Lifting Of Ban Research Articles

한국 동인문화와 야오이: 1990년대를 중심으로

본 논문에서는 1980년대 초반에 형성된 이후 한국 만화문화와 함께 성장해온 한국의 동인문화, 그리고 동인문화의 주류를 이루고 있는 야오이와의 관계를 1990년대에 초점을 맞춰 분석하고 있다. '동인' 및 '동인지' 등의 용어를 공통적으로 사용한다는 사실에서 알 수 있듯이, 한국 동인문화는 일본 동인문화와 밀접한 관계를 맺으며 성장해 온 한편, 한국사회의 특수한 맥락을 반영한 독자적인 특성을 보여주고 있다는 사실은 상대적으로 간과되어 왔다. 본 논문에서 1990년대에 주목하는 이유는 1980년대에 만화동호회를 중심으로 본격적으로 시작된 한국의 동인문화가 여러 변화- 야오이의 수용 및 정착, PC통신을 통한 커뮤니티화, 청소년보호법의 시행 및 코믹월드의 시작-를 겪으면서 현재 존재하는 한국 동인문화의 토대를 만들어냈기 때문이다. 그리고 이 과정에서 성행위를 포함한 남성간의 동성애 및 2차 창작이라는 특성을 지닌 야오이의 수용 및 정착은 프로지향의 아마추어 만화가로 이루어진 만화동호회 중심이었던 한국의 동인문화를 팬중심의 문화로 변화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 했다. 1990년대 중반까지는 기존의 만화동호회 중심의 창작만화동인과 야오이로 대표되는 팬중심의 동인문화가 공존하고 있었지만 1997년 청소년보호법의 시행과 1998년 일본대중문화 개방으로 인해 한국만화산업이 위축되면서 창작만화동인도 그 영향을 받게 된다. 이는 1999년 시작된 동인이벤트 <코믹월드>의 인기와 함께 2차창작으로서 동인문화가 대세로 자리잡는 한 원인이 되기도 했다. 정리하자면, 야오이의 수용과 정착은 1990년대 한국 동인문화에서 일어난 가장 중요한 변화로서 1) 성행위를 포함한 남성간의 동성애라는 파격적인 내용을 통해 여성들이 향유하는 새로운 하위문화로서 자리잡았고, 2) 2차 창작으로서 기존의 창작만화동인과는 다른 새로운 인구를 한국 동인문화의 주류로 부상시켰다고 평가할 수 있다. In this article, I analyze Korean Dong-in culture and its relationship with Yaoi, focusing on the changes in the 1990s. While Korean Dong-in culture has developed under the influence of Japanese Dojin culture, it is not well-known that Korean Dong-in culture has its own characteristics, reflecting the unique situations surrounding the Korean society. The reason that I pay attention to the changes in the 1990s is that they have created the foundation of the current Korean dong-in culture through changes such as the import and reception of Yaoi, the creation of 'virtual community' in PC telecommunication, the enforcement of Juvenile Protection Law, and the inauguration of 'Comic World,' Among them, the import and reception of Yaoi, a genre characterized by homosexuality including sexual relationship and fanwork, played a decisive role in the change of dong-in culture from manwha circle by highly motivated amatuer artists to fandom. The circumstances that original manhwa dong-in by manwha circle and Yaoi by manhwa fandom coexisted by the mid-1990s, the enforcement of Juvenile Protection Law and the lift of ban on Japanese popular culture rapidly weakened original manhwa dong-in. Also, the popularity of Comic World as a new type of dong-in events reflected the spread of fanwork as a new trend of Korean dong-in. In summary, the import and reception of Yaoi should be considered as one of the important changes in the 1990s Korean Dong-in culture, because 1) Korean women considered Yaoi as a liberating subculture by its powerful contents-homosexuality with sexual relationship, and 2) Yaoi succeeded in attracting new population favoring fanwork as a major trend in Korean Dong-in, differentiated from original manhwa circle population.

The Pull and Push between Central and Local Political Parties: A Case Study of Party Branch Organisation in Indonesia

With the resignation of former president Suharto after thirty-two years of oppressive rule, political parties were granted freedom in their operations more than a decade ago, most notably through the lifting of bans on grassroots operations. At the same time, new policies of administrative and political decentralisation have influenced parties to empower their local branches. This combination of political freedom and decentralisation has given parties the opportunity to establish active and functioning grassroots branches and the chance to get local communities to engage in politics. This article examines and compares the operational capacities of four different parties (Partai Golkar, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Partai Amanat Nasional, and Partai Keadilan Sejahtera) in their local branches in Malang, East Java. Focusing on the aspects of local administration and local-central relationship, the article demonstrates that although the parties have responded positively to their newfound freedom to operate locally, that same freedom has benefited parties with better local resources and better central support.

The impact of legalized abortion on child health outcomes and abandonment. Evidence from Romania

We use household survey data and a unique census of institutionalized children to analyze the impact of abortion legalization in Romania. We exploit the lift of the abortion ban in December 1989, when communist dictator Ceausescu and his regime were removed from power, to understand its impact on children's health at birth and during early childhood and whether the lift of the ban had an immediate impact on child abandonment. We find insignificant estimates for health at birth outcomes and anthropometric z-scores at age 4 and 5, except for the probability of low birth weight which is slightly higher for children born after abortion became legal. Additionally, our findings suggest that the lift of the ban had decreased the number of abandoned children.

Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising in a Global Context: A Comparison between New Zealand and the United States

- The pharmaceutical industry is a transnational industry with a global influence and interests in expanding their markets to include as much of the world's population as possible. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising is a potential tool for the global spread of industry conceptions of health and illness, and can be seen as both a cause and a result of globalization. Among developed countries, DTC advertising is currently only legal in New Zealand and the United States, but debates are taking place worldwide as the pharmaceutical industry uses its global influence to lobby for the lifting of bans. As individual countries with distinct cultures and local histories try to decide whether or not they should continue banning this form of advertising, it is important to understand the character and effects of DTC advertising in a global context. A comparison between the United States and New Zealand showed that despite differences in the process of regulation and the conditions and mechanisms through which DTC advertising came to be legal in the two countries, the resulting character and effects of the advertising were remarkably similar. Advertisements in both contexts turned out to be misleading, unbalanced with regard to risks and benefits, make appeals to emotions, and focus on lifestyle problems over serious conditions. The effects of the ads were also very similar, as both countries' DTC advertisements drove patients to request specific drugs and were correlated to rising prescription drug prices and health costs. This suggests that while glocalization may cause a divergence in the exact methods used in the ads to get the message across, the message and its effect will likely still reflect the pharmaceutical industry's grobal interests.Keywords: drugs advertising, pharmaceutical industry, drugs prescription, globalization, glocalization, grobalization.Parole chiave: pubblicitÀ sui farmaci, industria farmaceutica, prescrizioni di farmaci, globalizzazione, glocalizzazione, grobalizzazione.

La pubblicitÀ per i farmaci con obbligo di prescrizione in un contesto globale: un confronto tra la Nuova Zelanda e gli Stati Uniti

- The pharmaceutical industry is a transnational industry with a global influence and interests in expanding their markets to include as much of the world's population as possible. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising is a potential tool for the global spread of industry conceptions of health and illness, and can be seen as both a cause and a result of globalization. Among developed countries, DTC advertising is currently only legal in New Zealand and the United States, but debates are taking place worldwide as the pharmaceutical industry uses its global influence to lobby for the lifting of bans. As individual countries with distinct cultures and local histories try to decide whether or not they should continue banning this form of advertising, it is important to understand the character and effects of DTC advertising in a global context. A comparison between the United States and New Zealand showed that despite differences in the process of regulation and the conditions and mechanisms through which DTC advertising came to be legal in the two countries, the resulting character and effects of the advertising were remarkably similar. Advertisements in both contexts turned out to be misleading, unbalanced with regard to risks and benefits, make appeals to emotions, and focus on "lifestyle" problems over serious conditions. The effects of the ads were also very similar, as both countries' DTC advertisements drove patients to request specific drugs and were correlated to rising prescription drug prices and health costs. This suggests that while glocalization may cause a divergence in the exact methods used in the ads to get the message across, the message and its effect will likely still reflect the pharmaceutical industry's grobal interests.Keywords: drugs advertising, pharmaceutical industry, drugs prescription, globalization, glocalization, grobalization.Parole chiave: pubblicitÀ sui farmaci, industria farmaceutica, prescrizioni di farmaci, globalizzazione, glocalizzazione, grobalizzazione.

Short Selling Bans and Market Liquidity around the World: Evidence from the 2007-09 Crisis

Most stock exchange regulators around the world have reacted to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 by imposing bans or regulatory constraints on short-selling by market participants. We use the large amount of evidence generated by the introduction and lifting of these bans to investigate the effects of short-selling bans on liquidity and price discovery. The enactment and lifting of bans at different dates in different countries, in some countries for financial stocks only, and often with different degrees of stringency, enables us to use panel data techniques to investigate their effects. We also investigate the cross-sectional effect of bans on liquidity of stocks with different market capitalization and different volatility. Finally, we analyze the effect of bans on other measures of market quality, such as price discovery and the skewness of stock returns. Short-selling is an integral part of the trading strategies of institutional investors, in particular hedge funds. Our research has the potential to show to regulators that banning short selling has detrimental effects on market quality and, as a result, it is not an appropriate policy action.

Lift of Ban on Mau Mau in Kenya and a Stillborn Lawsuit against Britain

Lift of Ban on Mau Mau in Kenya and a Stillborn Lawsuit against Britain

Lifting of ban on dental anaesthetics

Lifting of ban on dental anaesthetics