-NQGDs can also be easily recycled without noticeable performance degradation due to the prevention of Si deactivation through oxidation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the practical application of biomass refinement and electrochemical hydrogen production and efficient use use of solar energy.Reference)1. Y. Choi, S. Choi, I. Lee, T. V. T. Nguyen, S. Bae, J. Ryu, Y. H. Kim, S. Park, J. Ryu, Solar Biomass Reforming and Hydrogen Production with Earth-Abundant Si-Based Photocatalysts. Advanced Materials 2023, Accepted. Figure 1

Методика визначення показникА поглинання світла мікрочастинками ПОРОШКУ Люмінофора YAG:Сe3+ та її технологічне забезпечення

The development of methods for photometric control of turbid media based on YAG:Ce3+ phosphor (luminophore) microcrystals in transparent matrices requires solving a number of technological problems in the manufacture of self-supporting films of the composite material, adequate measurement of their optical properties and calculation of the corresponding values of absorption indices. This general problem is solved in this work by developing original measuring equipment, elaborating a number of technological protocols and a calculation algorithm based on modelling in the concept of a composite film of a dispersion medium. It is proved that the production of a suspension of microparticles of YAG:Ce3+ powder in epoxy resin at reduced pressure using an original turbine microstirrer allows to obtain a homogeneous and degassed suspension with a low rate of solid particle deposition, efficient light absorption of excitation radiation and an increased level of quantum yield of luminescence. A methodology for manufacturing self-supporting films from the obtained suspension has been developed. Such films are characterised by a low scatter of colourimetric parameters on the surface due to their high spatial homogeneity. 5 ml of the suspension is enough to produce a set of 30 flat-parallel films with an area of up to 1 cm2 and a thickness of 110÷600 µm with an error not exceeding ±3 µm. On the basis of the matrix spectroradiometer НAAS-2000, a photometric measuring setup was developed and created, which, in addition to the spectroradiometer, includes an optical module and an LED blue light source with λmax= 456 nm to excite the luminescence of the light-converting composition layers. The elements of the optical module ensure that the solid angle of the source radiation corresponds to the numerical aperture of the receiver (Ω = 0.126 steradian) in the form of the end window of the fibre-optic cable of the spectroradiometer and cause the transmission of the image on a 1:1 scale. An algorithm for determining the volumetric and linear absorption coefficients of a microcrystal-averaged YAG:Ce3+ phosphor powder under conditions corresponding to the isotropic scattering mechanism was proposed and worked out. Calculations in the composite film model, which takes into account the effects of light absorption and reflection by individual microcrystals in the volume of a transparent matrix, using the results of experimental measurements, allowed us to establish the values of the volume and linear absorption coefficients of the size-averaged (5.3 μm) YAG:Ce3+ microcrystal, which are 774 cm-1 and 129 cm-1, respectively.

Controlled Growth of WO3 Photoanode under Various pH Conditions for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance.

Herein, the effects of the precursor solution's acidity level on the crystal structure, morphology, nucleation, and growth of WO3·nH2O and WO3 nanostructures are reported. Structural investigations on WO3·nH2O using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirm that the quantity of hydrate groups increases due to the interaction between H+ and water molecules with increasing HCl volume. Surface analysis results support our claim that the evolution of grain size, surface roughness, and growth direction on WO3·nH2O and WO3 nanostructures rely on the precursor solution's pH value. Consequently, the photocurrent density of a WO3 photoanode using a HCl-5 mL sample achieves the best results with 0.9 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). We suggest that the improved photocurrent density of the HCl-5 mL sample is due to the efficient light absorption from the densely grown WO3 nanoplates on a substrate and that its excellent charge transport kinetics originate from the large surface area, low charge transfer resistance, and fast ion diffusion through the photoanode/electrolyte interface.

Turning trash to treasure: Innovative use of exhausted desiccant waste supported zinc indium sulphide for sustainable photocatalytic abatement of tetracycline

Employing an affordable and sustainable visible-light-driven system is crucial for organic pollutant abatement, in the field of photocatalysis. In the present investigation, a pioneering photocatalyst zinc indium sulphide, ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) supported on a silica gel matrix, SiO2 (SG) which is the leftover material after multiple rounds of dehumidification processes, was synthesized. The fabrication of the heterojunction facilitated enhancement in light absorption and charge separation efficiency. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated through the degradation of tetracycline (TC) under light irradiation. The nano-photocatalyst experienced detailed analysis using spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The ZIS/SG catalyst exhibited remarkable efficiency in degrading TC under visible light conditions, achieving a nearly 98–99% degradation. This performance surpassed the degradation rates of the original ZIS and SG catalysts by 3.6 and 4.45 times, respectively. Additionally, the catalyst was effectively used to control TC levels in real-time within pharmaceutical plant effluent, resulting in a degradation efficiency of 78.2%. With affordability, enhanced TC mineralization, and recyclability for up to six runs (efficiency ∼ 85%), the ZIS/SG photocatalyst exhibits desirable qualities of an ideal one. This innovative nano-photocatalyst introduces new possibilities for improving the process of photocatalytic decontamination of tenacious emerging pollutants by providing satisfactory reusability and stability.