Lift Mode Research Articles

A Practical Stacking Learning Framework with Hybrid Resampling for New-Well Artificial Lift Mode Selection

Summary Due to the long-term exploitation of oil and gas resources, the reservoir pressure will inevitably reduce to a level where it can no longer sustain acceptable production rates. Artificial lift provides additional energy to lift resources produced downhole to the wellhead. However, as the result of artificial lift selection will directly affect the productivity, it is crucial to select a suitable lift method. Generally, the more the parameters there are available for artificial lift selection, the higher the quality of the results will be. However, two challenges arise when selecting artificial lift methods for new wells: (A) Fewer parameters are available from new wells and (B) historical data tends to be multiclass imbalanced. To address these problems, we propose a hybrid resampling stacking ensemble learning (HRSE) framework and implement an intelligent optimization method for new-well artificial lift selection in the oil-recovery process. Specifically, HRSE mitigates the problem of limited available parameters by using stacking ensemble learning to extract valuable information from the data. Additionally, HRSE improves the accuracy of minority class samples through hybrid resampling techniques. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, two imbalanced data sets from Daqing Oilfield were used, namely, Data Set A and Data Set B. Experimental results show that the HRSE framework achieves greater than 95% and 98% accuracy in the two minority classes of Data Set A, and with an overall average accuracy of 96%. For Data Set B, the accuracy across five minority classes reaches 95%, 91%, 97%, 94%, and 92%, respectively, and with an overall accuracy of 94%. Obviously, the proposed HRSE framework provides a more objective and scientific decision-making reference for petroleum engineers selecting artificial lift methods for new wells.

Magnetic force microscopy: High quality-factor two-pass mode.

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a well-established technique in scanning probe microscopy that allows for the imaging of magnetic samples with a spatial resolution of tens of nm and stray fields down to the mT range. The spatial resolution and field sensitivity can be significantly improved by measuring in vacuum conditions. This improvement originates from the higher quality-factor (Q-factor) of the cantilever's oscillation in vacuum compared to ambient conditions. However, while high Q-factors are desirable as they directly enhance the magnetic measurement signal, they pose a challenge when performing standard MFM two-pass (lift) mode measurements. At high Q-factors, amplitude-based topography measurements become impossible, and the MFM phase response behaves non-linearly. Here, we present a modified two-pass mode implementation in a vacuum atomic force microscope that addresses these issues. By controlling the Q-factor in the first pass and using a phase-locked loop technique in the second pass, high Q-factor measurements in vacuum are enabled. Measuring the cantilever's frequency shift instead of the phase shift eliminates the issue of emerging nonlinearities. The improvements in MFM signal-to-noise ratio are demonstrated using a nano-patterned magnetic sample. The elimination of non-linear responses is highlighted through measurements performed on a well-characterized multilayer reference sample. Finally, we discuss a technique that avoids topography-induced artifacts by following the average sample slope. The newly developed, sensitive, and distortion-free high quality-factor two-pass mode has the potential to be widely implemented in commercial setups, facilitating high-resolution MFM measurements and advancing studies of modern magnetic materials.

Evaluation of the lumbar and abdominal muscles behavior in different sagittal plane angles during maximum voluntary isometric extension.

Physical positions and lumbar movements are directly related to lumbar disorders. It is known that the sagittal plane angle affects the person's ability to apply extension torque. However, there is no consensus on whether or not muscle activity and co-contractions change at these angles. This paper aimed to investigate the abdominal and lumbar muscles' behavior at different sagittal plane angles during maximum voluntary isometric extension (MVIE). We have evaluated our findings with the aid of a computational biomechanical model. Fourteen healthy males participated. A total of 16 muscles EMG were recorded during the lumbar MVIE on the Sharif Lumbar Isometric Strength Tester device in 5°, 15°, 30°, and 45° flexion. The torque and muscle activity changes and all co-contraction indexes (CCI) between 120 possible muscle pairs were calculated. Finally, the experimental test conditions were modeled in the AnyBody software, and the MVIE torque, muscle activity, and all CCIs were calculated. Also, muscle torque lever arms were calculated at different angles. Results show that MVIE at four angles is 137.94 ± 36.08, 148.63 ± 47.96, 168.09 ± 50.48, and 171.44 ± 53.95 N · m, respectively. Muscle activity and CCI are similar at all angles. The AnyBody model gives similar findings. Muscles torque lever arms change with angle. In conclusion, to determine the safety mode of lifting in the sagittal plane, it seems that the torque differences are due to changes in the geometrical muscle parameters (including the torque lever arm). Despite the almost constant muscular effort, subjects in the 30°-45° bending positions can apply more MVIE.

VIV of two rigidly coupled side-by-side cylinders at subcritical [formula omitted

Cross-flow vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of two rigidly coupled circular cylinders in side-by-side arrangement at a Reynolds number of 1000 is numerically investigated using direct numerical simulation. A low mass ratio of 1.27 is considered and the nondimensional centre-to-centre spacing ratio is fixed at 2.0. The reduced velocity ranges from 2 to 13. Three response branches are identified and these responses result in different wake and hydrodynamic characteristics. The cases with large amplitudes feature the co-shedding and lower pressure in the gap, while those with small amplitudes are characterised by two parallel vortex streets. Characterisation and quantification of the flow fields of two rigidly coupled side-by-side cylinders undergoing VIV, which have seldom been reported in the existing research, are elaborated on in this study via the statistical analysis in terms of the turbulent wake visualisation, Reynolds stresses, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis. It is found that the cases with large amplitudes show a more unstable wake with sharp increases in the Reynolds stresses and TKE in the near wake. Moreover, the large amplitudes are seen to weaken the asymmetry of the wake and the initial POD modes are more energetic. A reformulated version of the novel force decomposition technique is used to realise the measurement of the time-dependent contributions from each mode to the pressure drag. The large amplitude cases are associated with the drag mode and the lift mode, whereas three modes are observed as the amplitude decreases.

Microsphere phase transmission analysis in microsphere-assisted interferometry lift mode

Microsphere phase transmission analysis in microsphere-assisted interferometry lift mode

Optimization of Operation Parameters of the Garlic Plant Divider and Lifter Mechanisms

The technology of the divider and lifter mechanisms of a garlic harvester using the depth limit, straw divide, and straw lift modes was studied in Lanling County, Shandong Province, China, according to the characteristics of high hardness, good uprightness and narrow row spacing of garlic planting. A test prototype of the divider and lifter mechanisms of the garlic harvester was designed and manufactured. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal regression experiments were carried out using the experimental factors of working speed, the angle of the divider, the height of the tip of the divider’s tooth from the ground, the ratio of the lifter’s speed to working speed and the length of the lifter’s tooth. The index was the success rate of feed. The results showed that the working speed, the angle of the divider and the length of the lifter’s tooth had a significant influence on the success rate of feed (p < 0.05), but the experimental factors of the height of the tip of the divider’s tooth from the ground and the ratio of the lifter’s speed to working speed did not have a significant influence on the success rate of feed (p > 0.05). The effects of the angle of the divider, the working speed, and the length of the divider’s tooth on the success rate of feed decreased in significance. When the working speed was 0.72 km·h−1, the length of the lifter’s tooth was 343.5 mm and the angle of the divider was 20°, the success rate of feed was the highest (98.18%). The research results are conducive to promoting high-quality and efficient combined harvesting of garlic in Lanling County, Shandong Province, China.

Determination of the dielectric constant of non-planar nanostructures and single nanoparticles by electrostatic force microscopy

Electrostatic Force Microscopy has been proven to be a precise and versatile tool to perform quantitative measurements of the dielectric constant of thin film domains in the nanometer range. However, it is difficult to measure non-planar nanostructures because topographic crosstalk significantly contributes to the measured signal. This topographic crosstalk due to distance changes between tip and substrate measuring non-planar surface structures is still an ongoing issue in literature and falsifies measurements of the dielectric constant of nanostructures and nanoparticles. Tip and substrate form a capacitor based on the contact potential difference between the tip and substrate material. An increase of the distance between tip and substrate causes a repulsive force while a decrease causes an attractive force. Thus, measuring in the so-called lift mode scanning the surface in a second scan following the topography determined by a first scan leads to a mirroring of the non-planar surface structure in the electrostatic signal superimposing the signal from dielectric contrast. In this work we demonstrate that the topographic crosstalk can be avoided by using the linear mode instead of the lift mode. The use of the linear mode now allows the determination of the dielectric constant of single nanoparticles.

Hybrid Multi-Level Source Inverter Design and Validation in Solar Photo-voltaic Renewable Energy System

This paper proposes the hybrid multi-level source inverter in light of staggered coordinated framework for boosting photo voltaic power. Hybrid multi-level inverter (MLI) proposed to design less number of switches compare with other MLIs of diode clamped multi-level inverter, the smallest number of switches are required to accomplish the highest steps in staircase AC output voltage. HMLIs additionally include variable info voltage and carries out load guideline to keep up with consistent result voltage. The HMLIS intends to operate in multiple stages during shoot through stage exchanging beat width (PWM) adjustment keeps up with to work in buck and lift mode. The activity of proposed work implemented in MATLAB and discuss effectiveness with diminished sounds took care of inverter operation. Model of converter is planned and accomplished the most extreme effectiveness of 95.4% as information voltage goes from 10-60 volts and result of half breed staggered source inverter keeps up with steady of 230v dc. Trial results approve the exhibition of proposed half and half staggered source inverter for exchanged mode power supplies utilized in PC.

듀얼모드 안벽 크레인의 스케줄링 문제를 위한 동적계획법 기반의 알고리즘 연구

As economies of scale in container transport are maximized with the introduction of mega container ships, ports and terminals are also making great efforts to prepare for an increase in their capacities. One example of such efforts is the use of a new type of quay crane that can simultaneously lift more than one container at a time. This quay crane can lift one or more containers depending on its lifting mode. However, scheduling of this crane is more complicated than scheduling of existing quay cranes because it is necessary to consider the weight limit of containers to be lifted, and the set-up time required for changing the lifting mode. Previous study has already mentioned the importance of this problem and suggested solutions for it, but since there are not many, verification of various approaches is necessary. This paper addresses the scheduling problem of dual-spreader quay crane that can lift up-to two containers at a time. We propose a Markov decision process (MDP) model for the problem. In order to reduce the computation time required to obtain a solution, instead of applying dynamic programming, we propose a heuristic that only considers a subset of states and transition functions used for searching solutions. Since this heuristic does not consider all possible states and transition functions, it cannot guarantee that an optimal solution is derived. However, as confirmed through experiments, it finds a solution close to the optimal solution for relatively small-sized instances. And, for larger-sized instances, while commercial software did not find an optimal solution for one hour, this heuristic can find a solution. Moreover, the solution from the proposed heuristic has better quality than the solution found by commercial software for one hour.

Analysis of the work performance of the lift mode crosswind kite power system based on aerodynamic parameters

High-altitude wind power generation mainly collects wind energy at a certain altitude through tethered aircraft. This article discusses the current status of the research on the power system of the cut wind flying kite, and derives the relationship between the drag coefficient and the solidity factor and aerodynamic coefficient χ of the towed kite in the lift mode. Furthermore, the formulas of lift-type working power coefficient and waste power coefficient are discussed. It is pointed out that the power coefficient CPLk will increase with the increase of the aerodynamic coefficient χ and increase with the decrease of the Solidity factor σ, but the drag coefficient will be a≤1/2. The product of the Solidity factor and the aerodynamic coefficient σχ≤4. Analyzed the characteristics of each system parameter, and then used the concepts of effective power and waste power to derive the efficiency formula of the system, and pointed out that the range of reasonable work efficiency is 0.33∼0.5.

Simultaneous mapping of nanoscale dielectric, electrochemical, and ferroelectric surface properties of van der Waals layered ferroelectric via advanced SPM

Ferroelectric surfaces involve a complex interplay between polarization and dielectric properties, internal and external surface charge screening, and ionic and electrochemical effects. There is currently no good way to simultaneously capture all the required information at appropriate length scales. To this end, we present an advanced scanning probe microscopy approach for simultaneously mapping surface potential, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties on the nanoscale. For quantitatively mapping electromechancial properties, we utilize interferometric displacement sensing piezoresponse force microscopy, which measures the effective piezoelectric coefficient free of background artifacts such as the cantilever body electrostatics. The dielectric and surface electrochemical properties are captured during G-mode electrostatic force microscopy/Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in the lift mode. We show the capabilities of this approach on the chemically phase separated composite sample consisting of a van der Waals layered ferroelectric CuInP2S6 phase and a non-polar In4/3P2S6 phase. Finally, we demonstrate domain structure evolution during thermally stimulated phase transition.

К вопросу влияния вибраций на эксплуатационную надежность поворотного механизма портальных и башенных кранов

Impacts of vibration on operational reliability of turning mechanisms of gantry and rower cranes are considered. Besides that, the structural features of kinematic chain of drive, including gear transmission with internal large module teeth, roller bearing without retaining ring, excitement of torsional, bending low-frequency vibrations at operation in nominal mode of cargo lifting that causes the origination of of increasing friction moment and stop of turning mechanism are researched in this article. Moreover, the technological and structural solutions aimed on decreasing of excited vibrations are proposed, and the supporting-rotating rolling bearings without retaining ring with improved technical-economic indicators are considered.

Experimental and numerical study on the R744 ejector with a suction nozzle bypass

State-of-the-art R744 cooling cycles include highly efficient ejectors as a crucial element for competitive energy consumption in warm climates. However, an improvement is still possible, as shown in this study. This study is the first to experimentally investigate a construction of the R744 ejector with a modulated opening of the suction nozzle bypass duct. Four bypass positions along the ejector axis were tested using three sets of motive nozzle conditions characteristic of a refrigeration unit operating in a warm climate. Two levels of evaporation temperature, as well as the superheat influence, were investigated to evaluate the application potential. The efficiency of the prototype was equal to or greater than that of the standard construction because the closed bypass duct did not result in deteriorated ejector performance. The best bypass positioning resulted in improved efficiency for the pressure lift up to 7 bar. The maximum efficiency improvement was 37% with application potential for systems with low-pressure lift modes. The simulation of the full 3-D bypass ejector allowed for insight into the efficiency improvement. Finally, guidelines were given for further improvement considering the connection between the standard suction chamber and the bypass chamber.

Supercapacitors application possibilities for lifting equipment induction electric drives

In the article, the supercapacitors (ionistors) application for lifting equipment induction electric drives is considered. Electric lifting equipment is widely used in industry, construction, municipal services. The lifting equipment efficiency is insufficient, therefore the research topic is relevant. At the moment, an induction electric motor with a frequency converter with a DC link is used to regulate the mode of lifting and lowering loads. To smooth out the ripple and use the braking energy of the moving masses when lowering the load, it is proposed to use a supercapacitor as a DC bus storage. A supercapacitor has three to four degrees more capacity than an electrolytic capacitor and can store more electricity. The paper provides simulation modeling of the electric drive of the lifting equipment. Stern’s equation is used as a supercapacitor mathematical model. According to the simulation results, the power consumption of an electric drive with a supercapacitor is 41.02% less than that of an electric drive with an electrolytic capacitor.

A hybrid, self-adapting drag-lift conversion wind energy harvesting system for railway turnout monitoring on the Tibetan Plateau

Increasing numbers of turnouts are being laid, with the rapid development of high-speed railways on the Tibetan Plateau. Ensuring the proper operation of turnouts has received considerable critical attention. In this paper, a hybrid wind energy harvesting system (WEHS) based on self-adapting drag-lift conversion is designed to power high-speed railway turnout monitoring on the Tibetan Plateau. The system contains three parts: a hybrid vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), a power generation module, and an energy storage module. Equipped with variable pitch blades, the proposed VAWT can be adaptively converted between lift mode and drag mode in upwind areas and downwind areas, respectively. A maglev generator and supercapacitor are adopted as power generation and energy storage modules. Numerical simulation indicates that the maximum power coefficient of the VAWT is 0.381. According to experiments, the maximum output power of the prototype is 2.46 W, and the maximum average power is 1.08 W. The Sichuan-Tibet Railway was adopted as a case study to investigate the feasibility and the annual power generation of the proposed system is 57.651 MWh. Results illustrate that the proposed WEHS is feasible and practical for powering high-speed railway turnout monitoring on the Tibetan Plateau.

Truss-type maintenance devices and corresponding pipeline lifting control strategies

For new submarine pipeline maintenance lifting equipment, a specialized analysis model is constructed in this study. A pipeline can be divided into the lifted portion and the touch-down portion that lies on the seabed, and each of these portions can be analyzed separately by converting the continuity conditions at the touch-down points to boundary conditions. The typical two-point sequence secant iterative technique is used to obtain the unknown lifted length and determine pipeline lifting configurations. The BVP4C module in MATLAB software is used to solve this multiple-point boundary value problem issued from first-order differential equations. Also, the triple-point lifting mode of truncated maintenance and the two-point lifting mode of online maintenance are discussed. When the lifted heights at truss positions are shown, the lifting deformation, lifting forces, bending moment distribution, and axial force distribution can be analyzed using a dedicated analysis program. Numerical results can then be used to design a lifting strategy to protect the pipeline.

Two-dimensional modelling of transient capillary driven damped micro-oscillations and self-alignment of objects in microassembly

Abstract

Significant production improvement using optimization of completion and artificial lift: case studies from South-West Iran

Productivity of wells in South-West Iran has decreased due to completion and production problems in recent decades. This is a large risk against sustainable production from the fields. To allow stable production, an important measure is completion and production optimization including artificial lift methods. This was investigated using simulations validated by pilot field tests. Several case studies were considered in terms of their completion and production. Five scenarios were investigated: natural production through annulus and tubing (scenario-1 and 2), artificial gas lift production through annulus (scenario-3), through tubing using non-standard gas lift (scenario-4) and using standard gas lift (scenario-5). Scenario-1 is currently the case in most wells of the field. To find the optimal scenario and completion/production parameters, simulations of 11 wells of an oilfield in the region were carried out using nodal and sensitivity analysis. The optimized parameters include wellhead pressures (WHPs), tubing dimensions, maximum tolerable water cuts and gas oil ratios and artificial gas injection rate. Simulation results were validated by pilot field tests. In addition, appropriately selected wellhead and Christmas trees for all scenarios were depicted. Simulations confirmed by field pilot tests showed that optimization of completion and production mode and parameters can contribute largely to production improvement. The results showed that the current scenario-1 is the worst of all. However, production through tubing (scenario-2) is optimal for wells which can produce with natural reservoir pressure, with an increase of 800 STB/Day rate per well compared with scenario-1. However, for wells requiring artificial gas lift, the average production rate increase (per well) from the annulus to tubing production was 1185 STB/Day. Next, using the standard gas lift (scenario-5) was found to be the optimal mode of gas lifting and is strongly recommended. WHPs in scenario-5 were the greatest of all, whereas scenario-1 gave the lowest WHPs. The optimal tubing diameter and length were determined. The greatest maximum tolerable water cut was obtained using scenario-5, whereas the lowest was with scenario-1. The maximum tolerable GOR was around 1900 scf/STB. Changing of scenarios did not have significant effect on maximum tolerable GOR. The optimal artificial gas injection rates were found. This validated simulation work proved that completion and production optimization of mode and parameters had considerable contribution to production improvement in South-West Iran. This sequential comprehensive work can be applied in any other field or region.

Research on Command Allocation Method for Flying Wing Aircraft

Flying wing has nice aerodynamic efficiency, good loading and stealth characteristics, it is an ideal aerodynamic configuration for reconnaissance, transportation and bombing type aircraft. However, flying wing aircraft suffers from poor stability and control characteristics, which makes it difficult to design and control. Due to elimination of horizontal and vertical tails, flying wing aircraft has poor longitudinal and directional dynamic characteristics. Unlike most of the conventional aircraft, flying wing aircraft usually have a large number of control effectors, the redundant effectors are designed and required to provide adequate lift, pitch and yawing force or moments. There-fore, flying wing aircraft usually need to adopt reasonable control allocation algorithms to exploit the control capability of redundant effectors. Especially for large-aspect ratio flying wing with very high level of effector redundancy, the pursuit of performances, e.g., gust load alleviation control and maximum lift mode, makes control allocation extremely important and indispensable. This paper summarizes the typical characteristics of command allocation methods, and its applicability in different flight missions, providing a reference for the design of command allocation method for flying wing aircraft.

Model of the Movement of Links of the Combined Manipulator

In various industries (mechanical engineering, transport) broad application is found by the combined manipulators which design telescopic arrows and basic and rotary devices with the mobile columns in the longitudinally vertical plane providing increase in a departure of working bodies and the served space enter. Article is devoted to a question of development of mathematical model of the movement of kinematic links of the combined manipulator with a mobile column in the longitudinally vertical plane. The mode of lifting of loads at the synchronous movement of an arrow and column from the provision of a set of freight in transport situation is considered.